1
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Yi Y, Gong X, Cui M, Liang Y, Mei J, Ying G, Wu Y. Screening of inhibitors on successful covalent tyrosinase coupling with help from SpyBank. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5957. [PMID: 38973567 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Microbial metabolites are an important source of tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors because of their rich chemical diversity. However, because of the complex metabolic environment of microbial products, it is difficult to rapidly locate and identify natural TYR inhibitors. Affinity-based ligand screening is an important method for capturing active ingredients in complex samples, but ligand immobilization is an important factor affecting the screening process. In this paper, TYR was used as ligand, and the SpyTag/SpyCatcher coupling system was used to rapidly construct affinity chromatography vectors for screening TYR inhibitors and separating active components from complex samples. We successfully expressed SpyTag-TYR fusion protein and SpyCatcher protein, and incubated SpyCatcher protein with epoxy-activated agarose. The SpyTag-TYR protein was spontaneously coupled with SpyCatcher to obtain an affinity chromatography filler for immobilization of TYR, and the performance of the packaging material was characterized. Finally, compound 1 with enzyme inhibitory activity was successfully obtained from the fermentation product of marine microorganism C. Through HPLC, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses, its structure was deduced as azelaic acid, and its activity was analyzed. The results showed that this is a feasible method for screening TYR inhibitors in complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuewang Gong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Mei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Ying
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinfei Wu
- Hangzhou Alltests Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Ablat A, Li MJ, Zhai XR, Wang Y, Bai XL, Shu P, Liao X. Fast Screening of Tyrosinase Inhibitors in Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. by Ligand Fishing Based on Paper-Immobilized Tyrosinase. Molecules 2024; 29:4018. [PMID: 39274866 PMCID: PMC11397727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. is an important medicinal plant in traditional Uyghur medicine. The skin-lightening potential of the flower has been recognized recently; however, the active compounds responsible for that are not clear. In this work, tyrosinase, a target protein for regulating melanin synthesis, was immobilized on the Whatman paper for the first time to screen skin-lightening compounds present in the flower. Quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside (1), marein (2), and okanin (3) were found to be the enzyme inhibitors. The IC50 values of quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside (1) and okanin (3) were 79.06 ± 1.08 μM and 30.25 ± 1.11 μM, respectively, which is smaller than 100.21 ± 0.11 μM of the positive control kojic acid. Enzyme kinetic analysis and molecular docking were carried out to investigate their inhibition mechanism. Although marein (2) showed a weak inhibition effect in vitro, it inhibited the intracellular tyrosinase activity and diminished melanin production in melanoma B16 cells as did the other two inhibitors. The paper-based ligand fishing method developed in this work makes it effective to quickly screen tyrosinase inhibitors from natural products. This is the first report on the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of those three compounds, showing the promising potential of Coreopsis tinctoria for the development of herbal skin-lightening products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayzohra Ablat
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming-Jie Li
- HBN Research Institute and Biological Laboratory, Shenzhen Hujia Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- HBN Research Institute and Biological Laboratory, Shenzhen Hujia Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peng Shu
- HBN Research Institute and Biological Laboratory, Shenzhen Hujia Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Jangid H, Garg S, Kashyap P, Karnwal A, Shidiki A, Kumar G. Bioprospecting of Aspergillus sp. as a promising repository for anti-cancer agents: a comprehensive bibliometric investigation. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1379602. [PMID: 38812679 PMCID: PMC11133633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1379602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, claiming nearly 10 million lives in 2020 according to the World Health Organization. In the quest for novel treatments, fungi, especially Aspergillus species, have emerged as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with promising anticancer properties. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to map the research landscape of Aspergillus in oncology, examining publications from 1982 to the present. We observed a marked increase in research activity starting in 2000, with a notable peak from 2005 onwards. The analysis identifies key contributors, including Mohamed GG, who has authored 15 papers with 322 citations, and El-Sayed Asa, with 14 papers and 264 citations. Leading countries in this research field include India, Egypt, and China, with King Saud University and Cairo University as the leading institutions. Prominent research themes identified are "endophyte," "green synthesis," "antimicrobial," "anti-cancer," and "biological activities," indicating a shift towards environmentally sustainable drug development. Our findings highlight the considerable potential of Aspergillus for developing new anticancer therapies and underscore the necessity for further research to harness these natural compounds for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Jangid
