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Sakamuru S, Ma D, Pierro JD, Baker NC, Kleinstreuer N, Cali JJ, Knudsen TB, Xia M. Development and validation of CYP26A1 inhibition assay for high-throughput screening. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300659. [PMID: 38863121 PMCID: PMC11338008 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is an endogenous ligand of the retinoic acid receptors, which heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors. AtRA is generated in tissues from vitamin A (retinol) metabolism to form a paracrine signal and is locally degraded by cytochrome P450 family 26 (CYP26) enzymes. The CYP26 family consists of three subtypes: A1, B1, and C1, which are differentially expressed during development. This study aims to develop and validate a high throughput screening assay to identify CYP26A1 inhibitors in a cell-free system using a luminescent P450-Glo assay technology. The assay performed well with a signal to background ratio of 25.7, a coefficient of variation of 8.9%, and a Z-factor of 0.7. To validate the assay, we tested a subset of 39 compounds that included known CYP26 inhibitors and retinoids, as well as positive and negative control compounds selected from the literature and/or the ToxCast/Tox21 portfolio. Known CYP26A1 inhibitors were confirmed, and predicted CYP26A1 inhibitors, such as chlorothalonil, prochloraz, and SSR126768, were identified, demonstrating the reliability and robustness of the assay. Given the general importance of atRA as a morphogenetic signal and the localized expression of Cyp26a1 in embryonic tissues, a validated CYP26A1 assay has important implications for evaluating the potential developmental toxicity of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Sakamuru
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Dongping Ma
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jocylin D. Pierro
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Yao XT, Li PP, Liu J, Yang YY, Luo ZL, Jiang HT, He WG, Luo HH, Deng YX, He BC. Wnt/β-Catenin Promotes the Osteoblastic Potential of BMP9 Through Down-Regulating Cyp26b1 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:705-723. [PMID: 37010733 PMCID: PMC10352185 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) promotes the osteogenic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), but the intrinsic relationship between BMP9 and ATRA keeps unknown. Herein, we investigated the effect of Cyp26b1, a critical enzyme of ATRA degradation, on the BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and unveiled possible mechanism through which BMP9 regulates the expression of Cyp26b1. METHODS ATRA content was detected with ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS. PCR, Western blot, and histochemical staining were used to assay the osteogenic markers. Fetal limbs culture, cranial defect repair model, and micro-computed tomographic were used to evaluate the quality of bone formation. IP and ChIP assay were used to explore possible mechanism. RESULTS We found that the protein level of Cyp26b1 was increased with age, whereas the ATRA content decreased. The osteogenic markers induced by BMP9 were increased by inhibiting or silencing Cyp26b1 but reduced by exogenous Cyp26b1. The BMP9-induced bone formation was enhanced by inhibiting Cyp26b1. The cranial defect repair was promoted by BMP9, which was strengthened by silencing Cyp26b1 and reduced by exogenous Cyp26b1. Mechanically, Cyp26b1 was reduced by BMP9, which was enhanced by activating Wnt/β-catenin, and reduced by inhibiting this pathway. β-catenin interacts with Smad1/5/9, and both were recruited at the promoter of Cyp26b1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested the BMP9-induced osteoblastic differentiation was mediated by activating retinoic acid signalling, viadown-regulating Cyp26b1. Meanwhile, Cyp26b1 may be a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bone-related diseases or accelerating bone-tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Pei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ling Luo
- Taizhou Food Inspection Centre, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ge He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hong Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xuan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Gadgoli UB, Sunil Kumar YC, Kumar D. An Insight into the Metabolism of 2,5-Disubstituted Monotetrazole Bearing Bisphenol Structures: Emerging Bisphenol A Structural Congeners. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031465. [PMID: 36771130 PMCID: PMC9921896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-estrogenic 2,5-disubstituted tetrazole core-bearing bisphenol structures (TbB) are being researched as emerging structural congeners of Bisphenol A, an established industrial endocrine disruptor. However, there is no understanding of TbB's adverse effects elicited via metabolic activation. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the metabolism of TbB ligands, with in silico results serving as a guide for in vitro studies. The Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) inhibitory assay of TbB ligands on the seven human liver CYP isoforms (i.e., 1A2, 2A6, 2D6, 2C9, 2C8, 2C19, and 3A4) using human liver microsomes (HLM) revealed TbB ligand 223-3 to have a 50% inhibitory effect on all the CYP isoforms at a 10 μM concentration, except 1A2. The TbB ligand 223-10 inhibited 2B6 and 2C8, whereas the TbB ligand 223-2 inhibited only 2C9. The first-order inactivity rate constant (Kobs) studies indicated TbB ligands 223-3, 223-10 to be time-dependent (TD) inhibitors, whereas the TbB 223-2 ligand did not show such a significant effect. The 223-3 exhibited a TD inhibition for 2C9, 2C19, and 1A2 with Kobs values of 0.0748, 0.0306, and 0.0333 min-1, respectively. On the other hand, the TbB ligand 223-10 inhibited 2C9 in a TD inhibition manner with Kobs value 0.0748 min-1. However, the TbB ligand 223-2 showed no significant TD inhibition effect on the CYPs. The 223-2 ligand biotransformation pathway by in vitro studies in cryopreserved human hepatocytes suggested the clearance via glucuronidation with the predominant detection of only 223-2 derived mono glucuronide as a potential inactive metabolite. The present study demonstrated that the 223-2 ligand did not elicit any significant adverse effect via metabolic activation, thus paving the way for its in vivo drug-drug interactions (DDI) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh B. Gadgoli
- Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560054, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Yelekere C. Sunil Kumar
