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Wang J, Feng X, Yuan W, Zhang J, Zhu S, Xu L, Li H, Song J, Rao X, Liao S, Wang Z, Si H. Development of terpenoid repellents against Aedes albopictus: a combined study of biological activity evaluation and computational modelling. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 35:71-89. [PMID: 38323577 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2024.2306327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
To explore novel terpenoid repellents, 22 candidate terpenoid derivatives were synthesized and tested for their electroantennogram (EAG) responses and repellent activities against Aedes albopictus. The results from the EAG experiments revealed that 5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl formate (compound 1) induced distinct EAG responses in female Aedes albopictus. At concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/L, the EAG response values for compound 1 were 179.59, 183.99, 190.38, 193.80, and 196.66 mV, demonstrating comparable or superior effectiveness to DEET. Repellent activity analysis indicated significant repellent activity for compound 1, closest to the positive control DEET. The in silico assessment of the ADMET profile of compound 1 indicates that it successfully passed the ADMET evaluation. Molecular docking studies exhibited favourable binding of compound 1 to the active site of the odorant binding protein (OBP) of Aedes albopictus, involving hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bond interactions with residues in the OBP pocket. The QSAR model highlighted the influential role of hydrogen-bonding receptors, positively charged surface area of weighted atoms, polarity parameters of molecules, and maximum nuclear-nuclear repulsion force of carbon-carbon bonds on the relative EAG response values of the tested compounds. This study holds substantial significance for the advancement of new terpenoid repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - X Feng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - W Yuan
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - J Zhang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - S Zhu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - L Xu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - H Li
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - J Song
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA
| | - X Rao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, R.P. China
| | - S Liao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - Z Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - H Si
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, R.P. China
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Shin N, Lascarez-Lagunas LI, Henderson AL, Martínez-García M, Karthikraj R, Barrera V, Sui SH, Kannan K, Colaiácovo MP. Altered gene expression linked to germline dysfunction following exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to DEET. iScience 2024; 27:108699. [PMID: 38299026 PMCID: PMC10829882 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is a commonly used synthetic insect repellent. Although the neurological effects of DEET have been widely investigated, its effects on the germline are less understood. Here, we show that exposure of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which is highly predictive of mammalian reprotoxicity, resulting in internal DEET levels within the range detected in human biological samples, causes activation of p53/CEP-1-dependent germ cell apoptosis, altered meiotic recombination, chromosome abnormalities, and missegregation. RNA-sequencing analysis links DEET-induced alterations in the expression of genes related to redox processes and chromatin structure to reduced mitochondrial function, impaired DNA double-strand break repair progression, and defects during early embryogenesis. We propose that Caenorhabditis elegans exposure to DEET interferes with gene expression, leading to increased oxidative stress and altered chromatin structure, resulting in germline effects that pose a risk to reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Shin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Ayana L. Henderson
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marina Martínez-García
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Victor Barrera
- Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shannan Ho Sui
- Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Mónica P. Colaiácovo
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Koc S, Gultekin ZN, Kahraman S, Cengiz A, Polat B, Caliskan C, Yildirim T, Tufan-Cetin O, Cetin H. Exploring the Larvicidal and Repellent Potential of Taurus Cedar ( Cedrus libani) Tar against the Brown Dog Tick ( Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato). Molecules 2023; 28:7689. [PMID: 38067421 PMCID: PMC10707419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential acaricidal and repellent effects of tar obtained from the Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) against the brown dog tick species Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). The goal was to find an alternative, safe, and effective way to eliminate ticks. Tar is traditionally extracted from cedar trees in the Antalya region of Türkiye. The composition of the tar is primarily characterized by a diverse mixture of terpenes, with β-himachalene (29.16%), α-atlantone (28.7%), ar-turmerone (8.82%), longifolene-(V4) (6.66%), α-himachalene (5.28%), and β-turmerone (5.12%) emerging as the predominant constituents. The toxic effects of tar on tick larvae were studied through larval immersion tests (LIT), and its repellent activity was evaluated using a new larval repellent activity test (LRAT). The results revealed significant acaricidal effects, with mortality rates of 77.7% and 82.2% for the Konyaalti and Kepez strains of the brown dog tick, respectively, in response to a 1% concentration of tar. LC50 and LC90 values were determined as 0.47% and 1.52% for the Kepez strain and 0.58% and 1.63% for the Konyaalti strain, respectively. When comparing the repellent effect of tar to the widely used synthetic repellent DEET, repellency rates of up to 100% were observed. As a result, this study establishes, for the first time, the larvicidal and repellent effects of C. libani tar on ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samed Koc
