Protective effects of pharmacological agents against aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity: A systematic review

Galangin prevents gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by modulating oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis in rats

The well-known antibiotic gentamicin (GEN) works well against a variety of pathogenic bacteria, nevertheless its therapeutic use might be limited by the possibility of nephrotoxicity. The naturally occurring flavonoid galangin (GAL) has several interesting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study evaluated the nephroprotective effect of GAL on GEN-induced renal injury. Rats received GAL for 14 days and GEN from day 8 to day 14. There was a significant increase in serum urea and creatinine along with several histopathological changes in the kidney following GEN administration. GEN-treated rats also showed increased levels of kidney MDA and NO, and decreased GSH content and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Rats received GEN also demonstrated increased NF-κB p65, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in the kidney. GAL remarkably prevented tissue injury, attenuated MDA and NO levels, improved antioxidants, and decreased levels of inflammatory mediators in the kidney of GEN-treated rats. Furthermore, GEN-administrated rats exhibited increased Bax and caspase-3 with concomitant decline in Bcl-2 levels in the kidney, an effect that GAL attenuated. In conclusion, GAL prevents GEN-induced nephrotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and augmenting antioxidant defense, suggesting its therapeutic potential against drug nephrotoxicity.

Protective effects of silymarin on preventing vancomycin nephrotoxicity in infectious patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial

Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common complications of vancomycin use in clinical practice. Silymarin has potential to be a renoprotective agent for nephrotoxic drugs due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. The aim of this clinical study is evaluating the potential effects of silymarin on preventing vancomycin nephrotoxicity. A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was conducted on patients with the indication of systemic vancomycin for at least 7 days. Patients were screened daily and those who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned into either silymarin or placebo groups. Accordingly, 140 mg silymarin tablet (Livergol®) or placebo was given orally three times daily. Silymarin or placebo were provided in conjunction with vancomycin for at least 7 days. If vancomycin therapy was extended beyond 7 days, the administration of silymarin or placebo was continued until the end of vancomycin treatment. Malondialdehyde, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity were measured in the serum on days 0 and 7. A trough level of vancomycin was assessed 30 min before the fifth dose of vancomycin. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was monitored in each patient daily during the course of vancomycin treatment. The causality assessment of all identified cases of vancomycin associated AKI was performed by the Naranjo scale. The primary endpoint was vancomycin nephrotoxicity. It was defined based on the KDIGO 2012 criteria for AKI as either an increase of 0.3 units or more in serum creatinine level during 48 h or 50% (1.5-fold) or more during 7 days compared to baseline values. During the study period, 34 patients in the silymarin group and 32 patients in the placebo group completed the clinical trial. Demographic, baseline clinical, and laboratory characteristics were comparable between placebo and silymarin groups. The number of patients with AKI on days 5, 6, 7, 11,12, 13, and 14 in the placebo group was significantly higher than that in the silymarin group (p-value < 0.05). The incidence of acute tubular injury on the day  5 and 7 of vancomycin treatment was significantly lower in the silymarin group (p-value = 0.005 and p-value = 0.032, respectively). Antioxidant indexes including serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione significantly increased in the silymarin group (p-value < 0.001 for both indexes). In contrast, serum malondialdehyde as an end product of lipid peroxidation pathway significantly decreased in the silymarin group during 7 days (p-value < 0.001). The results of the present pilot, clinical trial suggested that silymarin co-administration may prevent vancomycin nephrotoxicity.

Sambucus nigra-Lyophilized Fruit Extract Attenuated Acute Redox-Homeostatic Imbalance via Mutagenic and Oxidative Stress Modulation in Mice Model on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Background: Gentamicin (GM) administration is associated with decreased metabolism, increased oxidative stress, and induction of nephrotoxicity. Sambucus nigra L., containing flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phytosterols, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the nephroprotective and anti-inflammatory potential of lyophilized Sambucus nigra fruit extract (S. nigra extract) to reduce acute oxidative stress and residual toxicity of GM in a 7-day experimental model in Balb/c rodents. Methods: The S. nigra extract was lyophilized (300 rpm; 10 min; -45 °C) to improve pharmacological properties. Balb/c mice were divided into four (n = 6) groups: controls; S. nigra extract per os (120 mg kg-1 day-1 bw); GM (200 mg kg-1 day-1 bw) (4); and GM + S. nigra therapy. The activities of antioxidant and renal enzymes, cytokines, and levels of oxidative stress biomarkers-Hydroxiproline, CysC, GST, KIM-1, PGC-1α, MDA, GSPx-were analyzed by ELISA tests. The ROS and RNS levels, as well as 5-MSL-protein oxidation, were measured by EPR spectroscopy. Results: The antioxidant-protective effect of S. nigra extract (120 mg kg-1) was demonstrated by reduced MDA, ROS, and RNS and increased activation of endogenous enzymes. Furthermore, S. nigra extract significantly reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and KIM-1 and regulated collagen/protein (PGC-1α and albumin) deposition in renal tissues. Conclusions: Histological evaluation confirmed that S. nigra (120 mg kg-1) attenuated renal dysfunction and structural damage by modulating oxidative stress and acute inflammation and could be used as an anti-fibrotic alternative in GM nephrotoxicity.

