Benzenesulfonamides with different rigidity-conferring linkers as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: an insight into the antiproliferative effect on glioblastoma, pancreatic, and breast cancer cells

The Versatile and Strategic O-Carbamate Directed Metalation Group in the Synthesis of Aromatic Molecules: An Update

The aryl O-carbamate (ArOAm) group is among the strongest of the directed metalation groups (DMGs) in directed ortho metalation (DoM) chemistry, especially in the form Ar-OCONEt2. Since the last comprehensive review of metalation chemistry involving ArOAms (published more than 30 years ago), the field has expanded significantly. For example, it now encompasses new substrates, solvent systems, and metalating agents, while conditions have been developed enabling metalation of ArOAm to be conducted in a green and sustainable manner. The ArOAm group has also proven to be effective in the anionic ortho-Fries (AoF) rearrangement, Directed remote metalation (DreM), iterative DoM sequences, and DoM-halogen dance (HalD) synthetic strategies and has been transformed into a diverse range of functionalities and coupled with various groups through a range of cross-coupling (CC) strategies. Of ultimate value, the ArOAm group has demonstrated utility in the synthesis of a diverse range of bioactive and polycyclic aromatic compounds for various applications.

Chemistry of heterocycles as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A pathway to novel research in medicinal chemistry review

Nowadays, the scientific community has focused on dealing with different kinds of diseases by exploring the chemistry of various heterocycles as novel drugs. In this connection, medicinal chemists identified carbonic anhydrases (CA) as one of the biologically active targets for curing various diseases. The widespread distribution of these enzymes and the high degree of homology shared by the different isoforms offer substantial challenges to discovering potential drugs. Medicinal and synthetic organic chemists have been continuously involved in developing CA inhibitors. This review explored the chemistry of different heterocycles as CA inhibitors using the last 11 years of published research work. It provides a pathway for young researchers to further explore the chemistry of a variety of synthetic as well as natural heterocycles as CA inhibitors.

Design, synthesis, and biological investigation of selective human carbonic anhydrase II, IX, and XII inhibitors using 7-aryl/heteroaryl triazolopyrimidines bearing a sulfanilamide scaffold

A novel library of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) inhibitors based on the 2-sulfanilamido[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine skeleton modified at its 7-position was prepared by an efficient convergent procedure. These derivatives were evaluated in vitro for their inhibition properties against a representative panel of hCA isoforms (hCA I, II, IV, IX, and XII). The target tumour-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII were potently inhibited with KIs in the low nanomolar range of 5-96 nM and 4-72 nM, respectively. Compounds 1d, 1j, 1v, and 1x were the most potent hCA IX inhibitors with KIs of 5.1, 8.6, 4.7, and 5.1 nM, respectively. Along with derivatives 1d and 1j, compounds 1r and 1ab potently inhibited hCA XII isoform with KIs in a single-digit nanomolar range of 8.8, 5.4, 4.3, and 9.0 nM, respectively. Compounds 1e, 1m, and 1p exhibited the best selectivity against hCA IX and hCA XII isoforms over off-target hCA II, with selectivity indexes ranging from 5 to 14.

Targeting carbonic anhydrases for the management of hypoxic metastatic tumors

INTRODUCTION

Several isoforms of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) are connected with tumorigenesis. Hypoxic tumors overexpress CA IX and XII as a consequence of HIF activation cascade, being involved in pH regulation, metabolism, and metastases formation. Other isoforms (CA I, II, III, IV) were also reported to be present in some tumors.

AREAS COVERED

Some CA isoforms are biomarkers for disease progression or response to therapy. Inhibitors, antibodies, and other procedures for targeting these enzymes for the treatment of tumors/metastases are discussed. Sulfonamides and coumarins represent the most investigated classes of inhibitors, but carboxylates, selenium, and tellurium-containing inhibitors were also investigated. Hybrid drugs of CA inhibitors with other antitumor agents for multitargeted therapy were reported.

EXPERT OPINION

Targeting CAs present in solid or hematological tumors with selective, targeted inhibitors is a validated approach, which has been consolidated in the last years. A host of new preclinical data and several clinical trials of antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors are ongoing, which connected with the large number of new chemotypes/procedures discovered to be effective, may lead to a breakthrough in this therapeutic area. The scientific/patent literature has been searched for on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Espacenet, and PatentGuru, from 2018 to 2023.

Design and synthesis of sulfonamides incorporating a biotin moiety: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitory effects, antiproliferative activity and molecular modeling studies

Sulfonamides constitute an important class of classical carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors. Herein we have accomplished the conjugation of biotin with an ample number of sulfonamide motifs with the aim of testing them in vitro as inhibitors of the human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms I and II (cytosolic isozymes), as well as hCA IX and XII (transmembrane, tumor-associated enzymes). Most of these newly synthesized compounds exhibited interesting inhibition profiles, with activities in the nanomolar range. The presence of a 4-F-C6H4 moiety, also found in SLC-0111, afforded an excellent selectivity towards the tumor-associated hypoxia-induced hCA isoform XII with an inhibition constant (KI) of 4.5 nM. The 2-naphthyl derivative was the most potent inhibitor against hCA IX (KI = 6.2 nM), 4-fold stronger than AAZ (KI = 25 nM) with very good selectivity. Some compounds were chosen for antiproliferative activity testing against a panel of 3 human tumor cell lines, one compound showing anti-proliferative activity on glioblastoma, triple-negative breast cancer, and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines.

