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Ozntamar-Pouloglou KM, Cheilari A, Zengin G, Graikou K, Ganos C, Karikas GA, Chinou I. Heliotropium procubens Mill: Taxonomic Significance and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds via UHPLC-HRMS- In Vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031008. [PMID: 36770677 PMCID: PMC9921235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was the phytochemical analysis of the aerial parts of Heliotropium procumbens Mill., a herb from Boraginaceae plant family not previously studied. The methanol (ME) and aqueous extracts (WE) of the aerial parts were assayed for their total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant properties, using free radical scavenging (DPPH, ABTS), reducing power (FRAP, CUPRAC), phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating assays. The extracts displayed considerable free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, with potential values of 46.88 and 68.31 mg TE/g extract for ME, and 93.43 and 131.48 mg TE/g extract for WE, respectively. Key clinical enzymes involved in neurodegenerative diseases AChE and BChE, diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and skin whitening (tyrosinase) were also assayed. The phytochemical profile of the studied species was determined through UHPLC-HRMS, whereby 26 secondary metabolites were identified, three of which (luteolin-7-glucoside, lithospermic and rosmarinic acids) were isolated and structurally determined by NMR spectral means. H. procubens was found to harbor bioactive metabolites and could, hence, serve as a source of biological activities which could be further explored and exploited for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi-Maria Ozntamar-Pouloglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece
| | - Antigoni Cheilari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey
| | - Konstantia Graikou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Ganos
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece
| | - George-Albert Karikas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
- Correspondence: (G.-A.K.); (I.C.)
| | - Ioanna Chinou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece
- Correspondence: (G.-A.K.); (I.C.)
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Rajendar P, Desikan S, Sridhar G, Tripuramallu BK. Total synthesis of 4-((3 S,5 R)-3,5-dihydroxynonadecyl)phenol. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Potham Rajendar
- Chemistry Division, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur, India
| | - Srinivasa Desikan
- Chemistry Division, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur, India
| | - Gattu Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science, Warangal, India
| | - Bharat Kumar Tripuramallu
- Chemistry Division, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur, India
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Valenzuela B, Rodríguez FE, Modak B, Imarai M. Alpinone exhibited immunomodulatory and antiviral activities in Atlantic salmon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:76-83. [PMID: 29292197 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we seek to identify flavonoids able to regulate the gene expression of a group of cytokines important for the control of infections in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Particularly, we studied the potential immunomodulatory effects of two flavonoids, Alpinone and Pinocembrine, which were isolated and purified from resinous exudates of Heliotropium huascoense and Heliotropium sinuatum, respectively. The transcript levels of TNF-α and IL-1 (inflammatory cytokines), IFN-γ and IL-12 (T helper 1 type cytokines), IL4/13A (Th2-type cytokine), IL-17 (Th17 type cytokine) TGF-β1 (regulatory cytokine) and IFN-α (antiviral cytokine) were quantified by qRT-PCR in kidneys of flavonoid-treated and control fish. We demonstrated that the administration of a single intramuscular dose of purified Alpinone increased the transcriptional expression of five cytokines, named TNF-α, IL-1, IFN-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β1 in treated fish compared to untreated fish. Conversely, administration of purified Pinocembrine reduced the transcriptional expression of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-12 in the kidney of treated fish. No other changes were observed. Interestingly, Alpinone also induced in vitro antiviral effects against Infectious Salmon Anaemia virus. Results showed that Alpinone but not Pinocembrine induces the expression of cytokines, which in vertebrates are essential to control viral infections while Pinocembrine reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Altogether results suggest that Alpinone is a good candidate to be further tested as immunostimulant and antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Felipe E Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Brenda Modak
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
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Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Phytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Heliotropium strigosum Willd. MEDICINES 2016; 3:medicines3030020. [PMID: 28930129 PMCID: PMC5456253 DOI: 10.3390/medicines3030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:Heliotropium strigosum Willd. (Chitiphal) is a medicinally important herb that belongs to the Boraginaceae family. Traditionally, this plant was used in the medication therapy of various ailments in different populations of the world. The aim of the study is to probe the therapeutic aspects of H. strigosum described in the traditional folklore history of medicines. Methods: In the present study, the dichloromethane crude extract of this plant was screened to explore the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, phytotoxic and antioxidant potential of H. strigosum. For antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities, microplate alamar blue assay (MABA), agar tube dilution method and diphenyl picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay were used, respectively. The cytotoxic and phytotoxic potential were demonstrated by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and Lemna minor assay. Results: The crude extract displayed positive cytotoxic activity in the brine shrimp lethality assay, with 23 of 30 shrimps dying at the concentration of 1000 µg/mL. It also showed moderate phytotoxic potential with percent inhibition of 50% at the concentration of 1000 µg/mL. The crude extract exhibited no significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Non-significant antifungal and radical scavenging activity was also shown by the dichloromethane crude extract. Conclusion: It is recommended that scientists focus on the identification and isolation of beneficial bioactive constituents with the help of advanced scientific methodologies that seems to be helpful in the synthesis of new therapeutic agents of desired interest.
