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Fisher ML, Prantzalos ER, O'Donovan B, Anderson TL, Sahoo PK, Twiss JL, Ortinski PI, Turner JR. Dynamic effects of ventral hippocampal NRG3/ERBB4 signaling on nicotine withdrawal-induced responses. Neuropharmacology 2024; 247:109846. [PMID: 38211698 PMCID: PMC10923109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains a leading cause of preventable death in the United States, with approximately a 5% success rate for smokers attempting to quit. High relapse rates have been linked to several genetic factors, indicating that the mechanistic relationship between genes and drugs of abuse is a valuable avenue for the development of novel smoking cessation therapies. For example, various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene for neuregulin 3 (NRG3) and its cognate receptor, the receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 (ERBB4), have been linked to nicotine addiction. Our lab has previously shown that ERBB4 plays a role in anxiety-like behavior during nicotine withdrawal (WD); however, the neuronal mechanisms and circuit-specific effects of NRG3-ERBB4 signaling during nicotine and WD are unknown. The present study utilizes genetic, biochemical, and functional approaches to examine the anxiety-related behavioral and functional role of NRG3-ERBB4 signaling, specifically in the ventral hippocampus (VH) of male and female mice. We report that 24hWD from nicotine is associated with altered synaptic expression of VH NRG3 and ERBB4, and genetic disruption of VH ErbB4 leads to an elimination of anxiety-like behaviors induced during 24hWD. Moreover, we observed attenuation of GABAergic transmission as well as alterations in Ca2+-dependent network activity in the ventral CA1 area of VH ErbB4 knock-down mice during 24hWD. Our findings further highlight contributions of the NRG3-ERBB4 signaling pathway to anxiety-related behaviors seen during nicotine WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Fisher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emily R Prantzalos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bernadette O'Donovan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tanner L Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Arts and Sciences, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Arts and Sciences, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pavel I Ortinski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Active versus sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as an adjunct to varenicline treatment for smoking cessation: Study protocol for a double-blind single dummy randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277408. [PMID: 36480510 PMCID: PMC9731486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a chronic and relapsing disease, with up to 60% of quitters relapsing within the first year. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), targets cortical circuits and acutely reduces craving and withdrawal symptoms among cigarette smokers. However, the efficacy of tDCS as an adjunct to standard smoking cessation treatments has not been studied. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of tDCS in combination with varenicline for smoking cessation. We hypothesize that active tDCS combined with varenicline will improve cessation outcomes compared to sham tDCS combined with varenicline. METHODS This is a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial where fifty healthy smokers will be recruited in Toronto, Canada. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to either active tDCS (20 minutes at 2 mA) or sham tDCS (30 seconds at 2 mA, 19 minutes at 0 mA) for 10 daily sessions (2 weeks) plus 5 follow up sessions, occurring every two weeks for 10 weeks. All participants will be given standard varenicline treatment concurrently for the 12-week treatment period. The primary outcome is 30 day continuous abstinence at end of treatment, confirmed with urinary cotinine. Measurements made at each study visit include expired carbon monoxide, self-reported craving and withdrawal. Three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans will be conducted: two at baseline and one at end of treatment, to assess any functional or structural changes following treatment. DISCUSSION For every two smokers who quit, one life is saved from a tobacco-related mortality. Therefore, it is important to develop new and more effective treatment approaches that can improve and maintain long-term abstinence, in order to decrease the prevalence of tobacco-related deaths and disease. Furthermore, the addition of longitudinal neuroimaging can shed light on neural circuitry changes that might occur as a result of brain stimulation, furthering our understanding of tDCS in addiction treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial has been registered with Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03841292 since February 15th 2019 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03841292)-retrospectively registered.