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Sonu Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Piyush Kashyap
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Arun Karnwal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Amrullah Shidiki
- Department of Microbiology, National Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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García Molina P, Saura-Sanmartin A, Berna J, Teruel JA, Muñoz Muñoz JL, Rodríguez López JN, García Cánovas F, García Molina F. Considerations about the inhibition of monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase. Characterization of the inhibitor concentration which generates 50 % of inhibition, type and inhibition constants. A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131513. [PMID: 38608979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper oxidase enzyme which catalyzes the first two steps in the melanogenesis pathway, L-tyrosine to L-dopa conversion and, then, to o-dopaquinone and dopachrome. Hypopigmentation and, above all, hyperpigmentation issues can be originated depending on their activity. This enzyme also promotes the browning of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, control of their activity by regulators is research topic of great relevance. In this work, we consider the use of inhibitors of monophenolase and diphenolase activities of the enzyme in order to accomplish such control. An experimental design and data analysis which allow the accurate calculation of the degree of inhibition of monophenolase activity (iM) and diphenolase activity (iD) are proposed. The IC50 values (amount of inhibitor that causes 50 % inhibition at a fixed substrate concentration) can be calculated for the two activities and from the values of IC50M (monophenolase) and IC50D(diphenolase). Additionally, the strength and type of inhibition can be deduced from these values. The data analysis from these IC50D values allows to obtain the values of [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] , or and [Formula: see text] from the values of IC50M. In all cases, the values of the different must satisfy their relationship with IC50M and IC50D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jose Berna
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Teruel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Muñoz Muñoz
- Microbial Enzymology Lab, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building A, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jose Neptuno Rodríguez López
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García Cánovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García Molina
- Department of Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Av. Intendente Jorge Palacios, 1, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
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Liu F, Xu T, He J, Jiang Y, Qu L, Wang L, Ma J, Yang Q, Wu W, Sun D, Chen Y. Exploring the potential of white birch sap: A natural alternative to traditional skin whitening agents with reduced side effects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26715. [PMID: 38455547 PMCID: PMC10918162 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Common tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors used in cosmetics, such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin, can cause side effects including erythema, skin peeling, and dryness. Therefore, the development of natural whitening agents that offer excellent permeability, minimal irritation, and high safety has become a primary focus in the field of TYR inhibitors. In this study, we demonstrate that White birch sap (WBS), within a safe concentration range, effectively reduces TYR activity and melanin content in both B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae. Importantly, WBS exhibits minimal irritation to neutrophils in fluorescent zebrafish and does not affect the behavior of adult zebrafish. Furthermore, WBS downregulates the gene expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, TYR, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and tyrosinase-related protein-2 in B16F10 cells. In conclusion, our research confirms that WBS, a naturally derived substance, offers high safety and mild effects, making it a promising candidate for a skin-whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jiaxuan He
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yiting Jiang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Linkai Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 32400, China