- Dayanada Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Kanakapura Rd, Opp. Art of Living International Centre, Udaypura, Bengaluru 560082, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560054, Karnataka, India
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Pierro JD, Ahir BK, Baker NC, Kleinstreuer NC, Xia M, Knudsen TB. Computational model for fetal skeletal defects potentially linked to disruption of retinoic acid signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:971296. [PMID: 36172177 PMCID: PMC9511990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.971296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) gradients determine skeletal patterning morphogenesis and can be disrupted by diverse genetic or environmental factors during pregnancy, leading to fetal skeleton defects. Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) frameworks for ATRA metabolism, signaling, and homeostasis allow for the development of new approach methods (NAMs) for predictive toxicology with less reliance on animal testing. Here, a data-driven model was constructed to identify chemicals associated with both ATRA pathway bioactivity and prenatal skeletal defects. The phenotype data was culled from ToxRefDB prenatal developmental toxicity studies and produced a list of 363 ToxRefDB chemicals with altered skeletal observations. Defects were classified regionally as cranial, post-cranial axial, appendicular, and other (unspecified) features based on ToxRefDB descriptors. To build a multivariate statistical model, high-throughput screening bioactivity data from >8,070 chemicals in ToxCast/Tox21 across 10 in vitro assays relevant to the retinoid signaling system were evaluated and compared to literature-based candidate reference chemicals in the dataset. There were 48 chemicals identified for effects on both in vivo skeletal defects and in vitro ATRA pathway targets for computational modeling. The list included 28 chemicals with prior evidence of skeletal defects linked to retinoid toxicity and 20 chemicals without prior evidence. The combination of thoracic cage defects and DR5 (direct repeats of 5 nucleotides for RAR/RXR transactivation) disruption was the most frequently occurring phenotypic and target disturbance, respectively. This data model provides valuable AOP elucidation and validates current mechanistic understanding. These findings also shed light on potential avenues for new mechanistic discoveries related to ATRA pathway disruption and associated skeletal dysmorphogenesis due to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocylin D. Pierro
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Computational Toxicology and Bioinformatics Branch (CTBB), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Bhavesh K. Ahir
- Eurofins Medical Device Testing, Lancaster, PA, United States
| | - Nancy C. Baker
- Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division (SCDCD), Leidos Contractor, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), USEPA/ORD, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Nicole C. Kleinstreuer
- Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Computational Toxicology and Bioinformatics Branch (CTBB), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Baker NC, Pierro JD, Taylor LW, Knudsen TB. Identifying candidate reference chemicals for in vitro testing of the retinoid pathway for predictive developmental toxicity. ALTEX 2022; 40:217–236. [PMID: 35796328 PMCID: PMC10765368 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2202231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating chemicals for potential in vivo toxicity based on their in vitro bioactivity profile is an important step toward animal- free testing. A compendium of reference chemicals and data describing their bioactivity on specific molecular targets, cellular pathways, and biological processes is needed to bolster confidence in the predictive value of in vitro hazard detection. Endogenous signaling by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an important pathway in developmental processes and toxicities. Employing data extraction methods and advanced literature extraction tools, we assembled a set of candidate reference chemicals with demonstrated activity on ten protein family targets in the retinoid system. The compendium was culled from Protein Data Bank, ChEMBL, ToxCast/Tox21, and the biomedical literature in PubMed. Finally, we performed a case study on one chemical in our collection, citral, an inhibitor of endogenous ATRA production, to determine whether the literature supports an adverse outcome pathway explaining the compound’s developmental toxicity initiated by disruption of the retinoid pathway. We also deliver an updated Abstract Sifter tool populated with these reference compounds and complex search terms designed to query the literature for the downstream consequences to support concordance with targeted retinoid pathway disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocylin D. Pierro
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Laura W. Taylor
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Machalz D, Pach S, Bermudez M, Bureik M, Wolber G. Structural insights into understudied human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2456-2464. [PMID: 34161845 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are widely known for their pivotal role in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics as well as of endogenous chemicals. In addition, CYPs are involved in numerous pathophysiological pathways and, hence, are therapeutically relevant. Remarkably, a portion of promising CYP targets is still understudied and, as a consequence, untargeted, despite their huge therapeutic potential. An increasing number of X-ray and cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures for CYPs have recently provided new insights into the structural basis of CYP function and potential ligand binding. This structural knowledge of CYP functionality is essential for both understanding metabolism and exploiting understudied CYPs as drug targets. In this review, we summarize and highlight structural knowledge about this enzyme class, with a focus on understudied CYPs and resulting opportunities for structure-based drug design. Teaser: This review summarizes recent structural insights into understudied cytochrome P450 enzymes. We highlight the impact of molecular modeling for mechanistically explaining pathophysiological effects establishing understudied CYPs as promising drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Machalz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Szymon Pach
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China.