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Zamboni L, Campagnari S, Giordano R, Fusina F, Carli S, Congiu A, Barbon I, Melchiori S, Casari R, Tedeschi E, Vesentin R, Verlato G, Infante MV, Lugoboni F. A virtual reality craving study in tobacco addiction: The role of non-pharmacological support in tobacco detox therapy. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:940100. [PMID: 36311510 PMCID: PMC9606784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.940100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine addiction is a widespread, worldwide epidemic, causing six million deaths per year. A large variety of treatments for smoking cessation are currently available, including Cytisine, which is a promising drug due to its low cost and high safety levels. Notwithstanding the important amount of research on tobacco addiction treatments, smoking remains one of the most difficult substance use disorders to treat, probably also due to the fact that pharmacological treatment often overlooks other maintaining factors in this addiction, such as sensory impact and cue reactivity. To address this gap in both treatment protocols and scientific literature, we propose a study protocol in which we will compare the effects of combining Cytisine with Nirdosh, a herbal tobacco substitute, to Cytisine only in two groups of patients (C + N and C) who will also undergo exposure to four different virtual reality settings that will assess the importance of environmental cues. We will further assess mood and craving in the two samples, and include a control group taken from the general population. We expect the C + N group to report a more positive mood and a lower sensitivity to tobacco-related environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Zamboni
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Campagnari
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Rosaria Giordano
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Fusina
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Carli
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessio Congiu
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Isabella Barbon
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Melchiori
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Rebecca Casari
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Tedeschi
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberta Vesentin
- Diagnostics and Public Health-Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Verlato
- Diagnostics and Public Health-Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Valentino Infante
- Thoracic Surgery Department, University and Hospital Trust-Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Lugoboni
- Unit of Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, G.B. Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy
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Lim SL, Martin LE, Catley D. Trial-by-Trial Fluctuations in Brain Responses to Stress Predict Subsequent Smoking Decisions That Occur Several Seconds Later. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:1019-1027. [PMID: 32828721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the neurobiological mechanisms that determine self-regulation of smoking urges when a person encounters stress, we investigated brain network interactions of smoking self-regulation by employing a real-time smoking (nicotine delivery) decision paradigm and a brain-as-predictor neuroimaging approach. METHODS While in the functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner, 25 cigarette smokers who abstained from smoking overnight made 200 real smoking decisions regarding whether or not to take a puff of an electronic cigarette during 3 different stress conditions (cognitive stress, emotional stress, and no stress). Cognitive stress was induced by a concurrent working memory load, and emotional stress was induced by manipulating a chance of aversive electric shock. RESULTS Behaviorally, both cognitive and emotional stress manipulations increased the probability of making a decision to smoke (i.e., taking a puff). In magnetic resonance imaging trial-by-trial analyses, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity measured at the time of the stress cue significantly predicted future smoking decisions that occurred several seconds later. Furthermore, the influence of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity on smoking decisions was mediated by the ventral striatum activity at the time of smoking decisions. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that brain responses at the time of a stressful moment determine subsequent trial-by-trial smoking decisions by systematically altering brain executive (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and reward (ventral striatum) system network activities. Our results further suggest potential translational importance of neuroscientific approaches to predicting self-regulation failures at critical stressful moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Lark Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.
| | - Laura E Martin
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Delwyn Catley
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
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Fowler CD, Turner JR, Imad Damaj M. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Nicotine Pharmacology and Dependence. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 258:373-393. [PMID: 31267166 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco dependence is a leading cause of preventable disease and death worldwide. Nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco cigarettes, has also been garnering increased popularity in its vaporized form, as derived from e-cigarette devices. Thus, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying nicotine pharmacology and dependence is required to ascertain novel approaches to treat drug dependence. In this chapter, we review the field's current understanding of nicotine's actions in the brain, the neurocircuitry underlying drug dependence, factors that modulate the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and the role of specific genes in mitigating the vulnerability to develop nicotine dependence. In addition to nicotine's direct actions in the brain, other constituents in nicotine and tobacco products have also been found to alter drug use, and thus, evidence is provided to highlight this issue. Finally, currently available pharmacotherapeutic strategies are discussed, along with an outlook for future therapeutic directions to achieve to the goal of long-term nicotine cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy at VCU, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Distinct Roles of CREB Within the Ventral and Dorsal Hippocampus in Mediating Nicotine Withdrawal Phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1599-1609. [PMID: 27848935 PMCID: PMC5518892 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Addiction to nicotine and the inability to quit smoking are influenced by genetic factors, emphasizing the importance of understanding how genes and drugs of abuse mechanistically impact each other. One well-characterized protein responsible for regulating both response to drugs and gene expression is the transcription factor CREB (cAMP-responsive element binding protein). Previous work indicates that hippocampal-specific alterations in CREB signaling and synaptic plasticity may underlie certain nicotine withdrawal phenotypes. However, the structure of the hippocampus possesses dorsal and ventral subregions, each differing in behavioral, anatomic and gene expression characteristics. This study examines the effects of CREB deletion specifically in the ventral or dorsal hippocampus of animals chronically treated with saline, nicotine, or undergoing 24 h withdrawal. After region-specific viral injections of AAV-GFP or AAV-CRE in CREBloxP/loxP animals, behavioral testing measured anxiety levels, using the Novelty-Induced Hypophagia test, and cognition, using a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. Deletion of CREB in the ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampus resulted in amelioration of nicotine withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in the Novelty-Induced Hypophagia test. In contrast, CREB deletion in the dorsal hippocampus resulted in learning and memory deficits in fear conditioning, whereas CREB deletion in the ventral hippocampus showed an enhancement in learning. Gene expression analysis showed differential treatment- and region-dependent alterations of several CREB target genes that are well-known markers of neuroplasticity within the hippocampus. Collectively, these data provide persuasive evidence towards the distinct roles of CREB within the dorsal and ventral hippocampus separately in mediating select nicotine withdrawal phenotypes.