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
- Laboratory Animals Application and Research Centre, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Nur Gultekin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Sevval Kahraman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Aysegul Cengiz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Burak Polat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Cansu Caliskan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Tolga Yildirim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Ozge Tufan-Cetin
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye;
| | - Huseyin Cetin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
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Kamaraj C, Satish Kumar RC, Al-Ghanim KA, Nicoletti M, Sathiyamoorthy V, Sarvesh S, Ragavendran C, Govindarajan M. Novel Essential Oils Blend as a Repellent and Toxic Agent against Disease-Transmitting Mosquitoes. TOXICS 2023; 11:517. [PMID: 37368617 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Bio-insecticidal research has focused on long-term vector control using essential oils (EOs). This study examined the larvicidal, oviposition-deterrent, and repellent properties of five medicinal herb-based EO formulations (EOFs) on mosquitoes that are vectors of dengue, filariasis, and malaria. EOFs were significantly more toxic to the larvae and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi, and Aedes aegypti with LC50 = 9.23, 12.85, and 14.46 ppm, as well with 10.22, 11.39, and 12.81 ppm, with oviposition active indexes of -0.84, -0.95, and -0.92, respectively. Oviposition-deterrent repellence was found in 91.39%, 94.83%, and 96.09%. EOs and N, N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) were prepared at various concentrations for time duration repellent bioassays (6.25-100 ppm). Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi, and Cx. quinquefasciatus were monitored for 300, 270, and 180 min, respectively. At 100 ppm, EOs and DEET had comparable repellence in terms of test durations. EOF's primary components d-limonene (12.9%), 2,6-octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl, (Z) (12.2%), acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester (19.6%), verbenol (7.6%), and benzyl benzoate (17.4%) may be combined to make a mosquito larvicidal and repellant equivalent to synthetic repellent lotions. In the molecular dynamics simulations, limonene (-6.1 kcal/mol) and benzyl benzoate (-7.5 kcal/mol) had a positive chemical association with DEET (-6.3 kcal/mol) and interacted with the OBP binding pocket with high affinity and stability. This research will help local herbal product manufacturers and the cosmetics industry in developing 100% herbal insect repellent products to combat mosquito-borne diseases, including dengue, malaria, and filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajappan Chandra Satish Kumar
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Khalid A Al-Ghanim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Foundation in Unam Sapientiam, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - V Sathiyamoorthy
- Ayurvedic Manufacturing, Kancheepuram 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabarathinam Sarvesh
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
- Unit of Natural Products and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam 612 001, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wang J, Si H, Liu Y, Song J, Wang P, Luo H, Chen S, Fan G, Rao X, Wang Z, Liao S. Experimental evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis of bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives as novel Blattella germanica repellent. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 33:969-986. [PMID: 36548121 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2154838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches are urban pests that are very difficult to control. Using repellents is a green, safe and effective strategy for their control. In order to find novel cockroach repellents, the repellent activity of 45 bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives synthesized from β-pinene against Blattella germanica was tested. The relationship between the molecular structure of these bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives and their repellent activity against Blattella germanica was also analysed. The results show that some of the bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives exhibit good repellent activity against Blattella germanica, and six compounds (RR = 60.44-87.32%) show higher repellent activity against Blattella germanica than DEET (RR = 54.77%), making them promising for development as new cockroach repellents. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis revealed that the HOMO-1 energy, Kier and Hall index (order 2), Balaban index, and relative positive charged surface area of bridged-ring terpenoid derivatives have effects on repellent activity against Blattella germanica. The present study may provide a theoretical basis for the high-value use of β-pinene and can be helpful to the development of novel repellents against Blattella germanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - H Si
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Y Liu
- Hydrology and Water Resources Monitoring Center, Lower Reaches of the Ganjiang River, Yichun, China
| | - J Song
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - P Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - H Luo
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - S Chen
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - G Fan
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - X Rao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Z Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - S Liao