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Valenzuela B, Obreque J, Soto-Aguilera S, Maisey K, Imarai M, Modak B. Key cytokines of adaptive immunity are differentially induced in rainbow trout kidney by a group of structurally related geranyl aromatic derivatives. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:45-53. [PMID: 26690664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Filifolinone is a semi-synthetic terpenoid derivative obtained from Heliotropium filifolium that increases the expression level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in kidney cells of salmon. Because cytokines are produced in response to a foreign organism and by distinct other signals modulating immune responses, we further studied the potential immunomodulatory effects of a group of structural related terpenoid derivatives from H. filifolium on salmonids to determine the relationship between the chemical structure of the derivatives and their ability to modify cytokine expression and the lymphoid content. The resin and four 3H-spiro 1-benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohexane derivatives were tested in vivo in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by quantifying the transcript levels of antiviral and T helper-type cytokines and T and B cells in the kidney. Three of the four terpenoids differ only in the C-7'substituent of the cyclohexane and the presence of the ketone group at this position in Filifolinone appeared responsible of an important up-regulation of IFN-α1, IFN-γ, IL-4/13A and IL-17D in the kidney of the treated trout. In addition, the absence of a methoxy group in carbon 7 of the benzene ring, found in all compounds but not in Folifolinoic acid, produced a significant reduction of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-4/13A transcripts. B cells were not affected by the compound treatment but Filifolinoic acid and the resin induced a significant reduction of T cells. Altogether, results showed that immunomodulating responses observed in the trout by effect of 3H-spiro 1-benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohexane derivatives is related to the presence of the ketone group in the carbon 7' and the methoxy group in carbon 7 of the benzene ring, being Filifolinone the most active immunostimulatory compound identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Javiera Obreque
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sarita Soto-Aguilera
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Brenda Modak
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
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Chinnababu B, Purushotham Reddy S, Venkatesham K, Chandra Rao D, Venkateswarlu Y. Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Phenolic Nonadecanediol. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yadav J, Reddy PAN, Kumar AS, Prasad A, Reddy BS, Al Ghamdi AA. Stereoselective total synthesis of 4-((3S,5R)-3,5-dihydroxynonadecyl)phenol. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wan ZL, Zhang GL, Chen HJ, Wu Y, Li Y. A Chiral Pool and Cross Metathesis Based Synthesis of Gingerdiols. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Valenzuela B, Imarai M, Torres R, Modak B. Immunomodulatory effects of the aromatic geranyl derivative filifolinone tested by the induction of cytokine expression. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:675-682. [PMID: 23948148 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fish farming crops are constantly exposed to infectious diseases due to intensive production conditions under which microorganisms develop and spread easily, resulting in severe economic losses. The massive use of antibiotics to control these diseases has lead to the accumulation of residues and the development of drug resistance. Consequently, it is urgent to develop new pharmacological tools to stimulate protective immune responses in salmonids to combat infectious diseases. We evaluated the immunostimulant activity of terpenoid derivatives isolated from species of the Heliotropium genus, which had previously shown antiviral activity in salmon. The immunomodulatory effects of the 3 H-spiro [1-benzofuran-2,1'-ciclohexane] derivative called filifolinone, were studied in vitro using the SHK-1 cell line derived from leucocytes of salmon head kidney and in vivo in Atlantic salmon. For the evaluation, we studied the effect of this compound in the expression of various cytokines. The results showed that Filifolinone increases the levels of expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This suggests that Filifolinone is a potential alternative immunomodulator for veterinary purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile
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Chen CY, Zhang SM, Wu Y, Gao P. Synthesis and Configuration of the Phenolic Nonadecanediol Isolated from the Resinous Exudates ofHeliotropium sinuatum. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Study of the chemical composition of the resinous exudate isolated from Heliotropium sclerocarpum and evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the phenolic compounds and the resin. Molecules 2009; 14:4625-33. [PMID: 19924090 PMCID: PMC6254790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14114625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heliotropium sclerocarpum Phil. (Heliotropiaceae) is a resinous bush that grows in the Atacama of northern Chile. The chemical composition of its resinous exudate was analyzed for the first time. One aromatic geranyl derivative: filifolinol (1), one flavanone: naringenin (2) and a new type of 3-oxo-2-arylbenzofuran derivative 3 were isolated and their structures were determined. The antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds and resin was evaluated using the bleaching of DPPH radical method and expressed as fast reacting equivalents (FRE) and total reacting equivalents (TRE).