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Malcolm R, Myrick H, Li X, Henderson S, Brady KT, George MS, See RE. Regional Brain Activity in Abstinent Methamphetamine Dependent Males Following Cue Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2. [PMID: 27314105 DOI: 10.21767/2471-853x.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging of drug-associated cue presentations has aided in understanding the neurobiological substrates of craving and relapse for cocaine, alcohol, and nicotine. However, imaging of cue-reactivity in methamphetamine addiction has been much less studied. METHOD Nine caucasian male methamphetamine-dependent subjects and nine healthy controls were scanned in a Phillips 3.0T MRI scan when they viewed a randomized presentation of visual cues of methamphetamine, neutral objects, and rest conditions. Functional Imaging data were analyzed with Statistical Parametric Mapping software 5 (SPM 5). RESULTS Methamphetamine subjects had significant brain activation in the ventral striatum and medial frontal cortex in comparison to meth pictures and neutral pictures in healthy controls (p<0.005, threshold 15 voxels). Interestingly the ventral striatum activation significantly correlated with the days since the last use of meth (r=-0.76, p=0.017). No significant activity was found in healthy control group. CONCLUSION The preliminary data suggest that methamphetamine dependent subjects, when exposed to methamphetamine-associated visual cues, have increased brain activity in ventral striatum, caudate nucleus and medial frontal cortex which subserve craving, drug-seeking, and drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malcolm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hugh Myrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xingbao Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Scott Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark S George
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ronald E See
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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The nicotinic cholinergic system function in the human brain. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:289-301. [PMID: 25446570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on the nicotinic cholinergic system function in the brain was previously mainly derived from animal studies, yet, research in humans is growing. Up to date, findings allow significant advances on the understanding of nicotinic cholinergic effects on human cognition, emotion and behavior using a range of functional brain imaging approaches such as pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography. Studies provided insights across various mechanistic psychological domains using different tasks as well as at rest in both healthy individuals and patient populations, with so far partly mixed results reporting both enhancements and decrements of neural activity related to the nicotinic cholinergic system. Moreover, studies on the relation between brain structure and the nicotinic cholinergic system add important information in this context. The present review summarizes the current status of human brain imaging studies and presents the findings within a theoretical and clinical perspective as they may be useful not only for an advancement of the understanding of basic nicotinic cholinergic-related mechanisms, but also for the development and integration of psychological and pharmacological treatment approaches. Patterns of functional neuroanatomy and neural circuitry across various cognitive and emotional domains may be used as neuropsychological markers of mental disorders such as addiction, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease or schizophrenia, where nicotinic cholinergic system changes are characteristic. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition'.
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Courtney KE, Ghahremani DG, London ED, Ray LA. The association between cue-reactivity in the precuneus and level of dependence on nicotine and alcohol. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 141:21-6. [PMID: 24880692 PMCID: PMC4166553 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given numerous reports implicating involvement of the precuneus in cue-reactivity paradigms, the goal of this investigation was to examine the relationship between activation of the precuneus in response to drug cues and measures of subjective craving and severity of dependence in volunteers who were comorbid for alcohol and nicotine abuse. METHODS Forty research participants, who all reported heavy drinking and daily smoking, were recruited (15 women; 70% Caucasian; mean age=31.2 years) for a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session involving a cigarette video-cues task and an alcohol taste-cues task. Mean precuneus activation from both tasks during cue presentation was subjected to bivariate correlation analyses with indices of dependence severity and subjective craving. RESULTS Precuneus activation in the contrast of Cigarette Cues vs. Control Cues was positively correlated with scores on the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (r=0.389, p=0.016), and activation in the Alcohol Cues vs. Control Cues contrast was positively correlated with Alcohol Dependence Scale scores (r=0.338, p=0.038). No correlations with subjective craving were observed (ps>0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the precuneus is involved in cue reactivity for both cigarettes and alcohol, and that this involvement is moderated by severity of drug dependence. The precuneus may be a cortical locus for neuroplastic changes related to drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Dara G Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
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Ray LA, Courtney KE, Ghahremani DG, Miotto K, Brody A, London ED. Varenicline, naltrexone, and their combination for heavy-drinking smokers: preliminary neuroimaging findings. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 41:35-44. [PMID: 24949564 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.927881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Heavy drinking smokers constitute a sizeable and hard-to-treat subgroup of smokers, for whom tailored smoking cessation therapies are not yet available. OBJECTIVE The present study used a double-blind, randomized, 2 × 2 medication design, testing varenicline alone (VAR; 1 mg twice daily), naltrexone alone (NTX; 25 mg once daily), varenicline plus naltrexone, and placebo for effects on neural activation to cigarette cues in a sample (n = 40) of heavy drinking daily smokers (≥10 cigarettes/day). METHODS All participants were tested after a 10-12-day titration period designed to reach steady state on the target medication. Participants underwent functional neuroimaging (fMRI) for examination of brain responses to visual smoking-related (vs. neutral) cues. RESULTS Region of interest (ROI) analyses of brain responses to Cigarette vs. Neutral Cues indicated that the combination of VAR + NTX was associated with reduced activation of the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex as compared to placebo and to NTX alone. Exploratory whole-brain analyses also indicated significant differences in brain activation during cigarette cues in the active medications versus placebo condition. All medications suppressed left nucleus accumbens activation relative to placebo, suggesting the possibility that both medications, either alone or in combination, reduce neural signals associated with appetitive behavior. CONCLUSIONS Although preliminary, these neuroimaging findings indicate that clinical studies of the combination of VAR + NTX for heavy drinkers trying to quit smoking may be warranted.
