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Zhu Z, Zeng X, Shi X, Ma J, Liu X, Li Q. Transcription and Metabolic Profiling Analysis of Three Discolorations in a Day of Hibiscus mutabilis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1115. [PMID: 37626999 PMCID: PMC10452391 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used combined transcriptomics and metabolomics to analyze the H. mutabilis cultivar's genetic and physiological mechanisms during three flower color transition periods (from white to pink, then from pink to red) within the span of one day. As a result, 186 genes were found to be significantly increased with the deepening of the H. mutabilis flower color; these genes were mainly involved in the expression of peroxidase 30, zinc finger protein, phosphate transporter PHO1, etc. In contrast, 298 genes were significantly downregulated with the deepening of H. mutabilis flower color, including those involved in the expression of probable O-methyltransferase 3, copper binding protein 9, and heat stress transcription factor A-6b. Some genes showed differential expression strategies as the flower color gradually darkened. We further detected 19 metabolites that gradually increased with the deepening of the H. mutabilis flower color, including L-isoleucine, palmitic acid, L-methionine, and (+)-7-isonitrobenzene. The content of the metabolite hexadecanedioate decreased with the deepening of the H. mutabilis flower color. Combined transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that the metabolic pathways, including those related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and sulfur metabolism, appear to be closely related to H. mutabilis flower color transition. This study served as the first report on the genetic and physiological mechanisms of short-term H. mutabilis flower color transition and will promote the molecular breeding of ornamental cultivars of H. mutabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangshun Zhu
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Xinmei Zeng
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Xiaoqing Shi
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jiao Ma
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Chengdu Botanical Garden (Chengdu Park Urban Plant Science Research Institute), Chengdu 610083, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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Liu Z, An J, Lu Q, Yang C, Mu Y, Wei J, Hou Y, Meng X, Zhao Z, Lin M. Effects of Cadmium Stress on Carbon Sequestration and Oxygen Release Characteristics in A Landscaping Hyperaccumulator- Lonicera japonica Thunb. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2689. [PMID: 37514303 PMCID: PMC10385468 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The carbon sequestration and oxygen release of landscape plants are dominant ecological service functions, which can play an important role in reducing greenhouse gases, improving the urban heat island effect and achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In the present study, we are choosing Lonicera japonica Thunb. as a model plant to show the effects of Cd stress on growth, photosynthesis, carbon sequestration and oxygen release characteristics. Under 5 mg kg-1 of Cd treatment, the dry weight of roots and shoots biomass and the net photosynthetic rate (PN) in L. japonica had a significant increase, and with the increase in Cd treatment concentration, the dry weight of roots and shoots biomass and PN in the plant began to decrease. When the Cd treatment concentration was up to 125 mg kg-1, the dry weight of root and shoots biomass and PN in the plant decreased by 5.29%, 1.94% and 2.06%, and they had no significant decrease compared with the control, indicating that the plant still had a good ability for growth and photoenergy utilization even under high concentrations of Cd stress. The carbon sequestration and oxygen release functions in terms of diurnal assimilation amounts (P), carbon sequestration per unit leaf area (WCO2), oxygen release per unit leaf area (WO2), carbon sequestration per unit land area (PCO2) and oxygen release per unit land area (PO2) in L. japonica had a similar change trend with the photosynthesis responses under different concentrations of Cd treatments, which indicated that L. japonica as a landscaping Cd-hyperaccumulator, has a good ability for carbon sequestration and oxygen release even under high concentrations of Cd stress. The present study will provide a useful guideline for effectively developing the ecological service functions of landscaping hyperaccumulators under urban Cd-contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouli Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
- Northeast Geological S & T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Jing An
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qingxuan Lu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
- Northeast Geological S & T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Chuanjia Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yitao Mu
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Urban Construction University, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Jianbing Wei
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