A novel pharmacological strategy using nanoparticles with glutathione and virgin coconut oil to treat gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats

In acute renal failure (ARF), the glomerular filtration rate is reduced, and nitrogenous waste products accumulate persistently, which can last anywhere from a few hours to several days. There is hope for a reversal of the rapid loss of renal function caused by this condition. This study, with gentamicin-induced acute ARF as a prospective setting, sets out to examine the reno-protective benefits of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and GSH. Furthermore, the study evaluated the effect of medication nanoparticle compositions on several kidney function markers. The induction of ARF is achieved with the intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin. To assess renal function, rats underwent 24 h of dehydration and hunger before their deaths. The study examined various aspects, including kidney function tests, markers of oxidative stress, histology of kidney tissue, inflammatory cytokines, immunohistochemistry expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and specific biomarkers for kidney tissue damage, such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). The results of our study indicated that the combination of VCO and GSH, using both regular and nanoparticle formulations, had a better protective impact on the kidneys compared to using either drug alone. The recovery of renal tissue and serum markers, which are symptomatic of organ damage, indicates improvement. This was also demonstrated by the reduction in tubular expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, KIM-1, and NGAL. The immunohistochemical studies showed that the combination therapy, especially with the nanoforms, greatly improved the damaged cellular changes in the kidneys, as shown by higher levels of NF-κB. The study shows that VCO and GSH, when administered individually or combined, significantly improve ARF in a gentamicin-induced rat model, highlighting potential therapeutic implications. Notably, the combined nanoparticulate formulations exhibit substantial effectiveness.

Potentiation by Protein Synthesis Inducers of Translational Readthrough of Pathogenic Premature Termination Codons in PTEN Isoforms

The PTEN tumor suppressor is frequently targeted in tumors and patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) through nonsense mutations generating premature termination codons (PTC) that may cause the translation of truncated non-functional PTEN proteins. We have previously described a global analysis of the readthrough reconstitution of the protein translation and function of the human canonical PTEN isoform by aminoglycosides. Here, we report the efficient functional readthrough reconstitution of the PTEN translational isoform PTEN-L, which displays a minimal number of PTC in its specific N-terminal extension in association with disease. We illustrate the importance of the specific PTC and its nucleotide proximal sequence for optimal readthrough and show that the more frequent human PTEN PTC variants and their mouse PTEN PTC equivalents display similar patterns of readthrough efficiency. The heterogeneous readthrough response of the different PTEN PTC variants was independent of the length of the PTEN protein being reconstituted, and we found a correlation between the amount of PTEN protein being synthesized and the PTEN readthrough efficiency. Furthermore, combination of aminoglycosides and protein synthesis inducers increased the readthrough response of specific PTEN PTC. Our results provide insights with which to improve the functional reconstitution of human-disease-related PTC pathogenic variants from PTEN isoforms by increasing protein synthesis coupled to translational readthrough.

Black seed oil reverses chronic antibiotic-mediated depression and social behaviour deficits via modulation of hypothalamic mitochondrial-dependent markers and insulin expression

Chronic antibiotic use has been reported to impair mitochondrial indices, hypothalamus-mediated metabolic function, and amygdala-regulated emotional processes. Natural substances such as black seed (Nigella sativa) oil could be beneficial in mitigating these impairments. This study aimed to assess the impact of black seed oil (NSO) on depression and sociability indices, redox imbalance, mitochondrial-dependent markers, and insulin expression in mice subjected to chronic ampicillin exposure. Forty adult male BALB/c mice (30 ± 2 g) were divided into five groups: the CTRL group received normal saline, the ABT group received ampicillin, the NSO group received black seed oil, the ABT/NSO group concurrently received ampicillin and black seed oil, and the ABT+NSO group experienced pre-exposure to ampicillin followed by subsequent treatment with black seed oil. The ampicillin-exposed group exhibited depressive-like behaviours, impaired social interactive behaviours, and disruptions in mitochondrial-dependent markers in plasma and hypothalamic tissues, accompanied by an imbalance in antioxidant levels. Moreover, chronic antibiotic exposure downregulated insulin expression in the hypothalamus. However, these impairments were significantly ameliorated in the ABT/NSO, and ABT+NSO groups compared to the untreated antibiotic-exposed group. Overall, findings from this study suggest the beneficial role of NSO as an adjuvant therapy in preventing and abrogating mood behavioural and neural-metabolic impairments of chronic antibiotic exposure.

Unveiling drug induced nephrotoxicity using novel biomarkers and cutting-edge preventive strategies

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is still a significant obstacle in pharmacotherapy of various diseases and it accounts for around 25 % of serious side-effects reported after drug administration. Furthermore, some groups of drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, antifungal drugs, immunosuppressants, and chemotherapeutic drugs have the "preference" for damaging the kidney and are often referred to as the kidney's "silent killer". Clinically, the onset of acute kidney injury associated with drug administration is registered in approximately 20 % of patients and many of them develop chronic kidney disease vulnerability. However, current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying this dangerous phenomenon is still insufficient with many unknowns. Hence, the valuable use of these drugs in clinical practice is significantly limited. The main aim of this study is to draw attention to commonly prescribed nephrotoxic drugs by clinicians or drugs bought over the counter. In addition, the complex relationship between immunological, vascular and inflammatory events that promote kidney damage is discussed. The practical use of this knowledge could be implemented in the engineering of novel biomarkers for early detection of drug-associated kidney damage such as Kidney Injury Molecule (KIM-1), lipocalin associated with neutrophil gelatinase (NGAL) and various microRNAs. In addition, the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) for the development of computer algorithms that could detect kidney damage at an early stage should be further explored. Therefore, this comprehensive review provides a new outlook on drug nephrotoxicity that opens the door for further clinical research of novel potential drugs or natural products for the prevention of drug-induced nephrotoxicity and accessible education.

Interactions Between Antimicrobial Peptides and Targets Responsible for their Nephrotoxic Action: Molecular Dynamics Simulations

OBJECTIVES

Polymyxin is the last line of defense against resistant forms of microorganisms, but it has significant nephrotoxicity. One of the directions in reducing the nephrotoxicity of polymyxin is to modify the charge of the molecule and accordingly, to change the topicity of the polymyxin derivative to the renal megalin. Such modification can lead to a decrease in the accumulation of polymyxin in the kidneys and reduce its toxicity while maintaining its antimicrobial properties. The study aimed to investigate the structural aspects of polymyxin nephrotoxicity at the atomic level to promote the more purposeful development of the polymyxin's derivatives with the lower nephrotoxic action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes of polymyxin B and its derivative NAB7061 (that carries only three positive charges located within the macrocycle) with megalin were performed in program package YASARA structure with explicit water (TIP3P) and ions (0.9 % NaCl) in NPT ensemble using the AMRER03 force field. After 10 ns equilibration, each system was simulated at 298 K and pH 7.4 for a 25 ns production phase. Simulations were run twice for each molecular system.

