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Khalifa MK, Bakr NM, Ramadan A, Abd Elwahab KM, Desoky E, Nageeb AM, Swellam M. Implications of targeted next-generation sequencing for bladder cancer: report of four cases. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:91. [PMID: 34152511 PMCID: PMC8217481 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is considered heterogeneous diseases with two major subgroups: non-muscle- invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). It is a major healthcare problem, and it is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Genetic mutations are not only a cause for carcinogenesis but are also a way for treatment strategy. The present study aimed to investigate breast cancer (BRCA genes) tumor suppressor gene mutations in bladder cancer tissue and combined blood samples for patients who developed secondary tumor after or during trimodal therapy. Fresh tissue samples and their matched blood samples were collected from four patients with bladder cancer. The objective regions for the examined genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) were sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS); generated BAM files were uploaded to the cloud-based Ionreporter server, and the Oncomine BRCA-specific plugin was used to analyze the paired normal and tumor sample for each patient using the default plugin parameters. RESULTS Intronic BRCA1 mutation c.5050-104 C >T was reported among the four investigated bladder cancer patients, and three somatic mutations were reported as follows: two of them were found to be benign rs1064793056 and rs28897679 on the Clinivar database and one nonsense pathogenic variant rs80357006. BRCA 2 gene mutation reported an exonic synonymous mutation rs397507876 in the tissue and germline DNA. Patients were treated with trimodal; however, three bladder cancer patients who reported BRCA mutations developed secondary tumors. CONCLUSION Identification of mutational BRCA changes in bladder cancer is a promising marker for better treatment strategy. Further studies are encouraged on a large cohort of bladder cancer patients to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noha M Bakr
- Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
- High Throughput Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, Center for Excellences for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Amal Ramadan
- Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
- High Throughput Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, Center for Excellences for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Esam Desoky
- Urology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira M Nageeb
- Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
- High Throughput Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, Center for Excellences for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Menha Swellam
- Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
- High Throughput Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, Center for Excellences for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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Chakrabarti S, Wintheiser G, Tella SH, Oxencis C, Mahipal A. TAS-102: A resurrected novel Fluoropyrimidine with expanding role in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107823. [PMID: 33667525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TAS-102 is an orally administered fixed-dose formulation consisting of trifluorothymidine (TFT), a fluoropyrimidine antimetabolite, and tipiracil (TPI), an inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) that prevents rapid degradation of TFT and ensures its bioavailability. The novelty of TAS-102 lies in its antitumor activity against 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistant tumors, demonstrated both in the in vitro models and xenografts. The cytotoxic activity of TFT relies primarily on extensive incorporation of the TFT metabolite into the cellular DNA inducing DNA dysfunction and cell death. In contrast, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) interferes with DNA biosynthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthase(TS), which partly explains the absence of cross-resistance between TAS-102 and 5-FU. TAS-102 is currently approved in the third-line setting for patients with metastatic colorectal and gastric cancer based on phase III randomized clinical trial data confirming an overall survival benefit with TAS-102. The preliminary data from recently reported studies suggest a potential expanding role of TAS-102 in a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The current article presents an overview of the pharmacology, clinical development of TAS-102, and its emerging role in the treatment of GI cancers. In addition, we discussed the rationale underlying the ongoing clinical trials investigating various combinations of TAS-102 with other anticancer agents, including targeted therapies, in a wide range of GI tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakti Chakrabarti
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Grant Wintheiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Sri Harsha Tella