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Camphor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Iqbal S, Khan FA, Haris A, Mozūratis R, Binyameen M, Azeem M. Essential oils of four wild plants inhibit the blood seeking behaviour of female Aedes aegytpi. Exp Parasitol 2022; 244:108424. [PMID: 36375535 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito is an important vector of many disease-causing pathogens. An effective way to escape from these mosquito-borne diseases is to prevent mosquito bites. In the current study, essential oils of Lepidium pinnatifidum, Mentha longifolia, Origanum vulgare, and Agrimonia eupatoria were evaluated for their repellent potential against Ae. aegypti females. Essential oils were extracted using steam distillation from freshly collected aerial parts of the plants and tested against 4-5 day old females of Ae. aegypti through the human bait technique for repellency and repellent longevity assays. The chemical composition of extracted essential oils was explored by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils of L. pinnatifidum, M. longifolia, O. vulgare, and A. eupatoria at a dose of 33 μg/cm2 showed 100%, 94%, 87%, and 83% mosquito repellent activity, respectively. Furthermore, M. longifolia and O. vulgare essential oils exhibited 100% repellency at a dose of 165 μg/cm2, whereas A. eupatoria essential oil showed 100% repellency only at 330 μg/cm2. In the time-span bioassay, M. longifolia and O. vulgare essential oils showed protection against Ae. aegypti bites for 90 and 75 min, respectively whereas both A. eupatoria and L. pinnatifidum were found active for 45 min. Phenylacetonitrile (94%), piperitone oxide (34%), carvacrol (20%) and α-pinene (62%) were the most abundant compounds in L. pinnatifidum, M. longifolia, O. vulgare and A. eupatoria essential oils, respectively. The current study demonstrates that M. longifolia and O. vulgare essential oils possess the potential to be used as an alternative to synthetic chemicals to protect humans from mosquito bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Iqbal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Haris
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Raimondas Mozūratis
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius vag 18B, SE, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, Vilnius, LT, 08412, Lithuania
| | - Muhammad Binyameen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
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Boonyuan W, Ahebwa A, Nararak J, Sathantriphop S, Chareonviriyaphap T. Enhanced Excito-Repellency of Binary Mixtures of Plant-Based Mosquito Repellents Against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), a Night Biting Mosquito Species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:891-902. [PMID: 35094070 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficacies of essential oils (EOs) of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. (Poales: Poaceae) (VZ EO), Cananga odorata (Lam) Hook. F. & Thomson (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) (CO EO), and crude extract (CE) of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.F.) Wall ex. Nees (Lamiales: Acanthaceae) (AP CE), against laboratory (lab) and field strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say were investigated. Irritant and repellent activities of individual and binary mixtures of plant extracts were compared with N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) using an excito-repellency system. The irritant activity (direct tarsal contact), the mean percent escape response of VZ EO (91.67%, 83.33%), and CO EO (80%, 88.33%) were not significantly different compared with DEET (88.33%, 95%) against lab and field strains, respectively. Similarly, irritant responses in combinations (1:1 and 1:2, v:v) of either VZ EO or CO EO with AP CE were not significantly different from DEET against both strains (P > 0.001). The repellent activity (no tarsal contact), the mean percent escape response of VZ EO (68.33%), CO EO (61.67%), and VZ EO+AP CE (1:1, v:v) (81.67%) against lab strain and CO EO (85%) against field strain were not significantly different from that of DEET (P > 0.001). Interestingly, the greatest contact irritancy of VZ EO+AP CE (1:1, v:v) (96.67%) (P = 0.0026) and a stronger repellency response of CO EO (85%) (P = 0.0055) produced significantly different patterns of escape response compared with DEET against both lab and field strains, respectively. The EOs of VZ EO and CO EO or their mixture with AP CE showed potential as plant-based active ingredients for mosquito repellents. In addition, the major chemical constituents of VZ EO were β-vetivone (6.4%), khusimol (2.96%), and α-vetivone (2.94%) by gas chromatograpy-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Boonyuan
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alex Ahebwa
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jirod Nararak
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunaiyana Sathantriphop
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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Wang M, Wang Q, Ho SSH, Li H, Zhang R, Ran W, Qu L, Lee SC, Cao J. Chemical characteristics and sources of nitrogen-containing organic compounds at a regional site in the North China Plain during the transition period of autumn and winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:151451. [PMID: 34780830 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrogen constitutes a significant fraction of the nitrogen budget in particulate matter (PM). However, the composition and sources of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in PM remain unclear currently in North China Plain (NCP), China. Rare local or regional studies on NOCs were conducted. In this study, ambient fine particles (PM2.5) were collected in Xianghe, a regional background site in NCP, from 26 October to 26 December 2017. The insights from this study include NOC molecule identification, concentration level, and NOC sources and origins. Specifically, we have identified and quantified >90 NOC species, with urea being the most abundant, accounting for 39.7 ± 4.7% of the total NOC followed by free amino acids (FAAs; 21.9 ± 1.5%), cyclic NOCs (15.3 ± 4.5%), amines (14.8 ± 1.5%), alkyl amides (5.8 ± 0.5%), isocyanates (1.7 ± 0.2%), and nitriles (1.1 ± 0.2%). The time series of FAAs was well correlated (r = 0.51-0.68, p < 0.01) with the organic marker of levoglucosan and was moderately correlated with Ox (r = 0.29-0.41, p < 0.01), suggesting biomass burning and secondary formation were important FAAs sources. We also show that amines can be oxidized and/or reacted by aqueous-phase processing to form secondary aerosols, which are further enhanced by the involvement of iron in the catalytic process. Using the receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF), six factors were identified including coal combustion, crustal sources, biomass burning, industry-related sources, traffic emissions, and secondary aerosols. Source apportionment of NOC shows biomass burning was the dominant factor, accounting for 31.8% of the total NOCs. This study provides a unique dataset of NOCs at this regional background site in the NCP, with the insights of NOC chemical composition and sources gained in this study being important for future NOC modeling as well as NOC health effects studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huan Li