RESULTS

By molecular dynamics simulations, the possibility was shown for polymyxin to form a stable complex with two neighbor structural domains of megalin in accord with the universal mechanism of binding the cationic ligands by ligand-binding CR repeats of the LDLR-family receptors. It was reported that interactions of megalin with polymyxin were stronger than with its derivative having no positively charged groups outside the macrocycle. The structural prerequisites of these differences were revealed, explaining the less nephrotoxicity of such derivatives compared to polymyxin.

CONCLUSION

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of megalin interactions with polymyxin B and its derivative NAB7061, which carries no positive charges outside the macrocycle, revealed the possible structural prerequisites for the lower nephrotoxic action of such polymyxin derivatives. The weakening of polymyxins binding with megalin may become an effective preventive measure against polymyxin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Prevention and management of antibiotic associated acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: new insights

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Drug associated kidney injury (D-AKI) occurs in 19-26% of hospitalized patients and ranks as the third to fifth leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Given the high use of antimicrobials in the ICU and the emergence of new resistant organisms, the implementation of preventive measures to reduce the incidence of D-AKI has become increasingly important.

RECENT FINDINGS

Artificial intelligence is showcasing its capabilities in early recognition of at-risk patients for acquiring AKI. Furthermore, novel synthetic medications and formulations have demonstrated reduced nephrotoxicity compared to their traditional counterparts in animal models and/or limited clinical evaluations, offering promise in the prevention of D-AKI. Nephroprotective antioxidant agents have had limited translation from animal studies to clinical practice. The control of modifiable risk factors remains pivotal in avoiding D-AKI.

SUMMARY

The use of both old and new antimicrobials is increasingly important in combating the rise of resistant organisms. Advances in technology, such as artificial intelligence, and alternative formulations of traditional antimicrobials offer promise in reducing the incidence of D-AKI, while antioxidant medications may aid in minimizing nephrotoxicity. However, maintaining haemodynamic stability using isotonic fluids, drug monitoring, and reducing nephrotoxic burden combined with vigilant antimicrobial stewardship remain the core preventive measures for mitigating D-AKI while optimizing effective antimicrobial therapy.

Further insights into the impact of rebamipide on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: modulation of SIRT1 and β-catenin/cyclin D1 pathways

Gentamicin (GM) is an effective antibiotic administered to treat acute Gram-negative infections. Nevertheless, its clinical application is limited due to nephrotoxicity. Therefore, our research aimed to investigate the potential renoprotective impact of rebamipide (RBM), a gastroprotective drug, on GM-induced kidney damage in rats, as well as putative nephroprotective pathways. RBM was orally administered (100 mg/kg/d for 14 d) commencing 7 d before the administration of GM (100 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneally). Nephrotoxicity was elucidated, and the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and β-catenin/cyclin D1 pathways were assessed. GM induced a significant elevation in the serum levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), as well as the relative kidney index. In addition, GM increased lipid peroxidation and lowered total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. GM administration also demonstrated a significant amplification in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), nuclear factor-κappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and caspase-3 kidney levels, as well as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 ratio. Notably, RBM treatment amended all these changes induced by GM. Furthermore, the potential role of SIRT1 and β-catenin-dependent signaling pathways in GM-induced renal injury was assessed. Our findings showed that GM-treated rats demonstrated a substantial decrease in SIRT1, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) along with an increase in β-catenin, forkhead box O-3a (FOXO-3a), and cyclin D1 protein expressions. RMB treatment markedly attenuated the deterioration caused by GM on these pathways. Additionally, RBM alleviated the GM-induced deleterious kidney tissue histopathology. In conclusion, our findings have verified that RBM can halt GM-induced renal injury by partly modulating SIRT1 and β-catenin pathways.

Urinary exosomes: a promising biomarker of drug-induced nephrotoxicity

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) is a big concern for clinical medication, but the clinical use of certain nephrotoxic drugs is still inevitable. Current testing methods make it hard to detect early renal injury accurately. In addition to understanding the pathogenesis and risk factors of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, it is crucial to identify specific renal injury biomarkers for early detection of DIN. Urine is an ideal sample source for biomarkers related to kidney disease, and urinary exosomes have great potential as biomarkers for predicting DIN, which has attracted the attention of many scholars. In the present paper, we will first introduce the mechanism of DIN and the biogenesis of urinary exosomes. Finally, we will discuss the changes in urinary exosomes in DIN and compare them with other predictive indicators to enrich and boost the development of biomarkers of DIN.

Affinity-Based Analysis Methods for the Detection of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Residues in Animal-Derived Foods: A Review

With the increasingly serious problem of aminoglycoside antibiotic residues, it is imperative to develop rapid, sensitive and efficient detection methods. This article reviews the detection methods of aminoglycoside antibiotics in animal-derived foods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescent immunoassay, chemical immunoassay, affinity sensing assay, lateral flow immunochromatography and molecular imprinted immunoassay. After evaluating the performance of these methods, the advantages and disadvantages were analyzed and compared. Furthermore, development prospects and research trends were proposed and summarized. This review can serve as a basis for further research and provide helpful references and new insights for the analysis of aminoglycoside residues. Accordingly, the in-depth investigation and analysis will certainly make great contributions to food safety, public hygiene and human health.

The role of ginseng derivatives against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity: A systematic review of non-clinical studies

Aims

Although chemotherapy agents are used to treating cancers, they have serious side effects, like their harmful effects on the cardiovascular system, limiting the clinical use of these chemotherapy agents. This study aimed to systematically investigate the potential role of ginseng derivatives in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiac toxicity.