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Divergent functional effects of sazetidine-a and varenicline during nicotine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2035-47. [PMID: 23624742 PMCID: PMC3746688 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death in the United States. Furthermore, a recent study found that <10% of quit attempts resulted in continuous abstinence for 1 year. With the introduction of pharmacotherapies like Chantix (varenicline), a selective α4β2 nicotinic partial agonist, successful quit attempts have significantly increased. Therefore, novel subtype-specific nicotinic drugs, such as sazetidine-A, present a rich area for investigation of therapeutic potential in smoking cessation. The present studies examine the anxiety-related behavioral and functional effects of the nicotinic partial agonists varenicline and sazetidine-A during withdrawal from chronic nicotine in mice. Our studies indicate that ventral hippocampal-specific infusions of sazetidine-A, but not varenicline, are efficacious in reducing nicotine withdrawal-related anxiety-like phenotypes in the novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) paradigm. To further investigate functional differences between these partial agonists, we utilized voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDi) in ventral hippocampal slices to determine the effects of sazetidine-A and varenicline in animals chronically treated with saline, nicotine, or undergoing 24 h withdrawal. These studies demonstrate a functional dissociation of varenicline and sazetidine-A on hippocampal network activity, which is directly related to previous drug exposure. Furthermore, the effects of the nicotinic partial agonists in VSDi assays are significantly correlated with their behavioral effects in the NIH test. These findings highlight the importance of drug history in understanding the mechanisms through which nicotinic compounds may be aiding smoking cessation in individuals experiencing withdrawal-associated anxiety.
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Groman SM, Jentsch JD. Identifying the molecular basis of inhibitory control deficits in addictions: neuroimaging in non-human primates. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:625-31. [PMID: 23528268 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Deep insights into the structural, molecular and functional phenotypes underlying addiction have been made possible through in vivo neuroimaging techniques implemented in non-human and human primates. In addition to providing evidence that many of the neural alterations detected in stimulant-dependent individuals can emerge solely through experience with drugs, these studies have identified potential biological phenotypes that influence addiction liability. Here, we review recent advances that have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of stimulant addiction using neuroimaging techniques in non-human primates. Evidence indicates that dysfunction of the dopamine system can be both a cause and consequence of stimulant use and that this bi-directional relationship may be mediated by the ability of individuals to exert inhibitory control over behaviors. Further, recent data has demonstrated an involvement of the serotonin system in addiction-related behaviors and neurobiology, suggesting that the relationship between dopamine and serotonin systems may be altered in addiction. This approach aids in the development of novel targets that can be used in the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Groman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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Mihov Y, Hurlemann R. Altered amygdala function in nicotine addiction: Insights from human neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1719-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Reid AG, Lingford-Hughes AR, Cancela LM, Kalivas PW. Substance abuse disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:419-31. [PMID: 22608635 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Khazaal Y, Zullino D, Billieux J. The Geneva Smoking Pictures: development and preliminary validation. Eur Addict Res 2012; 18:103-9. [PMID: 22285929 DOI: 10.1159/000335083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cue reactivity is essential to the maintenance of addictive disorders. A useful way to study cue reactivity is by means of normative pictures, but few validated tobacco-related pictures are available. This study describes a database of smoking-related pictures: The Geneva Smoking Pictures (GSP). Sixty smoking-related pictures were presented to 91 participants who assessed them according to the classic emotional pictures validation provided by the International Affective Picture System (NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, 2002). The pictures were rated according to three dimensions: (1) valence (from positive to negative), (2) emotional arousal (from high arousing to low arousing), and (3) dominance (from submissive to dominant). Participants were also screened with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Normative ratings for valence, arousal and dominance of the pictures are provided for the whole sample, as well as separately for dependent (n = 46) and nondependent smokers (n = 45). Arousal and dominance were associated with greater nicotine dependence, but valence ratings were not. The GSP is a normative database providing a large number of stimuli for investigators who are conducting nicotine and tobacco research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Khazaal
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. yasser.khazaal @ hcuge.ch
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Engelmann JM, Versace F, Robinson JD, Minnix JA, Lam CY, Cui Y, Brown VL, Cinciripini PM. Neural substrates of smoking cue reactivity: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neuroimage 2011; 60:252-62. [PMID: 22206965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivity to smoking-related cues may be an important factor that precipitates relapse in smokers who are trying to quit. The neurobiology of smoking cue reactivity has been investigated in several fMRI studies. We combined the results of these studies using activation likelihood estimation, a meta-analytic technique for fMRI data. Results of the meta-analysis indicated that smoking cues reliably evoke larger fMRI responses than neutral cues in the extended visual system, precuneus, posterior cingulate gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, dorsal and medial prefrontal cortex, insula, and dorsal striatum. Subtraction meta-analyses revealed that parts of the extended visual system and dorsal prefrontal cortex are more reliably responsive to smoking cues in deprived smokers than in non-deprived smokers, and that short-duration cues presented in event-related designs produce larger responses in the extended visual system than long-duration cues presented in blocked designs. The areas that were found to be responsive to smoking cues agree with theories of the neurobiology of cue reactivity, with two exceptions. First, there was a reliable cue reactivity effect in the precuneus, which is not typically considered a brain region important to addiction. Second, we found no significant effect in the nucleus accumbens, an area that plays a critical role in addiction, but this effect may have been due to technical difficulties associated with measuring fMRI data in that region. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the extended visual system should receive more attention in future studies of smoking cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Engelmann