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Logesh R, Prasad SR, Chipurupalli S, Robinson N, Mohankumar SK. Natural tyrosinase enzyme inhibitors: A path from melanin to melanoma and its reported pharmacological activities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188968. [PMID: 37657683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The skin containing melanin pigment acts as a protective barrier and counteracts the UVR and other environmental stressors to maintain or restore disrupted cutaneous homeostasis. The production of melanin pigment is dependent on tyrosine levels. L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) can serve both as a substrates and intermediates of melanin synthetic pathway and as inducers and positive regulators of melanogenesis. The biosynthesis of melanin is stimulated upon exposure to UVR, which can also stimulate local production of hormonal factors, which can stimulate melanoma development by altering the chemical properties of eu- and pheomelanin. The process of melanogenesis can be altered by several pathways. One involves activation of POMC, with the production of POMC peptides including MSH and ACTH, which increase intracellular cAMP levels, which activates the MITF, and helps to stimulate tyrosinase (TYR) expression and activity. Defects in OCA1 to 4 affects melanogenic activity via posttranslational modifications resulting in proteasomal degradation and reducing pigmentation. Further, altering, the MITF factor, helps to regulate the expression of MRGE in melanoma, and helps to increase the TYR glycosylation in ER. CRH stimulates POMC peptides that regulate melanogenesis and also by itself can stimulate melanogenesis. The POMC, P53, ACTH, MSH, MC1R, MITF, and 6-BH4 are found to be important regulators for pigmentation. Melanogenesis can affect melanoma behaviour and inhibit immune responses. Therefore, we reviewed natural products that would alter melanin production. Our special focus was on targeting melanin synthesis and TYR enzyme activity to inhibit melanogenesis as an adjuvant therapy of melanotic melanoma. Furthermore, this review also outlines the current updated pharmacological studies targeting the TYR enzyme from natural sources and its consequential effects on melanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Logesh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sagar Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Varadaraja Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tumkur 572102, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, India
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Cellular Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Suresh Kumar Mohankumar
- Pharmacy, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Kılınc H, D’Urso G, Paolillo A, Alankus O, Piacente S, Masullo M. LC-MS and NMR Based Plant Metabolomics: A Comprehensive Phytochemical Investigation of Symphytum anatolicum. Metabolites 2023; 13:1051. [PMID: 37887376 PMCID: PMC10608505 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of metabolomics to the study of plants is growing because of the current development of analytical techniques. The most commonly used analytical technology driving plant metabolomics studies is Mass Spectrometry (MS) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC). In recent years, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, not requiring a previous chromatographic separation, has been receiving growing attention for metabolite fingerprinting of natural extracts. Herein, an integrated LC-MS and 1H NMR metabolomic approach provided a comprehensive phytochemical characterization of Symphytum anatolicum whole plant, taking into account both primary and specialized metabolites. Moreover, the NMR analyses provided direct quantitative information. Species belonging to the Symphytum genus, known as comfrey, have shown several biological activities including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antifungal, and antibacterial. The LC-MS profile showed the presence of 21 main specialized metabolites, belonging to the classes of flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, salvianols, and oxylipins. The 1H NMR spectrum revealed the occurrence of metabolites including organic acids, phenolics, flavonoids, sugars, and amino acids. A quantitative analysis of these metabolites was performed and their concentration was obtained with respect to the known concentration of TSP, by means of the software package Chenomx which allows quantification of individual components in the NMR spectra. Furthermore, the phenolic content, antioxidant activity, glucosidase, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of S. anatolicum extract were evaluated. The resulting bioactivity profile suggests how S. anatolicum represents a source of metabolites with health-promoting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Kılınc
- Department of Geological Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, 35370 İzmir, Turkey;
| | - Gilda D’Urso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (G.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Annunziata Paolillo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (G.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Ozgen Alankus
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (G.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Milena Masullo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (G.D.); (M.M.)