- Northeast Geological S & T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yongxia Hou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
- Northeast Geological S & T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
- Northeast Geological S & T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
- Northeast Geological S & T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Maosen Lin
- College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
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Zhang Q, Fang H, Shang K. Effect of Exogenous Plant Debris and Microbial Agents on Phytoremediation of Copper-Contaminated Soil in Shanghai. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3056. [PMID: 36432785 PMCID: PMC9693022 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioaugmentation is an important measure for improving the efficiency of phytoremediation. The objective was to identify the role of exogenous plant debris with different processing and microbial agents for soil characteristics, copper bioavailability and phytoextraction. The experimental design consisted of four blocks, which were divided into 48 plots. Each plot was planted with Fraxinus chinensis and Salix matsudana × alba, which was added to plant composts, woody chips and effective microorganisms (EM) agents, using an orthogonal experimental design. The results showed that the order of bioaugmentation materials on the Cu phytoextraction of two woody species was plant composts > wood chips > EM agents. The best performance of F. chinensis was in the T15 treatment (30% plant composts + 7.5% wood chips + 40 mL·m−2), with phytoextraction of 33.66 mg·m−2, as well as 4.32 mg·m−2 in the T16 treatment (30% plant composts + 15% wood chips) of S. matsudana × alba. Cu was accumulated mainly in the roots of the two woody plants. The phytoextraction of the above-ground parts was promoted by bioaugmentation, due to the improvement in the physical soil characteristics and Cu bioavailability. The phytoextraction performance of F. chinensis was promoted by the improvement in the Cu concentration after treatments, while for S. matsudana × alba, it was the dry biomass. Thus, targeted strengthening measures should be to applied, to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Liu WZ, Xiao LY, Zhang K. First report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot on Hibiscus mutabilis in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 107:1631. [PMID: 36281018 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1249-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hibiscus mutabilis L. is a deciduous shrub native to China. Because of its ornamental value and ecological value, it has been widely cultivated in many provinces of China (Shang et al. 2020). In October 2021, leaf spot on Cotton rose with about 80% disease incidence was observed in Jinan (116.9408° N, 36.6688° E), Shandong, China. Symptoms first appear on leaves with small dark brown spots surrounded by yellow halos, then become irregular necrotic spots with yellow halos. The diseased leaf samples were packed in paper bags and transferred to the laboratory for isolation. The infected leaves were firstly surface-sterilized for 45 seconds in 75% ethanol, 1 min in 1% sodium hypochlorite, and 1 min in 75% ethanol, then rinsed for 2 min in distilled water and blotted on dry sterile filter paper. Then samples were cut into 5 × 5 mm pieces using a double-edge blade, and transferred onto the surface of potato dextrose agar (PDA; 200 g potatoes, 20 g dextrose, 20 g agar per L) and malt extract agar (MEA; 30 g malt extract, 5 g mycological peptone, 15 g agar per L), and incubated at 25 ◦C to obtain the pure culture. After 7 days of incubation, greyish fungal colonies appeared on PDA. Single-spore isolation method was employed to recover the pure cultures for six isolates. The colonies initially produce light gray aerial hyphae, which turn dark gray as they mature. Conidiophores (n=50) single or in small groups, straight or curved, sometime geniculate, 20-50 nm long, with scars. Conidia (n=50) were obclavate to pyriform and measured 15 to 60 μm long, 4 to 16 μm wide with 0 to 3 longitudinal, and 1 to 6 transverse septa with short beak (2-30 μm). The morphological characters matched those of Alternaria alternata (Simmons 2007). DNA was extracted from the fungal colonies using a Ezup Column Fungi Genomic DNA Purification Kit. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) were amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), gpd1/gpd2 (Berbee et al. 1999) and EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone & Kohn 1999). The obtained sequences were deposited in the GenBank (ITS: OM759881 and OM759882, GAPDH: ON376732 and ON376733, tef1: ON376730 and ON376731). The morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of the isolate matched the descriptin of A. alternata. To perform pathogenicity test, The seedlings of twenty 2-year-old potted H. mutabilis plants were inoculated by spraying conidial suspension at the concentration of 1 × 106 conidia/ml on both sides of leaves and ten plants sprayed with sterile water served as control. The test was repeated three times. All plants were covered with polyethylene covers and kept under the greenhouse at 26 ± 1 ℃. After six days, the inoculated plants showed the same symptoms as the original diseased plants and the controls remained asymptomatic. The fungal pathogen was reisolated from the artificially infected plants and confirmed as A. alternata based on morphocultural characteristics and PCR assays. The results indicated that A. alternata is a causal agent of the disease. The leaf spot disease of cotton rose caused by Nigrospora oryzae has already been reported from Sichuan, China (Han et al. 