- Department of Behavioral Science – Unit 1330, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P. O. Box 301439, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Rogers BP, Parks MH, Nickel MK, Katwal SB, Martin PR. Reduced fronto-cerebellar functional connectivity in chronic alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:294-301. [PMID: 22085135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence is associated with neurocognitive deficits related to neuropathological changes in structure, metabolism, and function of the brain. Impairments of motor functioning in alcoholics have been attributed to well-characterized neuropathological brain abnormalities in cerebellum. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied in vivo the functional connectivity between cerebellar and cortical brain regions. Participants were 10 uncomplicated chronic alcoholic patients studied after 5 to 7 days of abstinence when signs of withdrawal had abated and 10 matched healthy controls. We focused on regions of prefrontal, frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex that exhibited an fMRI response associated with nondominant hand finger tapping in the patients but not in the controls. We predicted that fronto-cerebellar functional connectivity would be diminished in alcoholics compared with controls. RESULTS Functional connectivity in a circuit involving premotor areas (Brodmann Area 6) and Lobule VI of the superior cerebellum was reduced in the patients compared with the controls. Functional connectivity was also reduced in a circuit involving prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 9) and Lobule VIII of the inferior cerebellum. Reductions in connectivity were specific to fronto-cerebellar circuits and were not found in other regions examined. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show a pattern in recently abstinent alcoholic patients of specific deficits in functional connectivity and recruitment of additional brain regions for the performance of a simple finger-tapping task. A small sample, differences in smoking, and a brief abstinence period preclude definitive conclusions, but this pattern of diminished fronto-cerebellar functional connectivity is highly compatible with the characteristic neuropathological lesions documented in alcoholics and may reflect brain dysfunction associated with alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baxter P Rogers
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, USA.
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18
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Yalachkov Y, Kaiser J, Görres A, Seehaus A, Naumer MJ. Smoking experience modulates the cortical integration of vision and haptics. Neuroimage 2011; 59:547-55. [PMID: 21835248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neuroplasticity of multisensory integration has been studied mainly in the context of natural or artificial training situations in healthy subjects. However, regular smokers also offer the opportunity to assess the impact of intensive daily multisensory interactions with smoking-related objects on the neural correlates of crossmodal object processing. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that smokers show a comparable visuo-haptic integration pattern for both smoking paraphernalia and control objects in the left lateral occipital complex, a region playing a crucial role in crossmodal object recognition. Moreover, the degree of nicotine dependence correlated positively with the magnitude of visuo-haptic integration in the left lateral occipital complex (LOC) for smoking-associated but not for control objects. In contrast, in the left LOC non-smokers displayed a visuo-haptic integration pattern for control objects, but not for smoking paraphernalia. This suggests that prolonged smoking-related multisensory experiences in smokers facilitate the merging of visual and haptic inputs in the lateral occipital complex for the respective stimuli. Studying clinical populations who engage in compulsive activities may represent an ecologically valid approach to investigating the neuroplasticity of multisensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavor Yalachkov
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe-University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 10, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Graham R, Hoover A, Ceballos NA, Komogortsev O. Body mass index moderates gaze orienting biases and pupil diameter to high and low calorie food images. Appetite 2011; 56:577-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Giel KE, Teufel M, Friederich HC, Hautzinger M, Enck P, Zipfel S. Processing of pictorial food stimuli in patients with eating disorders--a systematic review. Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:105-17. [PMID: 20127931 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The processing of food cues in eating-disordered patients has recently been increasingly investigated. Outlined is current evidence from pictorial food stimuli studies. METHOD PubMed and PsychINFO were searched for quantitative pictorial food stimuli studies investigating healthy controls and expert-diagnosed eating-disordered patients. RESULTS Patients with eating disorders (ED) demonstrated cue reactivity to food stimuli. Results from functional imaging suggest sensory disengagement and higher emotional involvement while self-reported data and facial EMG revealed that food pictures were perceived as less pleasurable. Different experimental paradigms have demonstrated an attentional bias for food cues in ED. Currently, psychophysiological data is widely inconclusive. DISCUSSION Evidence suggests cue reactivity to food pictures in eating-disordered patients. However, the overall picture is inconclusive because methodological problems and the integration of findings from different experimental approaches pose a challenge to the research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Elisabeth Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
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21
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Smoking withdrawal modulates right inferior frontal cortex but not presupplementary motor area activation during inhibitory control. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:2600-6. [PMID: 20861830 PMCID: PMC2978758 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Smokers exhibit decrements in inhibitory control (IC) during withdrawal. The objective of this study was to investigate the neural basis of these effects in critical substrates of IC--right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) and presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA). Smokers were scanned following smoking as usual and after 24-h smoking abstinence. During scanning they completed a Go/No-Go task that required inhibiting responses to infrequent STOP trials. Event-related brain activation in response to successfully inhibited STOP trials was evaluated in two regions of interest: rIFC (10 mm sphere, x=40, y=30, z=26) and pre-SMA (10 mm sphere, x=2, y=18, z=40). Smoking abstinence robustly increased errors of commission on STOP trials (37.1 vs 24.8% in the satiated condition, p<0.001) while having no effects on GO trial accuracy or reaction time (RT). In rIFC, smoking abstinence was associated with a significantly increased event-related BOLD signal (p=0.026). Pre-SMA was unaffected by smoking condition. The results of this preliminary study suggest that successful IC during withdrawal is associated with increased processing demands on a cortical center associated with attention to inhibitory signals.
