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Luo Y, Hu B, Ji H, Jing Y, Dang X, Zhang H, Li B, Zhang G, Yan Y, Yang B, Peng L. Comprehensive evaluation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity between crude and processed Polygalae radix based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27622. [PMID: 38515733 PMCID: PMC10955230 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Polygalae radix (PR) is a famous herbal medicine obtained by drying the root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., one of the traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) that can be used for healthy food. There are three main processed methods of PR, including removing the xylem of roots (Polygalae Cortex, PC), frying PC with licorice (LP), and frying PC with honey (HP). While processing is believed to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity, it is crucial to understand the differences in chemical composition and biological activities between crude and processed PR. This study used ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis to analyze the chemical profiles and differences between the crude and processed products. Total polyphenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), total saponin contents (TSC) and antioxidant activity of the processed and crude PR were also investigated. A total of 131 chemical compounds, including 42 saponins, 44 oligosaccharide esters, 25 xanthones, 2 organic acids, 3 Carbohydrates, and 15 components detected in auxiliary materials, were detected in all samples. Notably, PC exhibited significant changes among the three processed products, with the content of 62 compounds being higher. Processing of licorice (LP) and honey (HP) decreased the content of several compounds due to temperature and moisture influences. Comprehensive comparison of the antioxidant capacity of crude and processed PR showed that the antioxidant capacity of PC was higher than that of PR, HP, and LP. Our results can provide a scientific basis for further developing and applying P. tenuifolia resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Luo
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Benxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade&Commerce, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyue Ji
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade&Commerce, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiyao Jing
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Dang
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade&Commerce, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongang Yan
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingyue Yang
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory for Research of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
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Isolation, Characterization and In Silico Studies of Secondary Metabolites from the Whole Plant of Polygala inexpectata Peşmen & Erik. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030684. [PMID: 35163950 PMCID: PMC8838668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygala species are frequently used worldwide in the treatment of various diseases, such as inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, due to the large number of secondary metabolites they contain. The present study was performed on Polygala inexpectata, which is a narrow endemic species for the flora of Turkey, and resulted in the isolation of nine known compounds, 6,3'-disinapoyl-sucrose (1), 6-O-sinapoyl,3'-O-trimethoxy-cinnamoyl-sucrose (tenuifoliside C) (2), 3'-O-(O-methyl-feruloyl)-sucrose (3), 3'-O-(sinapoyl)-sucrose (4), 3'-O-trimethoxy-cinnamoyl-sucrose (glomeratose) (5), 3'-O-feruloyl-sucrose (sibiricose A5) (6), sinapyl alcohol 4-O-glucoside (syringin or eleutheroside B) (7), liriodendrin (8), and 7,4'-di-O-methylquercetin-3-O-β-rutinoside (ombuin 3-O-rutinoside or ombuoside) (9). The structures of the compounds were determined by the spectroscopic methods including 1D-NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT-135), 2D-NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC), and HRMS. The isolated compounds were shown in an in silico setting to be accommodated well within the inhibitor-binding pockets of myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase and anchored mainly through hydrogen-bonding interactions and π-effects. It is therefore plausible to suggest that the previously established anti-inflammatory properties of some Polygala-derived phytochemicals may be due, in part, to the modulation of pro-inflammatory enzyme activities.
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Cheng YG, Tan JY, Li JL, Wang SH, Liu KL, Wang JM, Wang YL. Chemical constituents from the aerial part of Polygala tenuifolia. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5449-5454. [PMID: 34903137 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2013838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Three new compounds, polygalapyrone A (1), tenuiside G (2) and polygalapyrrole A (3), together with two known compounds (4-5) were isolated by silica gel, ODS and preparative HPLC from the aerial part of Polygala tenuifolia. Their structures were elucidated by spectrum analysis and compared with findings from the literature. The anti-inflammatory effects of those compounds were investigated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin-Yan Tan
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jian-Li Li
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Shi-Hui Wang
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jia-Min Wang
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ying-Li Wang
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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Vinh LB, Heo M, Phong NV, Ali I, Koh YS, Kim YH, Yang SY. Bioactive Compounds from Polygala tenuifolia and Their Inhibitory Effects on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production in Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091240. [PMID: 32962290 PMCID: PMC7570142 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Polygala tenuifolia Wild (Polygalaceae), which is among the most important components of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, have been widely used for over 1000 years to treat a variety of diseases. In the current investigation of secondary metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties from Korean medicinal plants, a phytochemical constituent study led to the isolation of 15 compounds (1–15) from the roots of P. tenuifolia via a combination of chromatographic methods. Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic data such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1D- and 2D-NMR, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). As the obtained results, the isolated compounds were divided into two groups—phenolic glycosides (1–9) and triterpenoid saponins (10–15). The anti-inflammatory effects of crude extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds were investigated on the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 p40, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The IC50 values, ranging from 0.08 ± 0.01 to 21.05 ± 0.40 μM, indicated potent inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on the production of all three pro-inflammatory cytokines. In particular, compounds 3–12, 14, and 15 showed promising anti-inflammatory activity. These results suggest that phenolic and triterpenoid saponins from P. tenuifolia may be excellent anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ba Vinh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (L.B.V.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Myungsook Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (L.B.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Nguyen Viet Phong
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Irshad Ali
- School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (I.A.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Young Sang Koh
- School of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (I.A.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (L.B.V.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.K.); (S.Y.Y.); Tel.: +82-42-821-5933 (Y.H.K.); +82-42-821-7321 (S.Y.Y.)
| | - Seo Young Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (L.B.V.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.K.); (S.Y.Y.); Tel.: +82-42-821-5933 (Y.H.K.); +82-42-821-7321 (S.Y.Y.)
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