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of A. alternata affecting H. mutabilis plants. The identification could provide relevant information for adopting appropriate management strategies to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, ChinaJinan, Shandong, China, 250100;
| | - Jin Liu
- Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, 381719, Jinan, Shandong, China;
| | | | | | - Kai Zhang
- Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, 381719, College of Forestry Engineering, Jinan, Shandong, China;
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Lamontagne J, Sas E, Vincent G, Shang K, Pitre FE, Labrecque M. Valuable alkaloids content is preserved in Camptotheca acuminata and Morus alba grown in trace elements contaminated soil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 24:1533-1542. [PMID: 35234104 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2043238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytoextraction of trace elements (TE) using woody species is an economically challenging soil remediation approach because of the long time needed. Yet, some trees contain alkaloids that can be exploited along structural components to enhance biomass value. As alkaloids are thought to be involved in plant defence mechanisms, we hypothesized that potentially hostile phytoremediation conditions could increase their level. Camptothecin in Camptotheca acuminata and 1-deoxynojirimycin in Morus alba were measured from trees grown in a field in presence of Cu, Pb and Zn all together, and from M. alba grown in a greenhouse in presence of Cd or other abiotic stressors (NaCl and bending). The trees did not extract TE in the field, but M. alba stems accumulated Cd in the greenhouse experiment, with no consequence on stomatal conductance and leaves pigments concentration. Camptothecin and 1-deoxynojirimycin concentrations were preserved under all experimental conditions, as was biomass yield, and phenolics were slightly increased in M. alba exposed to TE. This study provides evidence that valuable and persistent alkaloids and phenolics can be extracted from trees facing phytoremediation-associated stresses, without a negative impact on their quantity and on biomass yield. Such products could generate a sustainable stream of revenues during phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lamontagne
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Eszter Sas
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Gilles Vincent
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Kankan Shang
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Frédéric E Pitre
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Montréal Botanical Garden, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michel Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Montréal Botanical Garden, Montréal, Canada
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Potentially Toxic Metals in the High-Biomass Non-Hyperaccumulating Plant Amaranthus viridis: Human Health Risks and Phytoremediation Potentials. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030389. [PMID: 35336763 PMCID: PMC8945204 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human health risk and phytoremediation of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in the edible vegetables have been widely discussed recently. This study aimed to determine the concentrations of four PTMs, namely Cd, Fe, Ni, and Zn) in Amaranthus viridis (leaves, stems, and roots) collected from 11 sampling sites in Peninsular Malaysia and to assess their human health risk (HHR). In general, the metal levels followed the order: roots > stems > leaves. The metal concentrations (µg/g) in the leaves of A. viridis ranged from 0.45 to 2.18 dry weight (dw) (0.05−0.26 wet weight (ww)), 74.8 to 535 dw (8.97−64.2 ww), 2.02 to 7.45 dw (0.24−0.89 ww), and 65.2 to 521 dw (7.83−62.6 ww), for Cd, Fe, Ni, and Zn, respectively. The positive relationships between the metals, the plant parts, and the geochemical factions of their habitat topsoils indicated the potential of A. viridis as a good biomonitor of Cd, Fe, and Ni pollution. With most of the values of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 1.0 and the transfer factor (TF) > 1.0, A. viridis was a very promising phytoextraction agent of Ni and Zn. Additionally, with most of the values of BCF > 1.0 and TF < 1.0, A. viridis was a very promising phytostabiliser of Cd and Fe. With respect to HHR, the target hazard quotients (THQ) for Cd, Fe, Pb, and Zn in the leaves of A. viridis were all below 1.00, indicating there were no non-carcinogenic risks of the four metals to consumers, including children and adults. Nevertheless, routine monitoring of PTMs in Amaranthus farms is much needed.