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Chronic cigarette smoking: implications for neurocognition and brain neurobiology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:3760-91. [PMID: 21139859 PMCID: PMC2996190 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7103760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the substantial volume of research on the general health consequences associated with chronic smoking, little research has been specifically devoted to the investigation of its effects on human neurobiology and neurocognition. This review summarizes the peer-reviewed literature on the neurocognitive and neurobiological implications of chronic cigarette smoking in cohorts that were not seeking treatment for substance use or psychiatric disorders. Studies that specifically assessed the neurocognitive or neurobiological (with emphasis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance-based neuroimaging studies) consequences of chronic smoking are highlighted. Chronic cigarette smoking appears to be associated with deficiencies in executive functions, cognitive flexibility, general intellectual abilities, learning and/or memory processing speed, and working memory. Chronic smoking is related to global brain atrophy and to structural and biochemical abnormalities in anterior frontal regions, subcortical nuclei and commissural white matter. Chronic smoking may also be associated with an increased risk for various forms of neurodegenerative diseases. The existing literature is limited by inconsistent accounting for potentially confounding biomedical and psychiatric conditions, focus on cross-sectional studies with middle aged and older adults and the absence of studies concurrently assessing neurocognitive, neurobiological and genetic factors in the same cohort. Consequently, the mechanisms promoting the neurocognitive and neurobiological abnormalities reported in chronic smokers are unclear. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if the smoking-related neurobiological and neurocognitive abnormalities increase over time and/or show recovery with sustained smoking cessation.
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King A, McNamara P, Angstadt M, Phan KL. Neural substrates of alcohol-induced smoking urge in heavy drinking nondaily smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:692-701. [PMID: 19907419 PMCID: PMC2868310 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A strong link exists between cigarette smoking and alcohol use, which may be explained by the experimental observation that alcohol ingestion promotes cigarette craving and precipitates smoking. At the neuroanatomic level, it is unclear where and how alcohol exerts these effects, although the process likely involves the ventral striatum given its function in motivational salience and appetitive reinforcement. In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study, heavy drinking nondaily social smokers (ie, light smokers or 'chippers') were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging after they ingested an acute dose of alcohol or placebo. We probed reactivity in the ventral striatum and other brain regions during exposure to visual smoking vs nonsmoking control cues. We found that alcohol enhanced self-reported ratings of desire to smoke, and in this context, significantly increased ventral striatum responses to smoking compared with control cues. In exploratory analyses, we observed that alcohol dampened orbitofrontal activity across both cue types, whereas dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex activation to smoking cues was not affected by alcohol. This study bridges a pharmacological challenge approach to the study of brain reactivity to smoking cues, extends prior cigarette cue imaging studies to nondependent smokers, and elucidates a potential neurobiological mechanism to explain the co-consumption of alcohol and cigarettes in nondependent users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637,USA.
| | - Patrick McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, Rihmer Z. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:295-342. [PMID: 19665479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an extremely addictive and harmful form of nicotine (NIC) consumption, but unfortunately also the most prevalent. Although disproportionately high frequencies of smoking and its health consequences among psychiatric patients are widely known, the neurobiological background of this epidemiological association is still obscure. The diverse neuroactive effects of NIC and some other major tobacco smoke constituents in the central nervous system may underlie this association. This present paper summarizes the pharmacology of NIC and its receptors (nAChR) based on a systematic review of the literature. The role of the brain's reward system(s) in NIC addiction and the results of functional and structural neuroimaging studies on smoking-related states and behaviors (i.e. dependence, craving, withdrawal) are also discussed. In addition, the epidemiological, neurobiological, and genetic aspects of smoking in several specific neuropsychiatric disorders are reviewed and the clinical relevance of smoking in these disease states addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dome
- Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kutvolgyi ut 4, 1125 Budapest, Hungary.
