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Quintal A, Hotte É, Hébert C, Carreau I, Grenier AD, Berthiaume Y, Racine E. Understanding Rare Disease Experiences Through the Concept of Morally Problematic Situations. HEC Forum 2024; 36:441-478. [PMID: 37515692 DOI: 10.1007/s10730-023-09511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Rare diseases, defined as having a prevalence inferior to 1/2000, are poorly understood scientifically and medically. Appropriate diagnoses and treatments are scarce, adding to the burden of living with chronic medical conditions. The moral significance of rare disease experiences is often overlooked in qualitative studies conducted with adults living with rare diseases. The concept of morally problematic situations arising from pragmatist ethics shows promise in understanding these experiences. The objectives of this study were to (1) acquire an in-depth understanding of morally problematic situations experienced by adults living with rare diseases in the province of Québec and (2) to develop an integrative model of the concept of morally problematic situations. To this end, an online survey targeting this population was developed through a participatory action research project. Respondents provided 90 long testimonies on the most important morally problematic situations they faced, often in healthcare settings. An integrative model was developed based on various qualitative analyses of these testimonies and relevant literature. The integrative model showcases that morally problematic situations have causes (i.e., contextual and relational factors, personal factors, jeopardized valuations), have affective repercussions (i.e., emotions and feelings, internal tensions), prompt action (i.e., through empowerment strategies leading to the evolution of situations), and elicit outcomes (i.e., factual consequences, residual emotions and feelings, positive or negative resolutions). In sum, this study advances understanding of the moral experiences of adults living with rare diseases while proposing a comprehensive conceptual tool to guide future empirical bioethics research on moral experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Quintal
- Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Élissa Hotte
- Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Hébert
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Carreau
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie-Danielle Grenier
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Berthiaume
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Racine
- Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Perron C, Racine E, Bouthillier ME. Medical Assistance in Dying in Quebec: A Continuum Between Teams' Accountability and Interdisciplinary Support Groups' Assumption of Responsibility. Int J Public Health 2024; 69:1607407. [PMID: 39267773 PMCID: PMC11390442 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1607407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives In the province of Quebec, Canada, interdisciplinary support groups (ISGs) are mandated to support those who are involved in the clinical, administrative, legal and ethical aspects of medical assistance in dying (MAiD). This article presents the results of a mixed-method, multi-phase study carried out in 2021 on ISGs with the aim to describe current ISG practices, critically analyze them and make recommendations on promising practices for provincial implementation. Method Semi-structured interviews (42) and focus groups (7) with coordinators of 24 ISGs were used to identify promising practices and confirm their utility with participants. Results We have distributed the ISGs along what we coined an "ISG continuum." Between teams' accountability (decentralization) and ISGs' assumption of responsibility for MAiD requests (centralization), a middle ground approach, focused on the value of support, should be favored. Conclusion The structuring of ISGs and their practices is intimately linked to their values. Harmonization of ISGs and their practices, while considering their specific values and contexts, can contribute to the equity and quality of services intended for those who request MAiD and those who support them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Perron
- Centre Integre de Sante et de Services Sociaux de Laval, Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Racine
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Bouthillier
- Centre Integre de Sante et de Services Sociaux de Laval, Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Quintal A, Carreau I, Grenier AD, Hébert C, Yergeau C, Berthiaume Y, Racine E. An Ethics Action Plan for Rare Disease Care: Participatory Action Research Approach. J Particip Med 2023; 15:e46607. [PMID: 37995128 DOI: 10.2196/46607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to their low prevalence, rare diseases are poorly addressed in the scientific literature and clinical practice guidelines. Thus, health care workers are inadequately equipped to provide timely diagnoses, appropriate treatment, and support for these poorly understood conditions. These clinical tribulations are experienced as moral challenges by patients, jeopardizing their life trajectories, dreams, and aspirations. OBJECTIVE This paper presents an ethical action plan for rare disease care and the process underlying its development. METHODS This action plan was designed through an ethical inquiry conducted by the Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, which included 3 patient partners, 2 clinician researchers, and 1 representative from Québec's rare disease association. RESULTS The plan is structured into 4 components. Component A presents the key moral challenges encountered by patients, which are the lack of knowledge on rare diseases among health care workers, the problematic attitudes that it sometimes elicits, and the distress and powerlessness experienced by patients. Component B emphasizes a vision for patient partnership in rare disease care characterized by open-mindedness, empathy, respect, and support of patient autonomy from health care workers. Component C outlines 2 courses of action prompted by this vision: raising awareness among health care workers and empowering patients to better navigate their care. Component D compares several interventions that could help integrate these 2 courses of action in rare disease care. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this action plan represents a toolbox that provides a review of multiple possible interventions for policy makers, hospital managers, practitioners, researchers, and patient associations to critically reflect on key moral challenges experienced by patients with rare diseases and ways to mitigate them. This paper also prompts reflection on the values underlying rare disease care, patient experiences, and health care workers' beliefs and behaviors. Health care workers and patients were the primary beneficiaries of this action plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Quintal
- Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Carreau
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie-Danielle Grenier
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Hébert
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Yergeau
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Regroupement québécois des maladies orphelines, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Berthiaume
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Racine
- Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Jones-Eversley SD, Rice Ll J, Adedoyin AC, James-Townes L. A Pragmatic Epidemiological Approach to Confronting the Genocidal Death Effect of Homicide and Suicide among Young Black Males in the United States. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 35:47-67. [PMID: 32156202 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2020.1736705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genocide is a dehumanizing crime that threatens the welfare of any civilized society. Yet, before the annihilation of any targeted human group, the collective outcomes of the genocidal process (e.g., systemic desecrations) and genocidal death effect (e.g., years of mass deaths and death disparities) have often gone undetected, underestimated, or ignored by public health and human rights advocates. From1950-2010, the mass homicide-suicide killings engendering the premature deaths of Black males, ages15-24 years, corroborate that aspects of the genocidal process and genocidal death effect are happening in America. The mass killings of young Black males from these preventable homicide and suicide deaths are ethically alarming, and the determinants of death impacting their premature deaths command immediate primordial prevention and reinforced prevention efforts. An epidemiological genocide prevention matrix is explored as an innovative approach to address, prevent, and research premature deaths resulting from homicide and suicide, and genocidal death effect of young Black males. Undergirded by the Theory of Epidemiologic Transition, this article also examines the mass killings of young Black males through the genocidal and pragmatic lens. Death disparities, determinants of death, and genocidal death effect definitions are operationalized, and the Genocidal Death Effect Conceptual Framework is debuted in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D Jones-Eversley
- Department of Family Studies and Community Development, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Johnny Rice Ll
- Department of Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement, Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A Christson Adedoyin
- Department of Social Work,School of Public Health, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lori James-Townes
- Department of Family Studies and Community Development, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
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Racine E, Cascio MA, Montreuil M, Bogossian A. Instrumentalist analyses of the functions of ethics concept-principles: a proposal for synergetic empirical and conceptual enrichment. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2019; 40:253-278. [PMID: 31587142 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-019-09502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioethics has made a compelling case for the role of experience and empirical research in ethics. This may explain why the movement for empirical ethics has such a firm grounding in bioethics. However, the theoretical framework according to which empirical research contributes to ethics-and the specific role(s) it can or should play-remains manifold and unclear. In this paper, we build from pragmatic theory stressing the importance of experience and outcomes in establishing the meaning of ethics concepts. We then propose three methodological steps according to which the meaning of ethics concepts can be refined based on experience and empirical research: (1) function identification, (2) function enrichment, and (3) function testing. These steps are explained and situated within the broader commitment of pragmatic ethics to a perspective of moral growth and human flourishing (eudaimonia). We hope that this proposal will give specific direction to the bridging of theoretical and empirical research in ethics and thus support stronger actualization of ethics concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Racine
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - M Ariel Cascio
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Marjorie Montreuil
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Aline Bogossian
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Cascio MA, Racine E. Person-oriented research ethics: integrating relational and everyday ethics in research. Account Res 2018; 25:170-197. [PMID: 29451025 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2018.1442218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Research ethics is often understood by researchers primarily through the regulatory framework reflected in the research ethics review process. This regulatory understanding does not encompass the range of ethical considerations in research, notably those associated with the relational and everyday aspects of human subject research. In order to support researchers in their effort to adopt a broader lens, this article presents a "person-oriented research ethics" approach. Five practical guideposts of person-oriented research ethics are identified, as follows: (1) respect for holistic personhood; (2) acknowledgement of lived world; (3) individualization; (4) focus on researcher-participant relationships; and (5) empowerment in decision-making. These guideposts are defined and illustrated with respect to different aspects of the research process (e.g., research design, recruitment, data collection). The person-oriented research ethics approach provides a toolkit to individual researchers, research groups, and research institutions in both biomedical and social science research wishing to expand their commitment to ethics in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Cascio
- a Neuroethics Research Unit , Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b Neurology and Neurosurgery and Division of Experimental Medicine (Biomedical Ethics Unit) , McGill University, Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Eric Racine
- a Neuroethics Research Unit , Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b Neurology and Neurosurgery and Division of Experimental Medicine (Biomedical Ethics Unit) , McGill University, Montréal, Québec , Canada.,c Department of Medicine and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine , Université de Montréal, Montréal , Québec , Canada
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7