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Oxencis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Amit Mahipal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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Kuang S, Li H, Feng J, Xu S, Le Y. Correlation of BRCA2 gene mutation and prognosis as well as variant genes in invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Biomark 2019; 25:203-212. [PMID: 31045513 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-182379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the correlation of BRCA2 gene mutation and prognosis as well as variant genes in patients with invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. It predicted and explored the possible mechanism and clinical value of BRCA2 in the occurrence and development of tumors. METHODS Data sets of patients with bladder cancer were collected from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Also the gene expression profile data and clinical information of the BRCA2 mutation group and non-BRCA2 mutation group were downloaded. RESULTS The prognosis of the BRCA2 mutation group was better than that of the non-mutant group. Among the down-regulated genes, the following genes showed significant differences between the two groups: CCL22, CYP2B6, CYP2E1, CYP4F2, HTR1E, HTR1F, KLRC1, NAPSA, SELL, SFTPA1, SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPC and STRA8, while the following genes among the up-regulated genes showed significant differences between the two groups: ELAVL3, NOTUM, TRH and VIP. Meanwhile, the following gene sets were highly enriched in BRCA2: cell cycle, DNA replication, homologous recombination, oocyte meiosis, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, base excision repair, progestin mediated oocyte maturation, basal transcription factor, biosynthesis of N polysaccharide, mismatch repair, sliceosome, purine metabolism as well as P53 and neurotrophic factor signaling pathway, etc.CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that the BRCA2 gene mutation is a good prognostic factor and can be used as a gene to predict the prognosis in the bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihang Kuang
- Urology Department, Longgang District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Huafu Li
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Dermatovenerology Digestive Medicine Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Urology Department, Longgang District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Sijun Xu
- Urology Department, Longgang District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Youwei Le
- Urology Department, Longgang District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
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Turnbull T, Douglass M, Williamson NH, Howard D, Bhardwaj R, Lawrence M, Paterson DJ, Bezak E, Thierry B, Kempson IM. Cross-Correlative Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Biological Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Radiosensitization. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5077-5090. [PMID: 31009200 PMCID: PMC6546286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle radiosensitization has been demonstrated well to enhance the effects of radiotherapy, motivate the improvement of therapeutic ratios, and decrease morbidity in cancer treatment. A significant challenge exists in optimizing formulations and translation due to insufficient knowledge of the associated mechanisms, which have historically been limited to physical concepts. Here, we investigated a concept for the role of biological mechanisms. The mere presence of gold nanoparticles led to a down-regulation of thymidylate synthase, important for DNA damage repair in the radioresistant S-phase cells. By developing a cross-correlative methodology to reveal probabilistic gold nanoparticle uptake by cell sub-populations and the associated sensitization as a function of the uptake, a number of revealing observations have been achieved. Surprisingly, for low numbers of nanoparticles, a desensitization action was observed. Sensitization was discovered to preferentially impact S-phase cells, in which impairment of the DNA damage response by the homologous recombination pathway dominates. This small but radioresistant cell population correlates with much greater proliferative ability. Thus, a paradigm is presented whereby enhanced DNA damage is not necessarily due to an increase in the number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) created but can be from a nanoparticle-induced impairment of the damage response by down-regulating repair proteins such as thymidylate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyron Turnbull
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Michael Douglass
- Department of Medical Physics , Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide , South Australia 5000 , Australia
- Department of Physics , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Nathan H Williamson
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, NICHD , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Douglas Howard
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Richa Bhardwaj
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Critical Care Medicine , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia 5042 , Australia
| | | | - Eva Bezak
- Department of Physics , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Ivan M Kempson
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
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Matsuoka K, Kobunai T, Nukatsuka M, Takechi T. Improved chemoradiation treatment using trifluridine in human colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:249-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sarkisjan D, van den Berg J, Smit E, Lee YB, Kim DJ, Peters GJ. The radiosensitizing effect of fluorocyclopentenyl-cytosine (RX-3117) in ovarian and lung cancer cell lines. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 35:619-630. [PMID: 27906620 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1216565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RX-3117 (fluorocyclopentenyl-cytosine) is a novel cytidine analog currently being evaluated in a Phase Ib clinical trial in cancer patients with solid tumors. The radiosensitizing effect of RX-3117 was studied in A2780 ovarian cancer cells and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and related to cell survival and the effect on cell cycle and cell cycle proteins. RX-3117 has a schedule-dependent radiosensitizing effect, but only at pre-incubation (dose modifying factors: 1.4-1.8), observed at pulse and fractionated irradiation. Radiosensitizion was also seen in a three-dimensional spheroid model. At the low radiosensitizing concentration, RX-3117 in combination with radiation led to an accumulation of cells in S-phase, which was accompanied with an increase of cell cycle proteins such as p-Chk2 and p-cdc25C. In addition, RX-3117 caused DNA damage and increased apoptosis. In conclusion, our in vitro experiments showed a radiosensitizing effect of RX-3117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzjemma Sarkisjan