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Modak B, Rojas M, Torres R. Chemical analysis of the resinous exudate isolated from Heliotropium taltalense and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the phenolics components and the resin in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Molecules 2009; 14:1980-9. [PMID: 19512999 PMCID: PMC6254288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14061980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
H. taltalense (Phil.) Johnst. (Heliotropiaceae) is an endemic species of the northern coast of Chile that produces a resinous exudate that covers its foliar surface and stems. Its chemical composition was analyzed for the first time, and two aromatic geranyl derivatives: filifolinol and filifolinyl senecionate and three flavonoids – naringenin, 3-O-methylgalangin and 7-O-methyleriodictiol – were isolated. The antioxidant activity of the flavonoids and the resinous exudates was carried out by measuring the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) bleaching effect in ethanolic solution and in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. The influence of the reaction medium was analyzed. The initial velocity reactions for the pure compounds and for the extract were higher in SDS media than in ethanolic solution. The velocity of reaction observed was interpreted in terms of the reaction medium environment in the micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Modak
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Gaona RT, Araya HG, Canobra BM. Effect on Hantavirus Replication of Resins from Heliotropium Species and Other Selected Compounds. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation on Heliotropium species was carried out in an attempt to detect possible replication inhibitors of Hantavirus variety Andes. Using the plaque inhibition assay, we have evaluated a group of compounds and resins isolated from Heliotropium species. The antiviral activity was determined between the concentration range 2.5-40.0 μg/mL. Antiviral activity was detected in all the tested resins, particularly that of H. huascoense, with an EC50 value of 12.5 μg/mL. Of the pure compounds tested, the aromatic geranyl derivative filifolinone was the most active. The EC50 value of this compound, 11.3 μg/mL, was similar to that of the control, ribavirin. However, these substances were not selective, but this screening has served to identify those compounds with most promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Torres Gaona
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 307, Correo 2, Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Galeno Araya
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Sección Virología, Av. Maratón 1000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brenda Modak Canobra
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 307, Correo 2, Santiago, Chile
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Modak B, Rojas M, Torres R, Rodilla J, Luebert F. Antioxidant activity of a new aromatic geranyl derivative of the resinous exudates from Heliotropium glutinosum Phil. Molecules 2007; 12:1057-63. [PMID: 17873840 PMCID: PMC6149351 DOI: 10.3390/12051057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heliotropium glutinosum Phil. (Heliotropiceae) is a resinous bush that grows at a height of 2000 m in Chañaral, Chile. From the resinous exudates of Heliotropium glutinosum Phil. a new aromatic geranyl derivative: 4-methoxy-3-[(2)-7'-methyl-3'-hydroxymethyl-2',6'-octadienyl] phenol (1) and three flavonoids: 5,3'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone (2), 5,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (3) and 4'-acetyl-5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (4) were isolated and their structures were determined. Their antioxidant activity were evaluated using the bleaching of ABTS and DPPH derived cation radical methods and expressed in terms of FRE (fast reacting equivalents) and TRE (total reacting equivalents), where FRE is a good measure of the quick protection of a given compound against oxidants and TRE measures the degree of long-term protection of the antioxidant, or how effective it is against a strong oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Modak
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Facultad de Química y Biología. Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente. Casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago, Chile, Tel. (+56)-02-6812575; Fax. (+56)-02-6812108; E-mails: ;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail:
| | - Macarena Rojas
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Facultad de Química y Biología. Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente. Casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago, Chile, Tel. (+56)-02-6812575; Fax. (+56)-02-6812108; E-mails: ;
| | - René Torres
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Facultad de Química y Biología. Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente. Casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago, Chile, Tel. (+56)-02-6812575; Fax. (+56)-02-6812108; E-mails: ;
| | - Jesús Rodilla
- Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior,. U. I&D Materiais Textêis e do Papel. 6201-001Covilhã, Portugal; E-mail:
| | - Federico Luebert
- Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Departamento de Silvicultura. Casilla 9206, Santiago, Chile; E-mail:
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