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Li F, Shao L, Chen Y, Zhang G, Nie Q, Jin Z. Leaching characteristic of potentially toxic metals of artificial soil made from municipal sludge compost. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:128632. [PMID: 33757272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Landscaping of municipal sludge is a good choice to solve the sludge disposal problem, and EDTA treatment can effectively promote the uptake of heavy metals (HMs) by plants, but the heavy metal leaching process and its main control factors are still poorly understood during the sludge landscaping disposal. In this study, the migration behavior of HMs in artificial soil made from municipal sludge compost (MSC) were investigated using soil column experiments. After six leaching events for a total of one year's rainfall, the average reduction percentage of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic matter in the MSC artificial soil were 13.4%, 10.1%, and 7.8%, respectively, while those of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, nickel were 12.9%, 8.37%, 11.5%, 5.94%, and 10.7%, respectively. Treating ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to the MSC artificial soil further enhanced the leach index of HMs to different degrees. HM concentration in leachate were increased with peak times postponed. Though EDTA treatment increased HM concentrations in subsoil, it did not change their water washing efficiency. The retention of HMs in subsoil was related to properties of local soil and its interaction with leachate. The potential ecological risk was of quite strong risk category in the MSC artificial soil and rapidly decreased from moderate to slight risk in subsoil. Cadmium was the main contribution accounting for 46%-93% of ecological risk. For landscaping applications, the composition of MSC artificial soil and local soil, as well as the capacity of the surrounding water, needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feili Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Luze Shao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yihao Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Qingting Nie
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zanfang Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Fortin Faubert M, Hijri M, Labrecque M. Short Rotation Intensive Culture of Willow, Spent Mushroom Substrate and Ramial Chipped Wood for Bioremediation of a Contaminated Site Used for Land Farming Activities of a Former Petrochemical Plant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:520. [PMID: 33802206 PMCID: PMC7999893 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the bioremediation impacts of willows grown in short rotation intensive culture (SRIC) and supplemented or not with spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and ramial chipped wood (RCW). Results did not show that SMS significantly improved either biomass production or phytoremediation efficiency. After the three growing seasons, RCW-amended S. miyabeana accumulated significantly more Zn in the shoots, and greater increases of some PAHs were found in the soil of RCW-amended plots than in the soil of the two other ground cover treatments' plots. Significantly higher Cd concentrations were found in the shoots of cultivar 'SX61'. The results suggest that 'SX61' have reduced the natural attenuation of C10-C50 that occurred in the unvegetated control plots. The presence of willows also tended to increase the total soil concentrations of PCBs. Furthermore, we found that many contaminant concentrations were subject to seasonal oscillations, showing average increases throughout the whole experimental site after a growing period, while showing significantly different variations, such as lesser increases or even decreases, after a dormant period. These observations suggest that contaminants may have leached or degraded faster in untreated conditions, and conversely to have mobilized towards trees through water flow driven by plant transpiration during growing seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fortin Faubert
- Institut de Recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin Botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (M.F.F.); (M.H.)
| | - Mohamed Hijri
- Institut de Recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin Botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (M.F.F.); (M.H.)
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Michel Labrecque
- Institut de Recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin Botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (M.F.F.); (M.H.)
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Han S, Yu S, Zhu T, Li S, Qiao T, Liu Y, Lin T, Yang C. Nigrospora oryzae Causing Black Leaf Spot Disease of Hibiscus mutabilis in China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2255. [PMID: 33507098 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-20-1796-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis Linn.) is a deciduous shrub native to China. It has been widely cultivated in many provinces in China for its ornamental and ecological value (Shang et al., 2020). In May 2017, an unknown leaf spot symptom was first observed on H. mutabilis at the Chengdu Campus of Sichuan Agricultural University (30°42'31″ N, 103°51'28″ E). The disease occurred from May to September with approximately 81% incidence by field sample survey of 300 plants in Chengdu Greenway. The symptoms at first appeared as irregular black spots on the leaves. Then the lesions grew and coalesced into large, black necrotic areas, which later produced leaf chlorosis and abscission (Fig. 1-A). This disease seriously reduced the