- a Department of Medical Oncology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jaap van den Berg
- b Department of Radio Therapy , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Evelyn Smit
- a Department of Medical Oncology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Young B Lee
- c Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Rockville , Maryland , USA
| | - Deog J Kim
- c Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Rockville , Maryland , USA
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- a Department of Medical Oncology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Peters GJ. Therapeutic potential of TAS-102 in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2015; 7:340-56. [PMID: 26557901 PMCID: PMC4622302 DOI: 10.1177/1758834015603313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoropyrimidines form the mainstay in treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. For decades 5-fluorouracil (5FU), was the major fluoropyrimidine. Currently it is usually given in a combination with leucovorin and oxaliplatin, i.e. FOLFOX, or irinotecan, i.e. FOLFIRI, or all three, i.e. FOLFIRINOX, but gradually it has been replaced by oral fluoropyrimidine prodrug formulations, such as tegafur-uracil and S-1 (both contain ftorafur), and capecitabine (Xeloda®). Novel drugs such as the antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody, bevacizumab, and the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody, cetuximab, are often combined with one of these treatment options. However, when resistance emerged, no alternatives were available. TAS-102, a combination of trifluorothymidine and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor TPI in a 1:0.5 ratio, is a novel oral formulation, which is active in 5FU-resistant models, both in vitro and in xenograft models. In addition to inhibition of thymidylate synthase, the major mechanism of action of classical fluoropyrimidines, TAS-102's major mechanism of action is incorporation into DNA, thereby causing DNA damage. TAS-102 also follows an alternative activation pathway via thymidine kinase, and is not a substrate for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. All together this explains the efficacy in 5FU-resistant models. In early clinical studies, the twice-daily schedule (5 days on, 2 days rest) for 2 weeks every 4 weeks, led to a significant disease control rate in various malignancies. This schedule showed consistent activity in two randomized trials on fluoropyrimidine refractory colorectal cancer patients, reflected by an increase of 2-3 months in overall survival in the TAS-102 group compared with placebo. Considering the impressive preclinical potential of various combinations TAS-102 has the promise to become an alternative for 5FU-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Barai S, Gambhir S, Rastogi N, Mandani A, Siddegowda M. Effects of low-dose capecitabine on Samarium-153-EDTMP therapy for painful bone metastases. Indian J Nucl Med 2015; 30:111-5. [PMID: 25829727 PMCID: PMC4379668 DOI: 10.4103/0972-3919.152955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Samarium-153 (Sm-153)-EDTMP is routinely used for pain palliation in skeletal metastasis, however most patients report partial response. Many strategies have been contemplated to make radiation therapy for pain more effective, one of them being the use of radiosensitizers. Capecitabine is a chemotherapeutic drug and is routinely combined with external beam radiation to make the target more radio-sensitive. Aim of the study was to evaluate whether combining capecitabine in radiosensitizing dose with Sm-153-EDTMP produces superior analgesia compared to Sm alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-four patients with skeletal metastases from various primaries were randomized into two groups: The study group received 1 mCi/kg Sm-153-EDTMP plus capecitabine (1,650 mg/m(2)) orally for 8 days (equivalent to four t ½ of (153)Sm-EDTMP) and the control arm received 1 mCi/kg Sm-153-EDTMP plus placebo for the 8 days. After treatment, the patients were followed up for 12 weeks to evaluate the degree and duration of pain palliation and hematologic toxicity. RESULTS All 44 patients reported different degrees of pain relief with none reporting complete pain relief for the entire duration of 12 weeks posttherapy observation period. However the level of pain relief obtained in study arm was significantly better than the control arm with mean posttherapy pain score being 1.29 ± 1.05 and 3.59 ± 2.77 respectively with P of 0.001. Transient and mild hematologic toxicity, as determined by World Health Organization criteria, was apparent in both arms without significant differences. CONCLUSION The addition of a low-dose of capecitabine significantly enhances the analgesic effect of Sm-153 without any additional side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Barai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Gambhir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Mandani
- Department of Urology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Murthy Siddegowda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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