Methods

This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines strategy in databases till August 2022. First, identify studies related to using search terms in titles and abstracts. After studying and screening 209 articles, 16 articles were selected in this study according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

According to the findings of this study, ginseng derivatives showed significant changes in biochemical, histological, and heart weight loss, as well as a reduction in mortality, which occurred in the groups treated with chemotherapy agents compared to the control groups. Co-administration of ginseng derivatives with chemotherapy agents inhibited or reversed these changes to near-moderate levels. The protective effects of ginseng derivatives can be due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic action.

Conclusion

This systematic review shows evidence that concomitant administration of ginseng derivatives improves chemotherapy-induced cardiac toxicity. However, for better conclusions about the practical mechanisms of ginseng derivatives in reducing the cardiac toxic effects of chemotherapy agents and evaluating the efficacy and safety of the compound simultaneously, it is necessary to design comprehensive studies.

A Synopsis of Current Theories on Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity

The overriding goal of the treatment of patients is its effectiveness and safety. However, all medications currently being used also exert some adverse pharmaceutical reactions, which may be regarded as an unintended but inevitable cost of pharmacotherapy. The kidney, as the main organ that eliminates xenobiotics, is an organ especially predisposed and vulnerable to the toxic effects of drugs and their metabolites during their excretion from the body. Moreover, some drugs (e.g., aminoglycosides, cyclosporin A, cisplatin, amphotericin B, and others) have a "preferential" nephrotoxicity potential, and their use is associated with an increased risk of kidney damage. Drug nephrotoxicity is, therefore, both a significant problem and a complication of pharmacotherapy. It should be noted that, currently, there is no generally recognized definition of drug-induced nephrotoxicity and no clear criteria for its diagnosis. This review briefly describes the epidemiology and diagnosis of drug-induced nephrotoxicity and characterizes its pathomechanisms, including immunological and inflammatory disturbances, altered kidney blood flow, tubulointerstitial injury, increased lithogenesis-crystal nephropathy, rhabdomyolysis, and thrombotic microangiopathy. The study also lists the basic drugs with nephrotoxicity potential and provides a short overview of the preventive methods for reducing the risk of drug-related kidney damage developing.

Crocus sativus L. Stigmas, Tepals, and Leaves Ameliorate Gentamicin-Induced Renal Toxicity: A Biochemical and Histopathological Study

The most costly spice in the world, Crocus sativus L. (C. sativus), has been used for more than 3,000 years. It has various beneficial applications in a range of fields, including aromas, colorants, and medications, but its usefulness as a food flavoring and coloring ingredient is the highest. Large quantities of by-products from the processing of saffron are typically thrown as unwanted bio-residues. This study's goal was to assess and compare the nephroprotective effects of hydroethanolic extracts of C. sativus stigmas, tepals, and leaves on gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. For that, we used a biochemical and histological investigation to propose new pharmaceutical valorizations. Based on the biochemical and histological analyses, it is concluded that all the studied parts of C sativus showed a renoprotective effect. Markedly, tepals revealed the most significant reduction of relative liver weight (p < 0.05), water intake (p < 0.05), plasma creatinine (p < 0.01), plasma urea (p < 0.01), plasma uric acid (p < 0.05), urinary protein (p < 0.01) and albumin (p < 0.001), and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.001). In addition, C. sativus tepals caused a significant increase in body weight (p < 0.05), urinary creatinine (p < 0.01), creatinine clearance (p < 0.05), and urinary urea (p < 0.05) compared with the gentamicin untreated (GM) group. This is confirmed by the histopathological study which shows that treatment with stigmas, tepals, and leaves preserved kidney morphology at the glomerular and tubular cell level. The studied extracts exhibit good recovery potential for nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin. In order to create potent dietary supplements or phytomedicines, it would also be very interesting to confirm these actions through clinical research.

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Protective Effects of β-Caryophyllene against Amikacin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rat by Regulating the Nrf2/AMPK/AKT and NF-κB/TGF-β/KIM-1 Molecular Pathways

Herein, the molecular pathogenic pathways implicated in renal injury triggered by amikacin (AK), together with the alleviating actions of β-caryophyllene (BCP), were investigated. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 32) were disseminated to the four following groups (n = 8/group): normal group, positive control animals (PC) that received AK intraperitoneal injections for 14 days (500 mg/kg/day), and rats that received AK simultaneously with small (200 mg/kg/day) and high doses (400 mg/kg/day) of BCP. The PC renal tissues revealed abnormal histology alongside increased apoptosis and significantly elevated serum creatinine and urea with marked proteinuria and oliguria relative to the normal rats. Moreover, renal tissues from the PC animals also showed substantial upregulations in NF-κB/TGF-β/KIM-1, whilst Nrf2/AMPK/AKT/PCNA declined, at the gene and protein levels in comparison to the normal rats. Additionally, the levels of markers of oxidative stress (MDA/H₂O₂/protein adducts) and inflammation (TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6/IL-18/TLR/HSP25) were substantially higher in the PC renal specimens, whereas the antioxidants (GSH/GPx/SOD1/CAT) and interleukin-10 decreased, relative to the NC group. Both BCP protocols improved the biochemical markers of renal functions, alleviated renal histopathology and apoptosis, and decreased NF-κB/TGF-β/KIM-1 alongside the concentrations of oxidative stress and proinflammatory markers, whilst promoting Nrf2/AMPK/AKT/IL-10/PCNA and the targeted antioxidants. However, the improving effects in the high-dose regimen were markedly stronger than those observed in animals treated with low dose of BCP. In conclusion, the present report is the first to connect NF-κB/TGF-β/KIM-1 proinflammatory and Nrf2/AMPK/AKT antioxidative stress pathways with the pathogenesis of AK-induced nephrotoxicity. Additionally, the current report is the first to disclose alleviating activities for BCP against AK-triggered nephrotoxicity by modulating multiple antioxidative stress with anti-inflammatory molecular pathways.

