Drug treatment strategies for insomnia in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder

Correlations between clinical insomnia and psychophysiological factors in postoperative patients discharged from the ICU: A cross-sectional study

Aim

Post-intensive care unit (ICU) patients often experience physical or mental dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep disturbances and mental and physical problems in patients discharged from the ICU to hospital wards, using both subjective and objective sleep measures.

Methods

Patients admitted to the ICU for at least 72 h between November 2021 and June 2022 were included in the study. On the seventh day after ICU discharge, we conducted an objective sleep assessment using an electroencephalogram-based mobile sleep-monitoring device. Patients self-administered severity ratings for fatigue, depression, and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. Insomnia symptoms were assessed using the insomnia severity index (ISI) before and after ICU admission.

Results

Thirty-five patients (median age 73) were included in the study. Higher ISI scores at ward were significantly correlated with higher levels of fatigue (r = 0.463, P = 0.005), depression (r = 0.343, P = 0.044), and PTS symptoms (r = 0.477, P = 0.004). Among the objective sleep measures, reduced N3 sleep (r = -0.480, P = 0.004) was significantly correlated with more severe PTS symptoms. However, no statistically significant correlations were found between objective sleep indicators and either fatigue or depression.

Conclusion

The observed reduction in N3 sleep and its association with PTS symptoms in this study might have reflected the physical and psychological stress experienced during intensive care. Subjective insomnia severity, which was related to fatigue, depression, and PTS symptoms in the ward, could be an important intervention target after ICU discharge.

Addressing Sleep Disorders in Psychiatry: Comparing the Use of Melatonin, Trazodone, and Doxepin

Introduction Sleep disorders are prevalent among psychiatric patients, and pharmacological treatments such as melatonin, trazodone, and doxepin are commonly prescribed. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and acceptability of these three medications in improving sleep quality and reducing daytime drowsiness in psychiatric patients. Methodology A total of 175 psychiatric patients with sleep disturbances participated in this cohort study at the Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.Participants were initially randomized, with assignments subsequently reviewed and confirmed by physicians based on clinical considerations, into one of three therapy groups: doxepin, trazodone, or melatonin. They were monitored over the course of six months, from February to July 2024. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure sleep quality, the Epworth Drowsiness Scale (ESS) was used to measure daytime drowsiness, and the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale was used to determine clinical improvement. Pre- and post-treatment data were analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) using statistical techniques such as paired t-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests. Results Trazodone, doxepin, and melatonin were evaluated for their effectiveness and tolerability in improving sleep quality and reducing daytime drowsiness among 175 psychiatric patients (n=58 for melatonin, n=59 for trazodone, n=58 for doxepin). Trazodone showed the greatest improvement in sleep quality, with significant reductions in PSQI scores at six months (mean decrease = 7.0, SD = 1.9) and the highest CGI-I improvement rates (n=59, 76%, p = 0.02), but it was associated with frequent adverse effects, including morning grogginess (n=59, 15%, p = 0.03) and orthostatic hypotension (n=59, 10%, p = 0.02). Doxepin significantly enhanced sleep continuity (PSQI reduction = 6.8, SD = 2.1) and had a better tolerability profile than trazodone but was linked to dry mouth (n=58, 13%, p = 0.04). Melatonin, while slightly less effective in improving sleep quality (PSQI reduction = 6.1, SD = 2.0), had the fewest adverse effects, including the lowest rates of morning grogginess (n=58, 5%, p = 0.03) and dizziness (n=58, 10%, p = 0.41), and significantly reduced daytime drowsiness (ESS decrease = 3.9, SD = 1.7, p = 0.04). These findings highlight trazodone and doxepin as the most effective treatments, while melatonin offers better tolerability for patients concerned about adverse effects. Conclusion In psychiatric patients, trazodone was the most successful medication for enhancing sleep quality; however, other groups cannot use it due to its adverse effects. For patients who were more likely to have side effects, melatonin was a safer option, but doxepin offered a good balance between effectiveness and tolerability.

[Pharmacological treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder]

In addition to trauma-focussed psychotherapy, pharmacological treatment is often unavoidable, especially in patients with severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As long as comorbid disorders do not dictate the pharmacotherapy approach, sertraline and paroxetine, along with other off-label prescribable substances approved in Germany, can be used for the treatment of PTSD. Venlafaxine, in particular, has shown good effectiveness in studies, whereas risperidone has shown lower effectiveness in augmentation. Overall, only a small to medium effect size is to be expected for all substances. Psychopharmacotherapy plays an important role in addressing sleep disorders, which are highly prevalent in PTSD. Treatment of trauma-related nightmares can be attempted with doxazosin or clonidine. In contrast, there are limited empirical data available for sleep disorders associated with PTSD, but the pharmacological treatment of insomnia can provide some guidance.

Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of antidepressants for sleep quality disturbances in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Sleep quality disturbances are a common occurrence in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may remain after evidence-based treatment for PTSD has been implemented. If left untreated, sleep disturbance can perpetuate or aggravate the disorder. A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted comparing efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability among antidepressants for sleep quality improvement in PTSD, using Cochane's RoB2.0 and GRADE approach for NMA. The Cochrane Library, LILACS, PsycINFO, PTSDpubs, and PubMed Central databases were searched from inception to November 29, 2020, leading to the retrieval of 3733 reports. After the selection process, seven RCTs were included in the review (N = 600). We found low certainty of evidence (LCE) that sertraline may improve sleep quality (measured by PSQI) in adult patients with PTSD (MD -0.48, 95% CrI -0.63 to -0.32). Sertraline was as well accepted (RR 1.12, 95% CrI -0.83 to 1.52, very low certainty [VLCE]) and as well tolerated as placebo (RR 0.58, 95% CrI 0.28 to 1.14, LCE). Mirtazapine (MD -3.35, 95% CrI -9.06 to 2.39, LCE), paroxetine (MD -3.13, 95% CrI -7.47 to 1.26, VLCE), nefazodone (MD -0.25, 95% CrI -5.95 to 5.38, VLCE), and bupropion (MD -2.28, 95% CrI -4.75 to 0.21, VLCE) were similar to placebo for improving sleep quality. These antidepressants resulted in little or no benefit for sleep in PTSD. Although the NMA suggested that sertraline may improve sleep in PTSD compared to placebo, due to the low certainty, these estimates are not robust enough to guide clinical decisions.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Middle Age and Beyond

OBJECTIVE

To review the clinical manifestations and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and older people.

DATA SOURCES

Articles indexed in PubMed, Embase, psychology databases, and the Cochrane library over the past 10 years using the key words "post-traumatic stress disorder," "stress disorders," and "post-traumatic stress disorder and treatment."

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION

Sixty-seven publications were reviewed and criteria supporting the primary objective were used to identify useful resources.

DATA SYNTHESIS

The literature included practice guidelines; review articles; original research articles; and product prescribing information for the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of PTSD.

CONCLUSION

Psychotherapy is the first-line therapy for PTSD. Pharmacologic therapy is recommended, as second-line therapy, for adults living with PTSD who do not have access to psychotherapy or refuse psychotherapy. Pharmacologic therapy may also be considered in cases of partial, or no, response to psychotherapy. Current guidelines recommend prescribing one of 3 selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, either fluoxetine, paroxetine, or sertraline, or prescribing the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine, for adult patients who do not have access to psychotherapy or prefer not to use psychotherapy. Unfortunately, these recommended medications have additional cautions for use in older people so may not be appropriate for many older people living with PTSD. Therapy for older people should be tailored to patient-specific symptoms, with careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks of the therapy and coexisting medical conditions of each patient.

Doxepin Exacerbates Renal Damage, Glucose Intolerance, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Urinary Chromium Loss in Obese Mice

Doxepin is commonly prescribed for depression and anxiety treatment. Doxepin-related disruptions to metabolism and renal/hepatic adverse effects remain unclear; thus, the underlying mechanism of action warrants further research. Here, we investigated how doxepin affects lipid change, glucose homeostasis, chromium (Cr) distribution, renal impairment, liver damage, and fatty liver scores in C57BL6/J mice subjected to a high-fat diet and 5 mg/kg/day doxepin treatment for eight weeks. We noted that the treated mice had higher body, kidney, liver, retroperitoneal, and epididymal white adipose tissue weights; serum and liver triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels; daily food efficiency; and liver lipid regulation marker expression. They also demonstrated exacerbated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance with lower Akt phosphorylation, GLUT4 expression, and renal damage as well as higher reactive oxygen species and interleukin 1 and lower catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels. The treated mice had a net-negative Cr balance due to increased urinary excretion, leading to Cr mobilization, delaying hyperglycemia recovery. Furthermore, they had considerably increased fatty liver scores, paralleling increases in adiponectin, FASN, PNPLA3, FABP4 mRNA, and SREBP1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, doxepin administration potentially worsens renal injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes.

Selecting a pharmacotherapy regimen for patients with chronic insomnia

INTRODUCTION

Chronic insomnia, whether it is primary or in combination with another medical or psychiatric disorder, is a prevalent condition associated with significant morbidity, reduced productivity, increased risk of accidents, and poor quality of life. Pharmacologic and behavioral treatments have equivalent efficacy with each having its own advantages and limitations.

AREAS COVERED

The purpose of this perspective is to delineate the limitations encountered in implementing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and to review the pharmacological treatments designed to target the different phenotypes of insomnia. The discussions address how to choose the optimal medication or combination thereof based on patients' characteristics, available medications, and the presence of comorbid conditions. Selective nonbenzodiazepine sedative 'Z-drug' hypnotics, melatonin receptor agonist-ramelteon, and low-dose doxepin are the agents of choice for treatment of primary and comorbid insomnia.

EXPERT OPINION

A pharmacological intervention should be offered if cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is not available or has failed to achieve its goals. Increasing evidence of the significant adverse consequences of long-term benzodiazepines should limit the prescription of these agents to specific conditions. Testing novel dosing regimens with a combination of hypnotic classes augmented with CBT deserve further investigation.