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Zhou H, Li T, Li B, Sun S. Skin health properties of Paeonia lactiflora flower extracts and tyrosinase inhibitors and free radical scavengers identified by HPLC post-column bioactivity assays. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18569. [PMID: 37560664 PMCID: PMC10407147 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin health is a major concern across the world. The Paeonia lactiflora Pall. flower (PLPF) is well-known in China as an edible ornamental flower, that has been traditionally prescribed for the treatment of irregular menstruation and dysmenorrhea. However, its chemical constituents and bioactivities have not been systematically stuided. This study tentatively identified 27 compounds in aqueous and ethanol extracts of PLPF using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, including four monoterpene glycosides, six phenols, six tannins, ten flavonoids and a hydroxycinnamic acid amide. Online antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor screening assays based on post-column bioactivity tests were used to screen for bioactive compounds in the extracts. Online and offline bioactivity assays showed that both extracts exhibited notable antioxidant properties against DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, potent antiglycation capacity, and significant inhibition of tyrosinase, cyclooxygenase-2, and collagenase. Gallic acid derivatives were the main contributors to the antioxidant and antityrosinase capacity and may also inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and collagenase, but they exhibited weak antiglycation capacity. The antiglycation effects may be due to the synergistic action of gallic acid and specific flavonoids. PLPF is a promising source of bioactive compounds for the development of natural skin health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiji Zhou
- Amway (Shanghai) Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingzhao Li
- Amway (Shanghai) Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Amway (China) Botanical R&D Center, Wuxi, 214145, China
| | - Bo Li
- Amway (Shanghai) Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Amway (China) Botanical R&D Center, Wuxi, 214145, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Amway (Shanghai) Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Amway (China) Botanical R&D Center, Wuxi, 214145, China
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Chu C, Li J, Li C, Lv Y, Ye H, Lv H, Li X, Wang J, Peng X. A new efficient multi-stage strategy based on the complementarity of ultrafiltration and high resolution biochromatogram for the screening of skin-whitening candidates from the fibrous root of Bletilla striata. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1224:123728. [PMID: 37182408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration-high performance liquid chromatography (UF-HPLC) and high resolution biochromatogram (HR-biochromatogram), have been proven to be effective methods for the rapid discovery of enzyme inhibitors in natural medicines. In attempt to conquer false-positive and false- negative screening results, a new multi-stage strategy based on the complementarity of UF-HPLC and HR-biochromatogram has been proposed for the fast screening of tyrosinase inhibitory components using the fibrous root of Bletilla striata as a case study. For the first two stages, UF- HPLC and HR-biochromatogram, were applied individually for the screening of high-affinity tyrosinase ligands and tyrosinase inhibitors. After that, the inconsistent results, which yielded two potential active fractions, indicated a third stage screening. Thus, a "strengthen" biochromatogram was established to microfractionate the concentrated extract and further evaluate the tyrosinase inhibitors. The complementarity nature of two different screening methods was firstly explored to distinguish tyrosinase inhibitors from the fibrous root of Bletilla striata. As a result, four compounds were screened, isolated and characterized as new potent tyrosinase inhibitors. The screening results were verified by tyrosinase inhibition assays, melanin inhibitory in zebrafish and molecular docking. All compounds possessed much higher tyrosinase inhibition than α-arbutin, especially, 1-(4- Hydroxybenzyl)-4-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol demonstrated stronger tyrosinase inhibition than kojic acid. This study presented a new screening strategy which had a great potential in rapidly and efficiently exploring tyrosinase inhibitors in complex mixtures. Moreover, it is the first time to reveal the skin-whitening nature of the fibrous root of B. striata, which indicating the promising prospect in the full utilization of B. striata plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jiaxu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chenyue Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yangbin Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hongwei Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huawei Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xingnuo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Ningbo Municipal Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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Lin Y, Li S, Chen T, Lin Y, Cheng Z, Ni L, Lu JJ, Huang M. Phytochemical compositions and biological activities of the branches and leaves of Ormosia hosiei Hemsl. et Wils. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 226:115238. [PMID: 36645985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ormosia hosiei Hemsl. et Wils. is an economical and medicinal plant, increasingly cultivated in China; however, its branches and leaves are often pruned as waste. This is the first study focused on the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of the branches and leaves of O. hosiei. Herein, thirty-seven characteristic compounds were identified by UPLC-MS/MS and twelve were detected for the first time in O. hosiei. Twenty-seven phenolics were further quantified and significant differences in phenolic compositions between the branches and leaves of O. hosiei were observed. The ethanol extracts exhibited promising antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-neuroinflammatory effects, and the bioactivities significantly correlated with total phenolic content and twelve individual phenolics. Naringin, genistein, vitexin, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, syringaresinol and syringaresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside can be considered potential quality markers of O. hosiei. Our results provided solid evidence that the branches and leaves of O. hosiei deserve more attention and exploitation, considering the potential to be developed as functional foods or herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian Key laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian Key laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian Key laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yanxiang Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian Key laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zaixing Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian Key laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lin Ni
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao.