A pilot study on the melatonin treatment in patients with early septic shock: results of a single-center randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

We assessed the potential impact of a high dose of melatonin treatment in patients with early septic shock.

METHODS

Forty patients with early septic shock were randomly allocated to the melatonin or placebo groups. Besides standard-of-care treatment, melatonin and placebo were administered at a dose of 50 mg for five consecutive nights. The efficacy outcomes were severity of organ dysfunction based on the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, the number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and ventilator-free days, the mean required vasopressor dose and vasopressor-free days, and 28 days all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

After 5-day treatment, the mean SOFA scores decreased 4.05 ± 4.75 score in the melatonin group and 2.25 ± 4.87 in the placebo group. On day 28, 60% of the melatonin-treated patients and 35% of the placebo-treated patients had a SOFA score below six. Thirteen cases in the placebo group and nine cases in the melatonin group required mechanical ventilation; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding these outcomes. The melatonin-treated patients had more ventilator-free days than placebo-treated patients over the 28-day (16.90 ± 9.24 vs. 10.00 ± 10.94; p value = 0.035). The mean reduction in the required dose of vasopressor was 6.2 ± 5.12 in the melatonin-treated patients compared to 3.20 ± 3.95 in the placebo-treated patients (p value = 0.045). Vasopressor-free days in the melatonin-treated group were also significantly more than the placebo-treated group (12.75 ± 7.43 days vs. 10.15 ± 6.12 days; p value = 0.046).

CONCLUSIONS

Our pilot study supported the potential benefits of melatonin in treating septic shock. Further clinical evidence is required for expanding and confirming these findings.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID code: IRCT20120215009014N296). Registration date: 15/09/2019.

Selection and identification of a DNA aptamer for fluorescent detection of netilmicin

Netilmicin (NET) is an antibiotic widely used in healthcare and agriculture, but it can accumulate in the environment to threat human health. Netilmicin (NET) is an antibiotic used for veterinary purposes, for human therapy and for agricultural purposes. Therefore, there is a need to develop high-sensitive measuring methods to detect NET. Aptamer-based detecting methods are highly sensitive, inexpensive, and portable. In this study, we developed an aptamer-based fluorescence method to detect and quantify NET. NET was first conjugated to magnetic beads by amidation reaction and then NET-coated beads were used as the stationary phase to isolate aptamers by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) screening method. After ten rounds of SELEX screening, 32 aptamers with NET-binding affinity were obtained and the candidate aptamer APT-21 was finally chosen by comprehensively comparing their secondary structure characters and NET-binding affinity. APT-21 bound to NET with high affinity (Kd = 194.1 nmol/L) and high specificity that it displayed low cross-binding activities on 7 different structural analogs. We also developed a fluorometric assay using SYBR Green I (SG-I) and the APT-21. Key experimental parameters were optimized, including buffer system, SG-I and APT-21 reaction time, SG-I concentration, and aptamer concentration, to improve the detecting sensitivity. Our results suggest that the low limit of detection (LOD) of this method reached a low level of 1.95 nM and it also exhibited a good linear range up to 200 nM. Moreover, we successfully applied our method to detect the NET spiked in tap water and river water with good recoveries in the range from 97% to 111%. In conclusion, our current study isolated a NET-specific aptamer and developed an aptamer-based quantification method, which is promising to apply to detect NET in environmental samples.

Pharmacological agents for the prevention of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity

BACKGROUND

Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic which has been used for treatment of Gram-negative infections, but it was withdrawn due to its nephrotoxicity. However, colistin has gained its popularity in recent years due to the reemergence of multidrug resistant Gram-negative infections and drug-induced toxicity is considered as the main obstacle for using this valuable antibiotic.

RESULTS

In total, 30 articles, including 29 animal studies and one clinical trial were included in this study. These compounds, including aged black garlic extract, albumin fragments, alpha lipoic acid, astaxanthin, baicalein, chrysin, cilastatin, colchicine, curcumin, cytochrome c, dexmedetomidine, gelofusine, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract, hesperidin, luteolin, lycopene, melatonin, methionine, N-acetylcysteine, silymarin, taurine, vitamin C, and vitamin E exhibited beneficial effects in most of the published works.

CONCLUSIONS

In this review, the authors have attempted to review the available literature on the use of several compounds for prevention or attenuation of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. Most of the studied compounds were potent antioxidants, and it seems that using antioxidants concomitantly can have a protective effect during the colistin exposure.

Thymol exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic protective effects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats

The renoprotective effect of thymol (TML) was investigated in rats challenged with gentamicin (GN). Rats received TML (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 15 days, and GN (80 mg/kg/day, i.p.) starting from the 8th day. TML significantly lowered serum creatinine and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and renal malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-18, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 in GN-challenged rats. In addition, TML caused a significant increment of renal total antioxidant capacity in rats received GN. Moreover, TML significantly ameliorated GN-induced histopathological kidney tissue injury, and significantly decreased nuclear factor-κB p65 and kidney injury molecule-1 expressions in kidneys of GN-challenged rats. It was concluded that TML guarded against CN-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Protective Effect of Liposomal Epigallocatechin-Gallate in Experimental Gentamicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Our study aimed to assess the effect of liposomal epigallocatechin-gallate (LEGCG) compared with epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) solution on hepatic toxicity induced by gentamicin (G) administration in rats. Five groups were evaluated, a control group (no G administration) and four groups that received G (1 mL, i.p, 80 mg/kg b.w. (body weight/day), for 7 days) to which we associated daily administration 30 min before G of EGCG (G-EGCG, 2.5 mg/0.1 kg b.w.), LEGCG (G-LEGCG, 2.5 mg/0.1 kg b.w.) or silymarin (100 mg/kg b.w./day). The nitro-oxidative stress (NOx), catalase (CAT), TNF-α, transaminases, creatinine, urea, metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9, and liver histopathological changes were evaluated. LEGCG exhibited better efficacy than EGCG, improving the oxidant/antioxidant balance (p = 0.0125 for NOx and 0.0032 for CAT), TNF-α (p < 0.0001), MMP-2 (p < 0.0001), aminotransferases (p = 0.0001 for AST and 0.0136 for ALT), creatinine (p < 0.0001), urea (p = 0.0006) and histopathologic liver changes induced by gentamicin. Our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of EGCG with superior results of the liposomal formulation for hepatoprotection in experimental hepatic toxicity induced by gentamicin.