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Cosgrove KP, Batis J, Bois F, Maciejewski PK, Esterlis I, Kloczynski T, Stiklus S, Krishnan-Sarin S, O'Malley S, Perry E, Tamagnan G, Seibyl JP, Staley JK. beta2-Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability during acute and prolonged abstinence from tobacco smoking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:666-76. [PMID: 19487632 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Available levels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing the beta(2) subunit (beta(2)*-nAChR) are higher in recently abstinent tobacco smokers compared with participants who never smoked. Variations in beta(2)*-nAChR availability during the course of abstinence may be related to the urge to smoke, the extent of nicotine withdrawal, and successful abstinence. OBJECTIVE To examine changes in beta(2)*-nAChR availability during acute and prolonged abstinence from tobacco smoking and to determine how changes in beta(2)*-nAChR availability were related to clinical features of tobacco smoking. DESIGN Tobacco smokers participated in up to 4 iodide 123-labeled 5-iodo-A-85380 ([(123)I]5-IA) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans during abstinence at 1 day (n = 7) and 1 (n = 17), 2 (n = 7), 4 (n = 11), and 6 to 12 (n = 6) weeks. Age-matched nonsmokers participated in a single [(123)I]5-IA SPECT scan. All participants completed 1 magnetic resonance imaging study. SETTING Academic imaging center. PARTICIPANTS Tobacco smokers (n = 19) and an age-matched nonsmoker comparison group (n = 20). Main Outcome Measure The [(123)I]5-IA SPECT images were converted to distribution volume and were analyzed using regions of interest. RESULTS Compared with nonsmokers, beta(2)*-nAChR availability in the striatum, cortex, and cerebellum of smokers was not different at 1 day of abstinence, was significantly higher at 1 week of abstinence, and was not different at 4 or at 6 to 12 weeks of abstinence. In smokers, beta(2)*-nAChR availability was significantly lower in the cortex and cerebellum at 6 to 12 weeks compared with 1 week of abstinence. In addition, cerebellar beta(2)*-nAChR availability at 4 weeks of abstinence was positively correlated with craving on the day of the SPECT scan. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that higher beta(2)*-nAChR availability persists up to 1 month of abstinence and normalizes to nonsmoker levels by 6 to 12 weeks of abstinence from tobacco smoking. These marked and persistent changes in beta(2)*-nAChR availability may contribute to difficulties with tobacco cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Ave, Mail Code 116A6, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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26
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Adolfo AB, AhnAllen CG, Tidey JW. Effects of smoking cues on caffeine urges in heavy smokers and caffeine consumers with and without schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009; 107:192-7. [PMID: 19006656 PMCID: PMC2765103 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and caffeine use are established and problematic drug-use behaviors in people with schizophrenia. Associative links between drugs of abuse may occur but the relationship between caffeine use and cigarette smoking has received little attention in schizophrenia. In this cross-cue reactivity laboratory study, we examined the effects of neutral and smoking cues on craving for caffeinated beverages in participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SS; n=15) and non-psychiatric controls (CS; n=18) all of whom were heavy smokers and daily caffeine users. Participants were tested under non-abstinent and 5-hour abstinent conditions. SS tended to report greater daily levels of caffeine use than CS. Although this difference was not significant, that may be due to the small sample sizes as the size of this effect was large. Daily caffeine intake was significantly correlated with daily smoking rate in SS but not CS. A significant interaction between group and cue type after controlling for caffeine intake indicated that exposure to smoking cues increased urge for caffeinated beverages in SS but not CS. These results indicate support for associative connections between cigarette smoking cues and craving for caffeine in smokers with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Adolfo
- Brown University Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies and Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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27
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O'Dell LE, Khroyan TV. Rodent models of nicotine reward: what do they tell us about tobacco abuse in humans? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 91:481-8. [PMID: 19121334 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco products are widely abused in humans, and it is assumed that nicotine is the key substrate in these products that produces addiction. Based on this assumption, several pre-clinical studies have utilized animal models to measure various aspects of nicotine addiction. Most of this work has focused on behavioral measures of nicotine and how other variables contribute to these effects. Here we discuss the most commonly used animal models including, self-administration (SA), place conditioning (PC), and the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigms in rodents. The strengths, limitations and procedural variables of these models are reviewed, followed by a discussion of how the animal models have been used to study factors such as age, sex, stress, and the effects of tobacco products other than nicotine. These factors are discussed in light of their influences on human tobacco abuse. The rodent models are evaluated in the context of face, predictive, and construct validity, and we propose that inclusion of factors such as age, sex, stress and other constituents of tobacco aside from nicotine can increase the utility of these animal models by more closely mimicking human tobacco abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E O'Dell
- Department of Psychology, 500 West University Avenue, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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28