| | - Mingqing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian Key laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian-Macao Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Oriented Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment, Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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11
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Screening and identification of tyrosinase inhibitors in edible plant materials by on-line UPLC-enzyme reactor coupled with UHPLC-FTMS. Food Chem 2023; 403:134331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li J, Li C, Peng X, Li S, Liu B, Chu C. Recent discovery of tyrosinase inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicines and screening methods. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115951. [PMID: 36410577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tyrosinase, the key rate-limiting enzyme for melanogenesis, is one of the main targets for skin senescence and some pigmented skin diseases, such as albinism and melanoma. Tyrosinase inhibitors are capable of reducing melanin generation and deposition in the skin through blocking the reaction chain of formation. Thus, it has been used for anti-melanoma and showed the potential to be developed into novel skin whitening and spot removing products. With the trend of back-to-nature, natural tyrosinase inhibitors are receiving more and more attention. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) as the promising source of novel chemotypes and pharmacophores, are huge treasures for the discovery of natural tyrosinase inhibitors characterized with green, safe, and highly efficient. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review aims to provide a systematic overview of natural tyrosinase inhibitors and a detailed summary of the types of TCMs from which they originate. In addition, this paper also highlights the screening methods developed for exploring tyrosinase inhibitors in recent years, compares the advantages and disadvantages of various methods under the guidance of different screening principles, and predicts their applications in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant literature have been obtained using the keywords "tyrosinase inhibitors", "traditional Chinese medicines", "whitening", and "screening" in scientific databases, such as "PubMed", "SciFinder", "Web of Science", "Elsevier", "China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases". Information was also collected from Chinese pharmacopoeia, Chinese herbal classics books, "Google Scholar", "Baidu Scholar", and other literature sources, etc. RESULTS: An overview about the tyrosinase inhibitors derived from TCMs since 2002 has been compiled via the above-mentioned sources. Up to now, 186 components, mainly belonging to flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, Diels-Alder adducts, simple phenylpropanoids and stilbenes, from 61 kinds of TCMs have been reported to possess tyrosinase inhibitory activity, among which flavonoids are mainly focused on. Furthermore, on the basis of bioactive detection strategies, the screening methods for tyrosinase inhibitors have been classified into bioaffinity-based, intrinsic enzymatic-based, and computer-aided drug design (CADD). Precisely because screening approaches are essential for rapid identification of tyrosinase inhibitors from TCMs, the principles, advantages and disadvantages, and specific applications of each method are presented along with a comparison of applicability. CONCLUSIONS The summary of TCMs-derived inhibitors gives a clue on the discovery of candidates with the property to whiten the skin. Meanwhile, the outlook of developed screening methods provides technical references for the efficient exploration of safer and more effective tyrosinase inhibitors from TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chenyue Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Ningbo Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, China
| | - Bingrui Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China.
| | - Chu Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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13
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de Vera PJD, Tayone JC, De Las Llagas MCS. Cyperus iria linn. Roots ethanol extract: its phytochemicals, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2123088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jan D. de Vera
- Natural Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Mindanao State University-Maguindanao, Dalican, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao, PHILIPPINES
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Davao Oriental State University, City of Mati, Davao Oriental, PHILIPPINES
| | - Janeth C. Tayone
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Davao Oriental State University, City of Mati, Davao Oriental, PHILIPPINES
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Cao S, Wang D, Cheng R, Shi W, Zhang Q, Zeng H, Chen J. Modulation of the lipophilicity and molecular size of thiosemicarbazone inhibitors to regulate tyrosinase activity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121590. [PMID: 35850043 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A group of 5-methylsalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives (HMTs) bearing different lipophilic and steric substituents attached at the 3-position of cresol ring were synthesized and investigated as mushroom tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors. The ability of HMTs to inhibit the diphenolase activity of TYR was evaluated with L-DOPA as substrate by determining IC50 values in relation to their structure modifications. HMTs displayed distinct inhibitory competencies towards TYR activity with IC50 values in the range of 1.02-143.56 μM. A close correlation between their inhibition potency and both lipophilicity and molecular size was observed. The inhibitory