Protective Effect of Liposomal Epigallocatechin-Gallate in Experimental Gentamicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Our study aimed to assess the effect of liposomal epigallocatechin-gallate (LEGCG) compared with epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) solution on hepatic toxicity induced by gentamicin (G) administration in rats. Five groups were evaluated, a control group (no G administration) and four groups that received G (1 mL, i.p, 80 mg/kg b.w. (body weight/day), for 7 days) to which we associated daily administration 30 min before G of EGCG (G-EGCG, 2.5 mg/0.1 kg b.w.), LEGCG (G-LEGCG, 2.5 mg/0.1 kg b.w.) or silymarin (100 mg/kg b.w./day). The nitro-oxidative stress (NOx), catalase (CAT), TNF-α, transaminases, creatinine, urea, metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9, and liver histopathological changes were evaluated. LEGCG exhibited better efficacy than EGCG, improving the oxidant/antioxidant balance (p = 0.0125 for NOx and 0.0032 for CAT), TNF-α (p < 0.0001), MMP-2 (p < 0.0001), aminotransferases (p = 0.0001 for AST and 0.0136 for ALT), creatinine (p < 0.0001), urea (p = 0.0006) and histopathologic liver changes induced by gentamicin. Our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of EGCG with superior results of the liposomal formulation for hepatoprotection in experimental hepatic toxicity induced by gentamicin.

Protective Effect of Liposomal Epigallocatechin-Gallate in Experimental Gentamicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Our study aimed to assess the effect of liposomal epigallocatechin-gallate (LEGCG) compared with epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) solution on hepatic toxicity induced by gentamicin (G) administration in rats. Five groups were evaluated, a control group (no G administration) and four groups that received G (1 mL, i.p, 80 mg/kg b.w. (body weight/day), for 7 days) to which we associated daily administration 30 min before G of EGCG (G-EGCG, 2.5 mg/0.1 kg b.w.), LEGCG (G-LEGCG, 2.5 mg/0.1 kg b.w.) or silymarin (100 mg/kg b.w./day). The nitro-oxidative stress (NOx), catalase (CAT), TNF-α, transaminases, creatinine, urea, metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9, and liver histopathological changes were evaluated. LEGCG exhibited better efficacy than EGCG, improving the oxidant/antioxidant balance (p = 0.0125 for NOx and 0.0032 for CAT), TNF-α (p < 0.0001), MMP-2 (p < 0.0001), aminotransferases (p = 0.0001 for AST and 0.0136 for ALT), creatinine (p < 0.0001), urea (p = 0.0006) and histopathologic liver changes induced by gentamicin. Our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of EGCG with superior results of the liposomal formulation for hepatoprotection in experimental hepatic toxicity induced by gentamicin.

Oral N-acetylcysteine as an adjunct to standard medical therapy improved heart function in cases with stable class II and III systolic heart failure

BACKGROUND

This research attempted to assess whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as adjunctive therapy can be useful in the treatment of patients with heart failure (HF).

METHODS

Fifty-five cases with diagnosed systolic HF and stable symptomatic New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II and III and on optimal medical treatment of HF for at least 3 months were assigned for receiving oral NAC (600 mg twice daily) or placebo for 12 weeks. The outcomes were changes in the echocardiographic hemodynamic indices as well as the patients' functional capacity assessed by NYHA classification over a 12-week treatment.

RESULTS

Compared to placebo, NAC more significantly improved the systolic left ventricular (LV) function expressed as the ejection fraction and Tei index. These changes are accompanied by more improvement in other LV echocardiographic indices including LV end-diastolic volume index and LV global longitudinal strain in the patients receiving NAC in comparison with those receiving placebo. In parallel with the improvement of LV function, right ventricular (RV) function expressed as RV fractional area change and RV Tei-index also got more improvement in those receiving NAC than those receiving placebo. However, the change in RV global longitudinal strain did not show a significant difference between study groups. Additionally, at week 12, the distribution of the NYHA functional class also shifted toward a better outcome in the NAC group in comparison with the placebo group; however, it was not significant.

CONCLUSIONS

These preliminary data support experimental findings showing that NAC supplementation is able to improve heart function.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The registration of the trial was done at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( www.irct.ir ). Identifier code: IRCT20120215009014N333. Registration date: 2020-01-11.

Protective effects of p-coumaric acid against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

The most important side effect of gentamicin (GM) is nephrotoxicity. p-Coumaric acid (PCA) is a phenolic compound that scavenges free radicals, reduces fibrosis, and tissue damage. This study investigates the protective effect of PCA on tissue damage and kidney function in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity (GIN). Thirty-five rats were separated into five groups and each group contained seven animals: control group, ethanol group, GM group, PCA group, and GM + PCA group. At the end of the seven-day treatment, the rats were sacrificed after blood and kidney tissue samples were taken. While serum urea, creatinine, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels increased significantly in the GM group compared to the control, they showed a significant decrease in the GM + PCA group compared to the GM. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly increased in the GM group compared to the control. While the tissue total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) values of the GM group were significantly higher than the control, they showed a significant decrease in the GM + PCA group compared to the GM. In the histopathological examination, significant tubular necrosis and tubulointerstitial inflammation were detected in the proximal tubules in the GM group compared to the control, while a significant decrease was observed in the severity of these findings in the GM + PCA group compared to the GM. This study shows that PCA has biochemical and histopathological ameliorating effects on GIN in the rat model.

