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Hassan SM, Farid A, Panda SS, Bekheit MS, Dinkins H, Fayad W, Girgis AS. Indole Compounds in Oncology: Therapeutic Potential and Mechanistic Insights. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:922. [PMID: 39065774 PMCID: PMC11280311 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, with current treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and targeted therapy often hindered by low efficacy and adverse side effects. The indole scaffold, a prominent heterocyclic structure, has emerged as a promising candidate in the fight against cancer. This review consolidates recent advancements in developing natural and synthetic indolyl analogs, highlighting their antiproliferative activities against various cancer types over the past five years. These analogs are categorized based on their efficacy against common cancer types, supported by biochemical assays demonstrating their antiproliferative properties. In this review, emphasis is placed on elucidating the mechanisms of action of these compounds. Given the limitations of conventional cancer therapies, developing targeted therapeutics with enhanced selectivity and reduced side effects remains a critical focus in oncological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Hassan
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Farid
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mohamed S. Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Holden Dinkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Walid Fayad
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
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Lê HG, Choi JS, Hwang BS, Jeong YT, Kang JM, Võ TC, Cho PY, Lee YK, Yoo WG, Hong Y, Oh YT, Na BK. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Extract Induces Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3459. [PMID: 36559571 PMCID: PMC9783201 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is an infectious ocular disease which is difficult to diagnose correctly and cure. Development of an effective and safe therapeutic drug for AK is needed. Our preliminary screening of more than 200 extracts from wild plants collected in Korea suggested the potential amoebicidal activity of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. extract (PAE) against Acanthamoeba species. Here, we aimed to analyze the amoebicidal activity of PAE on Acanthamoeba and its underlying amoebicidal mechanism. PAE induced amoebicidal activity against both A. castellanii and A. polyphaga trophozoites, while it showed low cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-2) and human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed subcellular morphological changes, such as increased granules, abnormal mitochondria, and atypical cyst wall formation, in the PAE-treated A. castellanii. Fluorometric apoptosis assay and TUNEL assay revealed apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) in the PAE-treated A. castellanii. The PAE treatment increased reactive oxygen species production and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in the amoeba. The enhanced expression of autophagy-associated genes was also detected. These results suggested that PAE exerted a promising amoebicidal effect on A. castellanii trophozoites via the PCD pathway. PAE could be a potential candidate for developing a therapeutic drug for AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hương-Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Choi
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Buyng-Su Hwang
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Jeong
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuấn-Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyo-Yun Cho
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyung Lee
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gi Yoo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonchul Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Taek Oh
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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Yeshi K, Turpin G, Jamtsho T, Wangchuk P. Indigenous Uses, Phytochemical Analysis, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Australian Tropical Medicinal Plants. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123849. [PMID: 35744969 PMCID: PMC9231311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Australian tropical plants have been a rich source of food (bush food) and medicine to the first Australians (Aboriginal people), who are believed to have lived for more than 50,000 years. Plants such as spreading sneezeweed (Centipeda minima), goat’s foot (Ipomoea pes-caprae), and hop bush (Dodonaea viscosa and D. polyandra) are a few popular Aboriginal medicinal plants. Thus far, more than 900 medicinal plants have been recorded in the tropical region alone, and many of them are associated with diverse ethnomedicinal uses that belong to the traditional owners of Aboriginal people. In our effort to find anti-inflammatory lead compounds in collaboration with Aboriginal communities from their medicinal plants, we reviewed 78 medicinal plants used against various inflammation and inflammatory-related conditions by Aboriginal people. Out of those 78 species, we have included only 45 species whose crude extracts or isolated pure compounds showed anti-inflammatory properties. Upon investigating compounds isolated from 40 species (for five species, only crude extracts were studied), 83 compounds were associated with various anti-inflammatory properties. Alphitolic acid, Betulinic acid, Malabaric acid, and Hispidulin reduced proinflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and 2) with IC50 values ranging from 11.5 to 46.9 uM. Other promising anti-inflammatory compounds are Brevilin A (from Centipeda minima), Eupalestin, and 5′-methoxy nobiletin (from Ageratum conyzoides), Calophyllolide (from Calophyllum inophyllum), and Brusatol (from Brucea javanica). D. polyandra is one example of an Aboriginal medicinal plant from which a novel anti-inflammatory benzoyl ester clerodane diterpenoid compound was obtained (compound name not disclosed), and it is in the development of topical medicines for inflammatory skin diseases. Medicinal plants in the tropics and those associated with indigenous knowledge of Aboriginal people could be a potential alternative source of novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma Yeshi
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gerry Turpin
- Tropical Herbarium of Australia, James Cook University, Building E1, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
| | - Tenzin Jamtsho
- Yangchenphug High School, Ministry of Education, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan;
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
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Ren Y, Cui GD, He LS, Yao H, Zi CY, Gao YX. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Rhizoma phragmitis: A Narrative Review. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:1127-1136. [PMID: 35319074 PMCID: PMC8940586 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhizoma phragmitis is a common Chinese herbal medicine whose effects are defined as ‘clearing heat and fire, promoting fluid production to quench thirst, eliminating irritability, stopping vomiting, and disinhibiting urine’. During the Novel Coronavirus epidemic in 2020, the Weijing Decoction and Wuye Lugen Decoction, with Rhizoma phragmitis as the main herbal component, were included in The Pneumonia Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Infection (Trial Version 5) due to remarkable antiviral effects. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Rhizoma phragmitis has antiviral, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypoglycemic functions, lowers blood lipids and protects the liver and kidney. This review aims to provide a systematic summary of the botany, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Rhizoma phragmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ren
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Ge-Dan Cui
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Li-Sha He
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huan Yao
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Chang-Yan Zi
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Gao
- International Education College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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