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Katsube Y, Tsujimoto M, Koide H, Hira D, Ikeda Y, Minegaki T, Morita SY, Terada T, Nishiguchi K. In Vitro Evidence of Potential Interactions between CYP2C8 and Candesartan Acyl- β-D-glucuronide in the Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:289-297. [PMID: 33446524 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that certain glucuronides function as potent inhibitors of CYP2C8. We previously reported the possibility of drug-drug interactions between candesartan cilexetil and paclitaxel. In this study, we evaluated the effects of candesartan N2-glucuronide and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide on pathways associated with the elimination of paclitaxel, including those involving organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A10 and UGT2B7 were found to increase candesartan N2-glucuronide and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide formation in a candesartan concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the uptake of candesartan N2-glucuronide and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide by cells stably expressing OATPs is a saturable process with K m of 5.11 and 12.1 μM for OATP1B1 and 28.8 and 15.7 μM for OATP1B3, respectively; both glucuronides exhibit moderate inhibition of OATP1B1/1B3. Moreover, the hydroxylation of paclitaxel was evaluated using recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Results show that candesartan, candesartan N2-glucuronide, and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide inhibit the CYP2C8-mediated metabolism of paclitaxel, with candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide exhibiting the strongest inhibition (IC50 is 18.9 µM for candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide, 150 µM for candesartan, and 166 µM for candesartan N2-glucuronide). However, time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C8 by candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide was not observed. Conversely, the IC50 values of all the compounds are comparable for CYP3A4. Taken together, these data suggest that candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide is actively transported by OATPs into hepatocytes, and drug-drug interactions may occur with coadministration of candesartan and CYP2C8 substrates, including paclitaxel, as a result of the inhibition of CYP2C8 function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrates that the acyl glucuronidation of candesartan to form candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide enhances CYP2C8 inhibition while exerting minimal effects on CYP3A4, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, and OATP1B3. Thus, candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide might represent a potential mediator of drug-drug interactions between candesartan and CYP2C8 substrates, such as paclitaxel, in clinical settings. This work adds to the growing knowledge regarding the inhibitory effects of glucuronides on CYP2C8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Katsube
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Masayuki Tsujimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Koide
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Daiki Hira
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Yoshito Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Tetsuya Minegaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Shin-Ya Morita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Tomohiro Terada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Kohshi Nishiguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
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Isoherranen N, Zhong G. Biochemical and physiological importance of the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107400. [PMID: 31419517 PMCID: PMC6881548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family 26 enzymes contribute to retinoic acid (RA) metabolism and homeostasis in humans, mammals and other chordates. The three CYP26 family enzymes, CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1 have all been shown to metabolize all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) it's 9-cisRA and 13-cisRA isomers and primary metabolites 4-OH-RA and 4-oxo-RA with high efficiency. While no crystal structures of CYP26 enzymes are available, the binding of various ligands has been extensively explored via homology modeling. All three CYP26 enzymes are inducible by treatment with atRA in various prenatal and postnatal tissues and cell types. However, current literature shows that in addition to regulation by atRA, CYP26 enzyme expression is also regulated by other endogenous processes and inflammatory cytokines. In humans and in animal models the expression patterns of CYP26 enzymes have been shown to be tissue and cell type specific, and the expression of the CYP26 enzymes is believed to regulate the formation of critical atRA concentration gradients in various tissue types. Yet, very little data exists on direct disease associations of altered CYP26 expression or activity. Nevertheless, data is emerging describing a variety of human genetic variations in the CYP26 enzymes that are associated with different pathologies. Interestingly, some of these genetic variants result in increased activity of the CYP26 enzymes potentially leading to complex gene-environment interactions due to variability in dietary intake of retinoids. This review highlights the current knowledge of structure-function of CYP26 enzymes and focuses on their role in human retinoid metabolism in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Divergent Roles of CYP26B1 and Endogenous Retinoic Acid in Mouse Fetal Gonads. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100536. [PMID: 31561560 PMCID: PMC6843241 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In female mammals, germ cells enter meiosis in the fetal ovaries, while in males, meiosis is prevented until postnatal development. Retinoic acid (RA) is considered the main inducer of meiotic entry, as it stimulates Stra8 which is required for the mitotic/meiotic switch. In fetal testes, the RA-degrading enzyme CYP26B1 prevents meiosis initiation. However, the role of endogenous RA in female meiosis entry has never been demonstrated in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that some effects of RA in mouse fetal gonads are not recapitulated by the invalidation or up-regulation of CYP26B1. In organ culture of fetal testes, RA stimulates testosterone production and inhibits Sertoli cell proliferation. In the ovaries, short-term inhibition of RA-signaling does not decrease Stra8 expression. We develop a gain-of-function model to express CYP26A1 or CYP26B1. Only CYP26B1 fully prevents STRA8 induction in female germ cells, confirming its role as part of the meiotic prevention machinery. CYP26A1, a very potent RA degrading enzyme, does not impair the formation of STRA8-positive cells, but decreases Stra8 transcription. Collectively, our data reveal that CYP26B1 has other activities apart from metabolizing RA in fetal gonads and suggest a role of endogenous RA in amplifying Stra8, rather than being the initial inducer of Stra8. These findings should reactivate the quest to identify meiotic preventing or inducing substances.
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Zhong G, Ortiz D, Zelter A, Nath A, Isoherranen N. CYP26C1 Is a Hydroxylase of Multiple Active Retinoids and Interacts with Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:489-503. [PMID: 29476041 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The clearance of retinoic acid (RA) and its metabolites is believed to be regulated by the CYP26 enzymes, but the specific roles of CYP26A1, CYP26B1, and CYP26C1 in clearing active vitamin A metabolites have not been defined. The goal of this study was to establish the substrate specificity of CYP26C1, and determine whether CYP26C1 interacts with cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs). CYP26C1 was found to effectively metabolize all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA), 13-cis-retinoic acid, and 4-oxo-atRA with the highest intrinsic clearance toward 9-cis-RA. In comparison with CYP26A1 and CYP26B1, CYP26C1 resulted in a different metabolite profile for retinoids, suggesting differences in the active-site structure of CYP26C1 compared with other CYP26s. Homology modeling of CYP26C1 suggested that this is attributable to the distinct binding orientation of retinoids within the CYP26C1 active site. In comparison with other CYP26 family members, CYP26C1 was up to 10-fold more efficient in clearing 4-oxo-atRA (intrinsic clearance 153 μl/min/pmol) than CYP26A1 and CYP26B1, suggesting that CYP26C1 may be important in clearing this active retinoid. In support of this, CRABPs delivered 4-oxo-atRA and atRA for metabolism by CYP26C1. Despite the tight binding of 4-oxo-atRA and atRA with CRABPs, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant in biological matrix (Km) value of these substrates with CYP26C1 was not increased when the substrates were bound with CRABPs, in contrast to what is predicted by free drug hypothesis. Together these findings suggest that CYP26C1 is a 4-oxo-atRA hydroxylase and may be important in regulating the concentrations of this active retinoid in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhong
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (G.Z., N.I.) and Medicinal Chemistry (D.O., A.N.), School of Pharmacy, and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine (A.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David Ortiz
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (G.Z., N.I.) and Medicinal Chemistry (D.O., A.N.), School of Pharmacy, and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine (A.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alex Zelter
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (G.Z., N.I.) and Medicinal Chemistry (D.O., A.N.), School of Pharmacy, and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine (A.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Abhinav Nath
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (G.Z., N.I.) and Medicinal Chemistry (D.O., A.N.), School of Pharmacy, and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine (A.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (G.Z., N.I.) and Medicinal Chemistry (D.O., A.N.), School of Pharmacy, and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine (A.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Villela-Ma LM, Velez-Ayal AK, Lopez-Sanc RDC, Martinez-C JA, Hernandez- JA. Advantages of Drug Selective Distribution in Cancer Treatment: Brentuximab Vedotin. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.785.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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