Generating Genotype-Specific Aminoglycoside Combinations with Ceftazidime/Avibactam for KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Antibiotic combinations, including ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI), are frequently employed to combat KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp), though such combinations have not been rationally optimized. Clinical KPC-Kp isolates with common genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs), aac(6')-Ib' or aac(6')-Ib, were used in static time-kill assays (n = 4 isolates) and the hollow-fiber infection model (HFIM; n = 2 isolates) to evaluate the activity of gentamicin, amikacin, and CAZ/AVI alone and in combinations. A short course, one-time aminoglycoside dose was also evaluated. Gentamicin plus CAZ/AVI was then tested in a mouse pneumonia model. Synergy with CAZ/AVI was more common with amikacin for aac(6')-Ib'-containing KPC-Kp but more common with gentamicin for aac(6')-Ib-containing isolates in time-kill assays. In the HFIM, although the isolates were aminoglycoside-susceptible at baseline, aminoglycoside monotherapies displayed variable initial killing, followed by regrowth and resistance emergence. CAZ/AVI combined with amikacin or gentamicin resulted in undetectable counts 50 h sooner than CAZ/AVI monotherapy against KPC-Kp with aac(6')-Ib'. CAZ/AVI monotherapy failed to eradicate KPC-Kp with aac(6')-Ib and a combination with gentamicin led to undetectable counts 70 h sooner than with amikacin. A one-time aminoglycoside dose with CAZ/AVI provided similar killing to aminoglycosides dosed for 7 days. In the mouse pneumonia model (n = 1 isolate), gentamicin and CAZ/AVI achieved a 6.0-log₁₀ CFU/lung reduction at 24 h, which was significantly greater than either monotherapy (P < 0.005). Aminoglycosides in combination with CAZ/AVI were promising for KPC-Kp infections; this was true even for a one-time aminoglycoside dose. Selecting aminoglycosides based on AME genes or susceptibilities can improve the pharmacodynamic activity of the combination.

Benefits of D-005, a lipid extract from Acrocomia crispa fruits, in the prevention of acute kidney injury induced by nephrotoxicity in rats

INTRODUCTION

Aminoglycoside-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a pathology closely linked to oxidative and inflammatory reactions. Taking into account the previous reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of D-005, a lipid extract obtained from Cuban palm Acrocomia crispa (Arecaceae) fruits, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of D-005 on kanamycin-induced AKI.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups: negative control (vehicle, Tween 65/H2O) and six groups treated with kanamycin to induce AKI: positive control (vehicle), D-005 (25, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and grape seed extract (GSE, 200 mg/kg). D-005, vehicle, and GSE oral treatments were administered once daily for seven days, 1 h before kanamycin (500 mg/kg, i.p.). Serum uric acid and urea concentrations, renal histopathology, and oxidative markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl (SH) groups, and catalase (CAT) activity) were assessed.

RESULTS

D-005 significantly reduced uric acid and urea levels, starting from D-005 100 mg/kg. Histopathologically, D-005, at all the tested doses, protected renal parenchyma structures (glomeruli, proximal tubules, and interstitium). These findings were accompanied by a significant reduction of MDA and SH group concentrations as well as restoration of CAT activity. The highest percentages of inhibition were obtained with the dose of 400 mg/kg. GSE, the reference substance, also prevented kanamycin-induced biochemical and histopathological changes, as well as reduced MDA and SH groups and restored CAT activity.

CONCLUSION

The administration of repeated oral doses of D-005 significantly protected against kanamycin-induced AKI, which could be associated with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of this extract.

Agomelatine prevents gentamicin nephrotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress and TLR-4 signaling, and upregulating PPARγ and SIRT1

Kidney injury is a relatively common complication of the use of aminoglycosides. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity. We investigated the protective effect of the melatonergic agonist agomelatine (AGM) on GM nephrotoxicity, emphasizing the involvement of TLR-4 signaling, SIRT1 and PPARγ. Rats received 25 mg/kg AGM for 15 days and 100 mg/kg GM for eight days starting at day 7. Elevated serum creatinine, urea and Kim-1 along with multiple histological alterations in the kidney were observed in GM-intoxicated rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA), TNF-α, IL-1β, nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were increased, and GSH, SOD and catalase were decreased in the kidney of GM-intoxicated rats. Treatment with AGM significantly ameliorated the kidney function biomarkers, prevented tissue injury, decreased inflammatory cytokines, MDA, NO and MPO, and boosted antioxidants. In addition, AGM suppressed the expression of TLR-4, NF-κB p65, p38 MAPK, ERK-1, VCAM-1 and iNOS, whereas upregulated SIRT1 and PPARγ in the kidney of GM-intoxicated rats. In conclusion, AGM prevented GM nephrotoxicity in rats by attenuating oxidative injury and inflammation. AGM suppressed TLR-4 signaling, enhanced antioxidants and upregulated SIRT1 and PPARγ in the kidney of GM-induced rats.

A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial on protective effects of pentoxifylline on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in infectious patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Renal toxicity has limited gentamicin use in clinical practice. The aim of the present clinical trial was to assess the possible nephroprotective effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) against gentamicin nephrotoxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on patients who had the indication for systemic gentamicin for at least 7 days. Sixty people were selected and randomly assigned. For patients in the intervention and control groups, 400 mg PTX sustained release tablet and placebo were given orally three times daily, respectively. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic information of patients were recorded. malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in serum were measured on days 0 and 7.

RESULTS

The incidence of nephrotoxicity in the placebo group was 19.6 times higher than that in the PTX group (OR = 19.6, 95%CI = 3.08-114.32; P value = 0.001). The mean ± SD time onset of ATN was 4.00 ± 2.32 and 5.58 ± 1.59 days in PTX and placebo recipients, respectively (P value < 0.001). No significant differences were observed for hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, potassium and magnesium wasting between the two groups. The mean ± SD levels of serum MDA and TNF-α at day 7 were significantly lower in the PTX compared to those in the placebo group (P value < 0.001 for both indexes).