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Whitney SN. Institutional review boards: A flawed system of risk management. RESEARCH ETHICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1747016116649993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and their federal overseers protect human subjects, but this vital work is often dysfunctional despite their conscientious efforts. A cardinal, but unrecognized, explanation is that IRBs are performing a specific function – the management of risk – using a flawed theoretical and practical approach. At the time of the IRB system’s creation, risk management theory emphasized the suppression of risk. Since then, scholars of governance, studying the experience of business and government, have learned that we must distinguish pure from opportunity risks. Pure risks should be suppressed. Some opportunity risks, in contrast, must be accepted if the institution is to meet its goals. Contemporary theory shows how institutions may make these decisions wisely. It also shows how a sound organizational understanding of risk, a proper locus of responsibility, and appropriate institutional oversight all contribute to effective risk management. We can apply this general theory, developed in other contexts, to the problems of the IRB system. Doing so provides a unifying explanation for IRBs’ disparate dysfunctions by spotlighting five related deficiencies in IRB theory and structure. These deficiencies are (i) inability to focus on greater risks, (ii) loss of balanced theory, (iii) inaccessibility to guidance from senior leadership, (iv) unbalanced federal oversight, and (v) inflexibility. These flaws are deeply rooted in the system, and superficial reform cannot resolve them. Congress should overhaul the system to meet contemporary standards of risk management; this would benefit subjects, scientists, and the public that needs the fruits of research.
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Clyburne-Sherin AVP, Thurairajah P, Kapadia MZ, Sampson M, Chan WWY, Offringa M. Recommendations and evidence for reporting items in pediatric clinical trial protocols and reports: two systematic reviews. Trials 2015; 16:417. [PMID: 26385379 PMCID: PMC4574457 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete and transparent reporting of clinical trial protocols and reports ensures that these documents are useful to all stakeholders, that bias is minimized, and that the research is not wasted. However, current studies repeatedly conclude that pediatric trial protocols and reports are not appropriately reported. Guidelines like SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) and CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) may improve reporting, but do not offer guidance on issues unique to pediatric trials. This paper reports two systematic reviews conducted to build the evidence base for the development of pediatric reporting guideline extensions: 1) SPIRIT-Children (SPIRIT-C) for pediatric trial protocols, and 2) CONSORT-Children (CONSORT-C) for pediatric trial reports. METHOD MEDLINE, the Cochrane Methodology Register, and reference lists of included studies were searched. Publications of any type were eligible if they included explicit recommendations or empirical evidence for the reporting of potential items in a pediatric protocol (SPIRIT-C systematic review) or trial report (CONSORT-C systematic review). Study characteristics, recommendations and evidence for pediatric extension items were extracted. Recurrent themes in the recommendations and evidence were identified and synthesized. All steps were conducted by two reviewers. RESULTS For the SPIRIT-C and CONSORT-C systematic reviews 366 and 429 publications were included, respectively. Recommendations were identified for 48 of 50 original reporting items and sub-items from SPIRIT, 15 of 20 potential SPIRIT-C reporting items, all 37 original CONSORT items and sub-items, and 16 of 22 potential CONSORT-C reporting items. The following overarching themes of evidence to support or refute the utility of reporting items were identified: transparency; reproducibility; interpretability; usefulness; internal validity; external validity; reporting bias; publication bias; accountability; scientific soundness; and research ethics. CONCLUSION These systematic reviews are the first to systematically gather evidence and recommendations for the reporting of specific items in pediatric protocols and trials. They provide useful and translatable evidence on which to build pediatric extensions to the SPIRIT and CONSORT reporting guidelines. The resulting SPIRIT-C and CONSORT-C will provide guidance to the authors of pediatric protocols and reports, respectively, helping to alleviate concerns of inappropriate and inconsistent reporting, and reduce research waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- April V P Clyburne-Sherin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Pravheen Thurairajah
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Mufiza Z Kapadia
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Margaret Sampson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Winnie W Y Chan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Martin Offringa
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Senior Scientist and Program Head Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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McCambridge J, Kypri K, Bendtsen P, Porter J. Deception in research is morally problematic … and so too is not using it morally: reply to open peer commentaries on "the use of deception in public health behavioral intervention trials: a case study of three online alcohol trials". THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2014; 14:W9-W12. [PMID: 24422939 PMCID: PMC3929177 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2014.862418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Porter
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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McCambridge J, Kypri K, Bendtsen P, Porter J. The use of deception in public health behavioral intervention trials: a case study of three online alcohol trials. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2013; 13:39-47. [PMID: 24161181 PMCID: PMC3856517 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.839751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some public health behavioral intervention research studies involve deception. A methodological imperative to minimize bias can be in conflict with the ethical principle of informed consent. As a case study, we examine the specific forms of deception used in three online randomized controlled trials evaluating brief alcohol interventions. We elaborate our own decision making about the use of deception in these trials, and present our ongoing findings and uncertainties. We discuss the value of the approach of pragmatism for examining these kinds of ethical issues that can arise in research on public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Porter
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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11