ornamental value of H. mutabilis. Forty diseased lesions (4 × 5 mm) were surface sterilized with 75% alcohol for 60 s and 3% NaClO for 45 s, rinsed three times in sterile water, placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and then incubated in a dark at 25°C. From the 7 obtained isolates, 4 isolates exhibited the morphology described as Nigrospora oryzae (Hao et al., 2020). The fungus produced initially circular white colonies, and then the centers turned dark gray or black with age on the PDA. Hyphae were smooth, branched, septate, hyaline, or pale brown. Conidia (N = 100 spores) were abundant, and were solitary, dark-brown to black, smooth, aseptate, and measured 11 to 15 μm in diameter (Fig. 1). DNA was extracted from the fungal colonies using a DNeasyTM Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen). The internally transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin gene (TUB), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990), BT2A/BT2B (Glass and Donaldson 1995), and EF1-728F/EF1-986R (O'Donnell et al., 1998; Carbone and Kohn 1999), respectively. BLAST results indicated that the ITS, TUB, and TEF1 sequences (GenBank accession Nos. MN515070, MN733956, and MN635723, respectively) had 99% identity with N. oryzae sequences (GenBank accession Nos. KX986031, KY019553, and KY019358). The result was confirmed by multilocus phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 2). The morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of the isolate matched the description of N. oryzae. To confirm pathogenicity, Koch's postulates were fulfilled under controlle conditions. The seedlings of 20 two-year-old potted H. mutabilis plants were inoculated by spraying conidial suspension at the concentration of 1 × 106 conidia/ml on both sides of leaves. Sterilized distilled water (20 seedlings) were used as negative controls. The experiment was performed three times. All plants were incubated at 25°C ± 2°C under a 16 h/8 h photoperiod and 70%-75% relative humidity (RH) after inoculation, and observed daily for disease development. Two weeks later, the inoculated plants showed the same symptoms as the original diseased plants and the controls remained asymptomatic. The pathogen N. oryzae was re-isolated from all ioculated plants, and the culture and fungus characteristics were the same as those of the original isolate. But N. oryzae was not isolated from the control plants. The results indicated that N. oryzae is a causal agent of the disease. N. oryzae was reported as a leaf pathogen on cotton (Zhang et al., 2012), but this is the first report of N. oryzae causing leaf black spot on H. mutabilis in the world. The identification could provide relevant information for adopting appropriate management strategies to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Han
- Sichuan Agricultural University, College of Forestry, No. 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, United States, 611130
- No. 211 Huimin RoadChengdu, 611130;
| | - Shutian Yu
- Sichuan Agricultural University - Chengdu Campus, 506176, College of Forestry, Chengdu, Sichuan, China;
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- Sichuan Agricultural University - Chengdu Campus, 506176, College of Forestry, Chengdu, Sichuan, China;
| | - Shujiang Li
- Sichuan Agricultural University, College of Forestry, No.211, Huimin Road,, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China, 611130;
| | - Tianmin Qiao
- Sichuan Agricultural University - Chengdu Campus, 506176, College of Forestry, Chengdu, Sichuan, China;
| | | | - Tiantian Lin
- Sichuan Agricultural University, 12529, College of Forestry, Huimin road 211, Chengdu, China, 611130;
| | - Chunlin Yang
- Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130;
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Labrecque M, Hu Y, Vincent G, Shang K. The use of willow microcuttings for phytoremediation in a copper, zinc and lead contaminated field trial in Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 22:1331-1337. [PMID: 32538116 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1773758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A phytoremediation approach using willow microcuttings was tested on a large experimental site spiked with Cu, Pb and Zn. The objective was to verify if this approach allows plant establishment and effective extraction of contaminants. The experimental design consisted of four blocks divided into three plots, in which treatments (salts of the three metals) were randomly applied. Each plot was also subdivided to verify the effect of adding diverse compost treatments: no compost, vegetable garden waste compost (Compost 1), food waste compost (Compost 2) and a mix of Composts 1 and 2. Willow microcuttings (Salix matsudana × alba) were scattered on the plots at a density of 60 m-2. Nine months after the implementation, the number of stems developed, yield and concentration of metals in the aerial parts of the willows were measured. The presence of a contaminant did not affect the number of stems developed. However, the presence of Compost 1 had a significant effect on the number of stems produced as well as on the biomass. Among the three metals, Zn was the element found in highest concentration in willow tissues. An estimated minimum 300 g of Zn per hectare per year could be removed using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Montréal Botanical Garden, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yonghong Hu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Gilles Vincent
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Kankan Shang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
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