Design and synthesis of some new benzoylthioureido benzenesulfonamide derivatives and their analogues as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

The present investigation reports the design and synthesis of three series of benzoylthioureido derivatives bearing either benzenesulfonamide 7a–f, benzoic acid 8a–f or ethylbenzoate 9a–f moieties. The synthesised compounds were screened for their carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity (CAI) against four isoforms hCA I, II, IX, and XII. Compounds 7a, 7b, 7c, and 7f exhibited a potent inhibitory activity towards hCAI (K_is = 58.20, 56.30, 33.00, and 43.00 nM), respectively compared to acetazolamide (AAZ) and SLC-0111 (K_is = 250.00 and 5080.00 nM). Compounds 7a, 7b, 7c, 7e, and 7f elicited selectivity over h CA II (K_is = 2.50, 2.10, 56.60,39.60 and 39.00 nM) respectively, relative to AAZ and SLC-0111(K_is = 12.10 and 960.00 nM). Also, compounds 7c, 7f, and 9e displayed selectivity against the tumour-associated isoform hCA IX (K_is = 31.20, 30.00 and 29.00 nM) respectively, compared to AAZ and SLC-0111 (K_is = 25.70 and 45.00 nM). Additionally, compounds 8a and 8f revealed a moderate to superior selectivity towards hCAXII (K_is = 17.00 and 11.00 nM) relative to AAZ and SLC-0111(K_is = 5.70 and 45.00 nM). Molecular docking and ADME prediction studies were performed on the most active compounds to shed light on their interaction with the hot spots of the active site of CA isoforms, in addition to prediction of their pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties.

Design and synthesis of some new benzoylthioureido phenyl derivatives targeting carbonic anhydrase enzymes

The present study aimed to develop potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs). The design of the target compounds was based on modifying the structure of the ureido-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitor SLC-0111. Six series of a substituted benzoylthioureido core were prepared featuring different zinc-binding groups; the conventional sulphamoyl group 4a-d and 12a-c, its bioisosteric carboxylic acid group 5a-d and 13a-c or the ethyl carboxylate group 6a-d and 14a-c as potential prodrugs. All compounds were assessed for their carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitory activity against a panel of four physiologically relevant human CA isoforms hCA I and hCA II, and hCA IX, and hCA XII. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 5d, 12a, and 12c revealed significant inhibitory activity against hCA I that would highlight these compounds as promising drug candidates for the treatment of glaucoma.

Design, Synthesis and Biological Assessment of Rhodanine-Linked Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives as Selective and Potent Human Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

A novel series of twenty-five rhodamine-linked benzenesulfonamide derivatives (7a-u and 9a-d) were synthesized and screened for their inhibitory action against four physiologically relevant human (h) carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms, namely hCA I, hCA II, hCA IX, and hCA XII. All the synthesized molecules showed good to excellent inhibition against all the tested isoforms in the nanomolar range due to the presence of the sulfonamide as a zinc binding group. The target compounds were developed from indol-3-ylchalcone-linked benzenesulfonamide where the indol-3-ylchalcone moiety was replaced with rhodanine-linked aldehydes or isatins to improve the inhibition. Interestingly, the molecules were slightly more selective towards hCA IX and XII compared to hCA I and II. The most potent and efficient ones against hCA I were 7h (K_I 22.4 nM) and 9d (K_I 35.8 nM) compared to the standard drug AAZ (K_I 250.0 nM), whereas in case of hCA II inhibition, the derivatives containing the isatin nucleus as a tail were preferred. Collectively, all compounds were endowed with better inhibition against hCA IX compared to AAZ (K_I 25.8 nM) as well as strong potency against hCA XII. Finally, these newly synthesized molecules could be taken as potential leads for the development of isoform selective hCA IX and XII inhibitors.

Benzenesulfonamides Incorporating Hydantoin Moieties Effectively Inhibit Eukaryoticand Human Carbonic Anhydrases

A series of novel 1-(4-benzenesulfonamide)-3-alkyl/benzyl-hydantoin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for the inhibition of eukaryotic and human carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). The prepared compounds were screened for their hCA inhibitory activities against three cytosolic isoforms as well as two β-CAs from fungal pathogens. The best inhibition was observed against hCA II and VII as well as Candida glabrata enzyme CgNce103. hCA I and Malassezia globosa MgCA enzymes were, on the other hand, less effectively inhibited by these compounds. The inhibitory potency of these compounds against CAs was found to be dependent on the electronic and steric effects of substituent groups on the N3-position of the hydantoin ring, which included alkyl, alkenyl and substituted benzyl moieties. The interesting results against CgNce103 make the compounds of interest for investigations in vivo as potential antifungals.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of coumarin-thiazole hybrids as selective carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors

A series of coumarin-linked thiazoles (6a-p) was synthesized and the synthesized compounds were evaluated against human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) IX and XII, which have been implicated in cancer. All the compounds exhibited selective inhibition of both isoforms. The designed compounds inhibited hCA IX in a moderate nanomolar to submicromolar range. The hCA XII was inhibited in a low to moderate nanomolar range. Compound 6o exhibited the best inhibition of hCA XII with a K_i value of 91.1 nM. The hydrolyzed form of compound 6o also exhibited favorable interactions as well as good docking scores with both the isoforms. Hence, this compound can be taken as a template for the design of selective and potent hCA XII inhibitors.