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Anderson EE, DuBois JM. IRB decision-making with imperfect knowledge: a framework for evidence-based research ethics review. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2012; 40:951-969. [PMID: 23289698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the five steps of evidence-based practice as applied to research ethics review and apply these steps to three exemplar dilemmas: incentive payments in substance abuse research; informed consent for biobanking; and placebo-controlled trials involving pregnant women in order to demonstrate the potential of empirical data to inform and improve IRB decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Anderson
- Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, USA
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Morris MC. Pediatric participation in non-therapeutic research. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2012; 40:665-672. [PMID: 23061592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
United Stated federal regulations allow participation of children in greater than minimal risk research with no potential for direct benefit under narrowly defined circumstances. This type of research is controversial, as it runs contrary to the best interest standard, on which we base most decisions made on behalf of children. I argue that such research is ethically defensible if a fully informed, scrupulous, and virtuous parent would choose to enroll his or her child in the study. Further, I defend the current regulations, which allow local Institutional Review Boards to approve more than minimal risk, nontherapeutic research when the research involves children with the medical condition being studied, but requires federal review for similarly risky studies that involve healthy children. Because families of children with medical diseases tend to be more familiar with the health care system and with medical procedures, they are more able to make informed decisions about the burdens of research participation. Further, parents of children with medical conditions have a morally significant interest in advancing medical knowledge about their child's condition. It is appropriate to take this interest into account when evaluating the ethical status of a research study.
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Banja JD, Dunlop B. Enhancing informed consent in clinical trials and exploring resistances to disclosing adverse clinical trial results. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2009; 9:39-41. [PMID: 19998159 PMCID: PMC3717209 DOI: 10.1080/15265160902948330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John D Banja
- Center for Ethics, Emory University, 1531 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Vernillo A. Disclosure of adverse clinical trial results--should legal immunity be granted to drug companies? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2009; 9:45-47. [PMID: 19998162 DOI: 10.1080/15265160902939933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Vernillo
- New York University College of Dentistry. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology & Medicine, 345 East 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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15
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Vernillo A. Pragmatism as a complementary approach to legislation: closing regulatory gaps in human subject research. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:15-17. [PMID: 19061099 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802495614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Vernillo
- New York University College of Dentistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology & Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Lawrence RE, Curlin FA. Misplaced flexibility: revise policies but cling to principles. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:36-37. [PMID: 18576251 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802147033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Lawrence
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-5415, USA.
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Viens AM. Towards a reasons-based pragmatic ethical framework. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:41-43. [PMID: 18576254 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802147066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Spriggs M. Is pragmatism just an apology for unrestrained science? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:39-41. [PMID: 18576253 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802147199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Merle Spriggs
- Ethics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Robertson C. Making pragmatism practicable for the institutional review board. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:49-51. [PMID: 18576258 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802147249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Robertson
- Harvard Law School, Petrie Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology and Bioethics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Benham B. What's in a name? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:47-49. [PMID: 18576257 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802147223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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21
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Nelson RM. Institutional review boards lack the moral legitimacy to reinterpret subpart D. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:37-39. [PMID: 18576252 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802147264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Nelson
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20057, USA.
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Goldberg D. Pragmatism and virtue ethics in clinical research. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:43-45. [PMID: 18576255 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802147090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Kon AA. Real pragmatism, kids, and the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:45-47. [PMID: 18576256 PMCID: PMC2826356 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802147108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Kon
- University of California, Davis, department of Pediatrics, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Hester DM, Brown J, Schonfeld T. Pragmatism, principles, and protection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:32-34. [PMID: 18576249 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802147025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Micah Hester
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6075, USA
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