CONCLUSION

The co-administration of 400 mg PTX orally three times daily along with gentamicin was both well-tolerated and effective in preventing the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in patients with different infectious diseases.

Ribosome-targeting antibacterial agents: Advances, challenges, and opportunities

Ribosomes, which synthesize proteins, are critical organelles for the survival and growth of bacteria. About 60% of approved antibiotics discovered so far combat pathogenic bacteria by targeting ribosomes. However, several issues, such as drug resistance and toxicity, have impeded the clinical use of ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Moreover, the complexity of the bacteria ribosome structure has retarded the discovery of new ribosome-targeting agents that are considered as the key to the drug-resistance and toxicity. To deal with these challenges, efforts such as medicinal chemistry optimization, combination treatment, and new drug delivery system have been developed. But not enough, the development of structural biology and new screening methods bring powerful tools, such as cryo-electron microscopy technology, advanced computer-aided drug design, and cell-free in vitro transcription/translation systems, for the discovery of novel ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Thus, in this paper, we overview the research on different aspects of bacterial ribosomes, especially focus on discussing the challenges in the discovery of ribosome-targeting antibacterial drugs and advances made to address issues such as drug-resistance and selectivity, which, we believe, provide perspectives for the discovery of novel antibiotics.

Royal Jelly and Aliskiren mutually annul their protective effects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Background and Aim

Gentamicin (GM) is one of the most effective antibiotics for severe, life-threatening Gram-negative infections. Nevertheless, its clinical use has been restrained because of its nephrotoxic potential. Royal jelly (RJ) and aliskiren (ALK) can individually prevent such toxic effects. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of a combination treatment of RJ and ALK on GM-mediated nephrotoxicity.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-two adult female. Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups: (I) Receiving normal saline; (II) GM (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.] injection); GM (100 mg/kg, i.p. injection) plus ALK (50 mg/kg, i.p. injection); and (IV) GM (100 mg/kg, i.p. injection) plus ALK (50 mg/kg, i.p. injection) in combination with RJ (150 mg/kg, orally). All treatments were administered daily for 10 days. The blood levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, albumin, and total protein were measured. Then, the animals were sacrificed, and the kidneys were taken for histopathology.

Results

Compared to normal control rats, GM-injected rats showed significantly (p<0.001) higher serum concentrations of uric acid, urea, and creatinine as well as evidently (p<0.001) lower blood levels of albumin and total protein. Moreover, GM administration was associated with significant renal histopathological changes. All these alterations were considerably (p<0.05) improved in GM-injected rats receiving ALK compared to rats receiving GM alone. However, when RJ was given in combination with ALK to GM-injected rats, it lessened the beneficial nephroprotective effects of both agents.

Conclusion

The combination treatment of RJ and ALK is not desirable for GM-induced nephrotoxicity. Further studies are crucial to accurately explore the precise mechanism of RJ antagonistic interaction with ALK.

Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: A Study from the French Medical Administrative and the French National Pharmacovigilance Databases Using Capture-Recapture Method

BACKGROUND

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a public health concern. Among the pathological situations leading to AKI, drugs are preventable factors but are still under-notified. We aimed to provide an overview of drug-induced AKI (DIAKI) using pharmacovigilance and medical administrative databases Methods: A query of the PMSI database (French Medical Information System Program) of adult inpatient hospital stays between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2018 was performed using ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases 10th revision) codes to identify AKI cases which were reviewed by a nephrologist and a pharmacovigilance expert to identify DIAKI cases. In parallel, DIAKIs notified in the French Pharmacovigilance Database (FPVDB) were collected. A capture-recapture method was performed to estimate the total number of DIAKIs.

RESULTS

The estimated total number of DIAKIs was 521 (95%CI 480; 563), representing 20.0% of all AKIs. The notification was at a rate of 12.9% (95%CI 10.0; 15.8). According to the KDIGO classification, 50.2% of the DIAKI cases were stage 1 and 49.8% stage 2 and 3. The mortality rate was 11.1% and 9.6% required hemodialysis.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that drugs are involved in a significant proportion of patients developing AKI during a hospital stay and emphasizes the severity of DIAKI cases.

Advances in the Application of Aptamer Biosensors to the Detection of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

Antibiotic abuse is becoming increasingly serious and the potential for harm to human health and the environment has aroused widespread social concern. Aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been widely used in clinical and animal medicine. Consequently, their residues are commonly found in animal-derived food items and the environment. A simple, rapid, and sensitive detection method for on-site screening and detection of AGs is urgently required. In recent years, with the development of molecular detection technology, nucleic acid aptamers have been successfully used as recognition molecules for the identification and detection of AGs in food and the environment. These aptamers have high affinities, selectivities, and specificities, are inexpensive, and can be produced with small batch-to-batch differences. This paper reviews the applications of aptamers for AG detection in colorimetric, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, surface plasmon resonance, and electrochemical sensors for the analysis in food and environmental samples. This study provides useful references for future research.

Pharmacological approaches for targeting cystic fibrosis nonsense mutations

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder. The clinical manifestations of the disease are caused by ∼2,000 mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. It is unlikely that any one approach will be efficient in correcting all defects. The recent approvals of ivacaftor, lumacaftor/ivacaftor and elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor represent the genesis of a new era of precision combination medicine for the CF patient population. In this review, we discuss targeted translational readthrough approaches as mono and combination therapies for CFTR nonsense mutations. We examine the current status of efficacy of translational readthrough/nonsense suppression therapies and their limitations, including non-native amino acid incorporation at PTCs and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), along with approaches to tackle these limitations. We further elaborate on combining various therapies such as readthrough agents, NMD inhibitors, and corrector/potentiators to improve the efficacy and safety of suppression therapy. These mutation specific strategies that are directed towards the basic CF defects should positively impact CF patients bearing nonsense mutations.