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Ray R, Loughead J, Wang Z, Detre J, Yang E, Gur R, Lerman C. Neuroimaging, genetics and the treatment of nicotine addiction. Behav Brain Res 2008; 193:159-69. [PMID: 18599130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in neuroimaging and genomics provide an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate medication development for nicotine dependence and other addictions. Neuroimaging studies have begun to elucidate the functional neuroanatomy and neurochemistry underlying effects of nicotine and nicotine abstinence. In parallel, genetic studies, including both candidate gene and genome-wide association approaches, are identifying key neurobiological targets and pathways important in addiction to nicotine. To date, only a few neuroimaging studies have explored effects of nicotine or abstinence on brain activity as a function of genotype. Most analyses of genotype are retrospective, resulting in small sample sizes for testing effects of the minor alleles for candidate genes. The purpose of this review is to provide an outline of the work in neuroimaging, genetics, and nicotine dependence, and to explore the potential for increased integration of these approaches to improve nicotine dependence treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riju Ray
- Trandisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Knott V, Cosgrove M, Villeneuve C, Fisher D, Millar A, McIntosh J. EEG correlates of imagery-induced cigarette craving in male and female smokers. Addict Behav 2008; 33:616-21. [PMID: 18077100 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies of cue-elicited craving in smokers have identified a distributed system of brain activation which includes the frontal cortex. As electroencephalographic (EEG) activity recorded from frontal brain regions indexes emotive functions, which are believed to play a key role in craving processes, this study examined frontal EEG in 20 cigarette smokers (10 male) exposed to imagery scripts containing positive, negative, or neutral affective content with and without descriptions of smoking urges. Urge scripts increased subjective cravings related to both the rewarding and withdrawal-relief properties of smoking, the latter tending to be greater in female smokers, as were self-reports of frustration. The emotional content of scripts did not moderate urges or EEG but urge scripts were found to: a) decrease activity of delta in male smokers and to increase activity of beta, a pattern which has also been seen with acute smoking, and b) increase activity of theta, a response which has also been seen with smoking abstinence. This imagery-elicited neuroelectric profile, appearing to reflect opposing actions of reward and withdrawal, suggests that EEG may be a sensitive tool for probing the multidimensional nature of craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verner Knott
- Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Carmody TP, Vieten C, Astin JA. Negative Affect, Emotional Acceptance, and Smoking Cessation. J Psychoactive Drugs 2007; 39:499-508. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2007.10399889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Colamussi L, Bovbjerg DH, Erblich J. Stress- and cue-induced cigarette craving: effects of a family history of smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 88:251-8. [PMID: 17129681 PMCID: PMC1885373 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with multiple smokers among first-degree relatives (FH+) are significantly more likely to be persistent smokers themselves. The mechanisms underlying this relationship are unknown. An independent line of research has suggested that persistent smoking is more common among smokers with heightened levels of cigarette craving after being exposed to smoking cues and stressors. The present study experimentally tested the hypothesis that FH+ smokers would exhibit stronger stress- and cue-induced craving reactions compared to FH- smokers. We also explored gender and ethnicity-related differences in these effects. To that end, 160 smokers were recruited by advertisement and exposed to neutral (changing a light bulb), stressful (dental work), and smoking (lighting up after a meal) situations, using script-guided imagery under controlled laboratory conditions. Participants completed craving questionnaires before and after each condition. Supporting the hypotheses, even after controlling smoking history and strength of habit, FH+ smokers (n=86) displayed stronger craving reactions to both dental and smoking imagery (p's<0.05) than FH- smokers (n=74). Interestingly, women had higher stress-, but not smoking cue-induced cravings, than men, with FH+ women exhibiting the highest levels of stress-induced craving. Findings suggest a mechanism through which a family history of smoking leads to poorer cessation success, especially among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauralea Colamussi
- Department of International Health, Disease Prevention and Control, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Gozzi A, Schwarz A, Reese T, Bertani S, Crestan V, Bifone A. Region-specific effects of nicotine on brain activity: a pharmacological MRI study in the drug-naïve rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:1690-703. [PMID: 16292320 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have applied pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) methods to map the functional response to nicotine in drug-naïve rats. Nicotine (0.35 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.)) increased relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in cortical (including medial prefrontal, cingulate orbitofrontal, insular) and subcortical (including amygdala and dorsomedial hippocampus) structures. The pharmacological specificity of the effect was demonstrated by acute pretreatment with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ion-channel-blocking agent mecamylamine, which suppressed the rCBV response to nicotine. Control experiments with norepinephrine, a potent non-brain-penetrant vasopressor, at a dose that mimics the cardiovascular response induced by nicotine were performed to assess the potential confounding effects of peripheral blood pressure changes induced by nicotine. In an attempt to highlight the relative contribution of different nAChR subtypes to the observed activation pattern of nicotine, we also investigated the central phMRI response to an acute challenge with (R)-N-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)(5-(2-pyridyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide) (cpdA, at 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg i.v.) and 5-iodo-A-85380 (5IA, 5 mg/kg i.v.). CpdA is a selective agonist at homomeric alpha7 nAChRs, while 5IA features high in vivo affinity for the alpha4beta2* and other less-abundant beta2-containing nicotinic receptors. CpdA did not produce significant rCBV changes at any of the doses tested, whereas 5IA induced a pattern of activation very similar to that induced by nicotine. The lack of phMRI response to cpdA together with the high spatial overlap between the activation profile of nicotine and 5IA, suggest that the acute functional response to nicotine in drug-naïve rats is mediated by beta2-containing nAChR isoforms, presumably belonging to the alpha4beta2* subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gozzi
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, Psychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy.
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