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Yu Y, Chen S, Li X, Zhu J, Liang H, Zhang X, Shu Q. Molecular dynamics simulations for 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and its PBXs. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27912g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics has been carried out to study the mechanical properties, moldability, binding energies, and detonation properties of TKX-50 and TKX-50 based polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) with four commonly used polymer binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehai Yu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
| | - Shusen Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
| | - Jiaping Zhu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
| | - Hui Liang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- Beijing Auxin Chemical Techonology Ltd
- 100040 Beijing
- China
| | - Qinghai Shu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
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Ehrich M, Wu X, Werre SR, Major MA, McCain WC, Reddy G. Calcium Signaling in Neuronal Cells Exposed to the Munitions Compound Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX). Int J Toxicol 2009; 28:425-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809340331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) has been used extensively as an explosive in military munitions. Mechanisms for seizure production, seen in past animal studies, have not been described. Increased calcium levels contribute to excitotoxicity, so in this study neuroblastoma cells are loaded with calcium-indicating dye before application of 1.5 µM to 7.5 mM RDX, with fluorescence recorded for 30 cycles of 11 seconds each. The lowest concentration of RDX increases calcium fluorescence significantly above baseline for cycles 2 to 8; millimolar concentrations increase calcium fluorescence significantly above baseline for cycles 2 to 30. Increases in calcium, like those of 200 nM carbachol, are prevented with 10 mM of calcium chelator ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N tetra-acetic acid (EGTA, tetrasodium salt). Calcium channel blocker verapamil (20 μM), Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (5 μM), and general membrane stabilizer lidocaine (10 mM) partially attenuate carbachol- and RDX-induced increases in calcium, suggesting that RDX transiently increases intracellular calcium by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ehrich
- From the Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, (ME, XW, SRW); and Directorate of Toxicology, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, (MAM, WCM, GR)
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- From the Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, (ME, XW, SRW); and Directorate of Toxicology, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, (MAM, WCM, GR)
| | - Stephen R. Werre
- From the Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, (ME, XW, SRW); and Directorate of Toxicology, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, (MAM, WCM, GR)
| | - Michael A. Major
- From the Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, (ME, XW, SRW); and Directorate of Toxicology, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, (MAM, WCM, GR)
| | - Wilfred C. McCain
- From the Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, (ME, XW, SRW); and Directorate of Toxicology, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, (MAM, WCM, GR)
| | - Gunda Reddy
- From the Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, (ME, XW, SRW); and Directorate of Toxicology, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, (MAM, WCM, GR)
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Bell SC, Gayton-Ely M, Nida CM. Bioassays for bomb-makers: proof of concept. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:401-9. [PMID: 19484462 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clandestine bomb-makers are exposed to significant amounts of explosives and allied materials. As with any ingested xenobiotic substance, these compounds are subject to biotransformation. As such, the potential exists that characteristic suites of biomarkers may be produced and deposited in matrices that can be exploited for forensic and investigative purposes. However, before such assays can be developed, foundational data must be gathered regarding the toxicokinetics, fate, and transport of the resulting biomarkers within the body and in matrices such as urine, hair, nails, sweat, feces, and saliva. This report presents an in vitro method for simulation of human metabolic transformations using human liver microsomes and an assay applicable to representative nitro-explosives. Control and metabolized samples of TNT, RDX, HMX, and tetryl were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and biomarkers identified for each. The challenges associated with this method arise from solubility issues and limitations imposed by instrumentation, specifically, modes of ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Bell
- Forensic Science & Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Avenue, Oglebay Hall, Room 208, Box 6121, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA.
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Moody RP, Joncas J, Richardson M, Petrovic S, Chu I. Contaminated soils (II): in vitro dermal absorption of nickel (Ni-63) and mercury (Hg-203) in human skin. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:551-559. [PMID: 19267315 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802706322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dermal absorption of heavy metal soil contaminants was tested in vitro with chloride salts of radioactive nickel (Ni-63) and mercury (Hg-203). Aqueous soil suspensions, spiked with either Ni-63 or Hg-203, were applied to fresh viable human breast skin tissue in Bronaugh diffusion cells perfused with Hanks HEPES buffered (pH 7.4) receptor containing 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Receptor fractions were collected every 6 h for 24 h when skin was soap washed. Tests were conducted concurrently in triplicate with and without soil for each skin specimen. Mean percent dermal absorption including the skin depot for Ni-63 was 1 and 22.8% with and without soil, respectively, while for Hg-203, values of 46.6 and 78.3% were obtained. Excluding the skin depot and considering only absorption in receptor, there was 0.5 and 1.8% absorption of Ni-63 with and without soil, respectively, and 1.5 and 1.4% for Hg-203. The potential bioavailability of the skin depot is discussed in relation to dermal exposure to these metals in contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Moody
- Exposure and Bio-Monitoring Division, Dermal Absorption Lab Unit, Health Canada, Ottawa ONK1AOK9, Canada.
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