effect of the hydroxyethyl-containing derivatives was much higher than the hydroxyethyl-free ones overall. Among them, HMT-NBO exhibited the most potent effect with IC50 of 5.85 μM, which was nearly 25-fold and 3.8-fold lower than its parent HMT-NBE and the control kojic acid, respectively. The hydroxyethyl clearly benefited the improvement of the inhibitory competences and acted as a regulating group of lipophilicity of the inhibitors. The kinetic analyses showed that HMTs were reversible and mixed type inhibitors against mushroom TYR. The inhibition mechanism was studied by means of fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR, ESI-MS and molecular docking analysis. The results indicated that the observed inhibitory effect of HMTs was accomplished by acting on the amino acid residues rather than by chelating the centre copper ions of TYR. Each of HMTs can insert the hydrophobic pocket and interact with the residues of TYR through Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds, with additional electrostatic interactions for HMT-NEE and HMT-NEO further strengthening the affinity. Meanwhile, the inhibitors were observed to bind with L-DOPA or/and L-DOPAquinone forming 1:1 stoichiometric complexes, probably exerting indirect inhibition against TYR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Industrial Technology Research Academy, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Run Cheng
- Industrial Technology Research Academy, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Wenyan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Qinfang Zhang
- Industrial Technology Research Academy, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
| | - Huajin Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Industrial Technology Research Academy, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Rd. 211, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
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15
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Mirabile S, Germanò MP, Fais A, Lombardo L, Ricci F, Floris S, Cacciola A, Rapisarda A, Gitto R, De Luca L. Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro Evaluation of 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazine-Based Compounds Targeting Tyrosinase. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200305. [PMID: 36093940 PMCID: PMC9828493 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanin biosynthesis is enzymatically regulated by tyrosinase (TYR, EC 1.14.18.1), which is efficiently inhibited by natural and synthetic phenols, demonstrating potential therapeutic application for the treatment of several human diseases. Herein we report the inhibitory effects of a series of (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)arylmethanone derivatives, that were designed, synthesised and assayed against TYR from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR). The best inhibitory activity was predominantly found for compounds bearing selected hydrophobic ortho-substituents on the aroyl moiety (IC50 values in the range of 1.5-4.6 μM). They proved to be more potent than the reference compound kojic acid (IC50 =17.8 μM) and displayed competitive mechanism of inhibition of diphenolase activity of AbTYR. Docking simulation predicted their binding mode into the catalytic cavities of AbTYR and the modelled human TYR. In addition, these compounds displayed antioxidant activity combined with no cytotoxicity in MTT tests. Notably, the best inhibitor affected tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells, thus demonstrating anti-melanogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
- Foundation Prof. Antonio ImbesiUniversity of MessinaPiazza Pugliatti 198122MessinaItaly
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environment SciencesUniversity of Cagliari09042MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Lisa Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Federico Ricci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Sonia Floris
- Department of Life and Environment SciencesUniversity of Cagliari09042MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Anna Cacciola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
- Foundation Prof. Antonio ImbesiUniversity of MessinaPiazza Pugliatti 198122MessinaItaly
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
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Ethyl Acetate Extract of Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis via Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Inhibiting Inflammation. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth is well-known for its ability to alleviate liver heat. In this study, Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth ethyl acetate extracts were evaluated on mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. After 6 and 8 weeks of treatment, serum parameters and gene expressions in tissue samples, as well as stained tissue sections, demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extracts were effective in treating these liver diseases. The principal bioactive constituent (rosmarinic acid) was identified and screened by high pressure liquid chromatography-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and affinity ultrafiltration-HPLC. The rosmarinic acid was separated from extracts with high purity by medium- and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Finally, the interactions between rosmarinic acid and the key targets of lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation were verified by molecular docking. Thereby, an indirect regulation of lipid and cholesterol metabolism and inhibition of liver inflammation and liver fibrosis by the studied extract has been observed. This study demonstrated that Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth ethyl acetate extracts have the potential to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis, revealing their multi-target and multi-pathway therapeutic characteristics.
