Read-across approaches: current applications and regulatory acceptance in Korea, Japan, and China

Biocidal products: Opportunities in risk assessment, management, and communication

In the coronavirus disease 2019 era, biocidal products are increasingly used for controlling harmful organisms, including microorganisms. However, assuring safety against adverse health effects is a critical issue from a public health standpoint. This study aimed to provide an overview of key aspects of risk assessment, management, and communication that ensure the safety of biocidal active ingredients and products. The inherent characteristics of biocidal products make them effective against pests and pathogens; however, they also possess potential toxicities. Therefore, public awareness regarding both the beneficial and potential adverse effects of biocidal products needs to be increased. Biocidal active ingredients and products are regulated under specific laws: the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act for the United States; the European Union (EU) Biocidal Products Regulation for the EU; and the Consumer Chemical Products and Biocide Safety Management Act for the Republic of Korea. Risk management also needs to consider the evidence of enhanced sensitivity to toxicities in individuals with chronic diseases, given the increased prevalence of these conditions in the population. This is particularly important for post-marketing safety assessments of biocidal products. Risk communication conveys information, including potential risks and risk-reduction measures, aimed at managing or controlling health or environmental risks. Taken together, the collaborative effort of stakeholders in risk assessment, management, and communication strategies is critical to ensuring the safety of biocidal products sold in the market as these strategies are constantly evolving.

Ensemble Quantitative Read-Across Structure-Activity Relationship Algorithm for Predicting Skin Cytotoxicity

Read-across (RA) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) are two alternative methods commonly used to fill data gaps in chemical registrations. These approaches use physicochemical properties or molecular fingerprints of source substances to predict the properties of unknown substances that have similar chemical structures or physicochemical properties. Research on RA and QSAR is essential to minimize the time, money, and animal testing needed to determine biological properties that are not currently known. This study developed a stacked ensemble quantitative read-across structure-activity relationship algorithm (enQRASAR) for predicting skin irritation toxicity based on negative log cell viability inhibition concentration at 50% (pIC50) against skin keratinocytes as the end point. The goodness-of-fit and predictability of this algorithm were validated using leave-one-out cross-validation and external test data sets. The results obtained were statistically reliable in terms of goodness-of-fit, robustness, and predictability metrics. Additionally, the developed model demonstrated a low prediction error when predicting FDA-approved drugs. These results confirm that the enQRASAR algorithm can be used to predict skin cytotoxicity of chemicals. Therefore, this model was publicly available to further facilitate toxicity predictions of unknown compounds in chemical registrations.

Current trends in read-across applications for chemical risk assessments and chemical registrations in the Republic of Korea

Read-across, an alternative approach for hazard assessment, has been widely adopted when in vivo data are unavailable for chemicals of interest. Read-across is enabled via in silico tools such as quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. In this study, the current status of structure activity relationship (SAR)-based read-across applications in the Republic of Korea (ROK) was examined considering both chemical risk assessments and chemical registrations from different sectors, including regulatory agencies, industry, and academia. From the regulatory perspective, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) established the Act on Registration and Evaluation of Chemicals (AREC) in 2019 to enable registrants to submit alternative data such as information from read-across instead of in vivo data to support hazard assessment and determine chemical-specific risks. Further, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) began to consider read-across approaches for establishing acceptable intake (AI) limits of impurities occurring during pharmaceutical manufacturing processes under the ICH M7 guideline. Although read-across has its advantages, this approach also has limitations including (1) lack of standardized criteria for regulatory acceptance, (2) inconsistencies in the robustness of scientific evidence, and (3) deficiencies in the objective reliability of read-across data. The application and acceptance rate of read-across may vary among regulatory agencies. Therefore, sufficient data need to be prepared to verify the hypothesis that structural similarities might lead to similarities in properties of substances (between source and target chemicals) prior to adopting a read-across approach. In some cases, additional tests may be required during the registration process to clarify long-term effects on human health or the environment for certain substances that are data deficient. To improve the quality of read-across data for regulatory acceptance, cooperative efforts from regulatory agencies, academia, and industry are needed to minimize limitations of read-across applications.