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Rapid screening of natural-origin tyrosinase regulators from Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. by offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yan TC, Cao J, Ye LH. Recent advances on discovery of enzyme inhibitors from natural products using bioactivity screening. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2766-2787. [PMID: 35593478 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The essence of enzymes is to keep the homeostasis and balance of human by catalyzing metabolic responses and modulating cell. Suppression of enzyme slows the progress of some diseases, making it a therapeutic target. Therefore, it is important to develop enzyme inhibitors by proper bioactivity screening strategies for the future treatment of some major diseases. In this review, we summarized the recent (2015-2020) applications of several screening strategies (electrophoretically mediated microanalysis, enzyme immobilization, affinity chromatography, and affinity ultrafiltration) in finding enzyme inhibitors from certain species of bioactive natural compounds of plant origin (flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, saponins, anthraquinones, coumarins). At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy were also discussed, and the future possible development direction in enzyme inhibitor screening has prospected. To sum up, it is expected to help readers select suitable screening strategies for enzyme inhibitors and provide useful information for the study of the biological of specific kinds of natural products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ci Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.,College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Li-Hong Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
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The Relationship between the IC50 Values and the Apparent Inhibition Constant in the Study of Inhibitors of Tyrosinase Diphenolase Activity Helps Confirm the Mechanism of Inhibition. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103141. [PMID: 35630619 PMCID: PMC9142954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is the enzyme involved in melanization and is also responsible for the browning of fruits and vegetables. Control of its activity can be carried out using inhibitors, which is interesting in terms of quantitatively understanding the action of these regulators. In the study of the inhibition of the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase, it is intriguing to know the strength and type of inhibition. The strength is indicated by the value of the inhibition constant(s), and the type can be, in a first approximation: competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive and mixed. In this work, it is proposed to calculate the degree of inhibition (iD), varying the concentration of inhibitor to a fixed concentration of substrate, L-dopa (D). The non-linear regression adjustment of iD with respect to the initial inhibitor concentration [I]0 allows for the calculation of the inhibitor concentration necessary to inhibit the activity by 50%, at a given substrate concentration (IC50), thus avoiding making interpolations between different values of iD. The analytical expression of the IC50, for the different types of inhibition, are related to the apparent inhibition constant (KIapp). Therefore, this parameter can be used: (a) To classify a series of inhibitors of an enzyme by their power. Determining these values at a fixed substrate concentration, the lower IC50, the more potent the inhibitor. (b) Checking an inhibitor for which the type and the inhibition constant have been determined (using the usual methods), must confirm the IC50 value according to the corresponding analytical expression. (c) The type and strength of an inhibitor can be analysed from the study of the variation in iD and IC50 with substrate concentration. The dependence of IC50 on the substrate concentration allows us to distinguish between non-competitive inhibition (iD does not depend on [D]0) and the rest. In the case of competitive inhibition, this dependence of iD on [D]0 leads to an ambiguity between competitive inhibition and type 1 mixed inhibition. This is solved by adjusting the data to the possible equations; in the case of a competitive inhibitor, the calculation of KI1app is carried out from the IC50 expression. The same occurs with uncompetitive inhibition and type 2 mixed inhibition. The representation of iD vs. n, with n=[D]0/KmD, allows us to distinguish between them. A hyperbolic iD vs. n representation that passes through the origin of coordinates is a characteristic of uncompetitive inhibition; the calculation of KI2app is immediate from the IC50 value. In the case of mixed inhibitors, the values of the apparent inhibition constant of meta-tyrosinase (Em) and oxy-tyrosinase (Eox), KI1app and the apparent inhibition constant of metatyrosinase/Dopa complexes (EmD) and oxytyrosinase/Dopa (EoxD), KI2app are obtained from the dependence of iD vs. n, and the results obtained must comply with the IC50 value.
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QUE F, WANG Y, WANG L, ZHAO L, HUANG H. Preparation of low molecular weight Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide and its antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.81822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei QUE
- Zhejiang Institute of Economics and Trade, China
| | - Ying WANG
- Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | | | - Lin ZHAO
- Zhejiang Institute of Economics and Trade, China
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