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
| | - Weikang Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
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9
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Kulkarni A, Ramesh R, Walia S, Sayyad SI, Gathalkar GB, Balamkundu S, Joshi M, Sen A, Reddy DS. Identification of a Novel Series of Potent Organosilicon Mosquito Repellents. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31236-31243. [PMID: 34841167 PMCID: PMC8613865 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito control by personal protection is one of the most efficient ways of curtailing deadly diseases such as malaria and dengue with the potential to save millions of lives per year. DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzamide) is currently considered as the gold standard for mosquito repellents, being used for the past several decades. Control by DEET, however, is being threatened by emerging resistance among mosquitoes. To address this concern and also to improve protection times, we synthesized a novel series of 25 silicon-containing acyl piperidines using acid-amine coupling protocol and tested their activity against Aedes aegypti in mosquito-repellent assays. Several compounds from this series appear to possess good mosquito-repellent properties. Most notably, at 0.5 mg/cm2 concentrations, the mean protection time for NDS100100 was 756 min, which was higher than that of DEET (616 min). The details of design, synthesis, and biological evaluation are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay
S. Kulkarni
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, CSIR−National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Remya Ramesh
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, CSIR−National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Safal Walia
- Bioinformatics
Centre, S. P. Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shahebaz I. Sayyad
- Laboratory
of Entomology, CSIR−National Chemical
Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ganesh B. Gathalkar
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Laboratory
of Entomology, CSIR−National Chemical
Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Seetharamsing Balamkundu
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, CSIR−National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Manali Joshi
- Bioinformatics
Centre, S. P. Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Avalokiteswar Sen
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Laboratory
of Entomology, CSIR−National Chemical
Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, CSIR−National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
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10
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Tisgratog R, Sukkanon C, Sugiharto VA, Bangs MJ, Chareonviriyaphap T. Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100867. [PMID: 34680636 PMCID: PMC8540783 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Information on factors influencing the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents is lacking and poorly understood, especially in the Anopheles species, night-biting mosquitoes. Our goal was to investigate the impact of different time periods on circadian activity and behavioral responses of two malaria vectors, Anopheles minimus and An. dirus, to 5% DEET using an excito-repellency test system. Each mosquito species was exposed to the repellent during the daytime (06.00-18.00) and nighttime (18.00-06.00), and time of observation was further divided into four 3-h intervals. Significant escape responses were observed between daytime and nighttime for An. minimus in both noncontact and contact tests. An. dirus showed statistical differences in contact irritancy escape response, whereas no significant difference was found in noncontact repellency tests. Both mosquito species showed more significantly higher escape responses when exposed to DEET during the afternoon and late in the night. This finding indicates that the time of testing may affect the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents, especially in An. minimus and An. dirus. A better understanding of nocturnally active mosquito behavioral responses spanning from dusk to dawn would assist in optimizing product development, screening, and effective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungarun Tisgratog
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(0)9-4980-1182
| | - Chutipong Sukkanon
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala 80160, Thailand;
| | - Victor Arief Sugiharto
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA;
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control Department, PT. Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Mimika Regency 99920, Indonesia;
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11
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Borrego LG, Ramarosandratana N, Jeanneau E, Métay E, Ramanandraibe VV, Andrianjafy MT, Lemaire M. Effect of the Stereoselectivity of para-Menthane-3,8-diol Isomers on Repulsion toward Aedes albopictus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11095-11109. [PMID: 34514794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases cause around 700,000 deaths every year. Insect repellents are one of the strategies to limit them. Para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), a natural compound, is one of the most promising alternatives to conventional synthetic repellents. This work describes a diastereodivergent method to synthesize each diastereoisomer of PMD from enantiopure citronellal and studies their repellence activity against Aedes albopictus. We found that cis-PMD is the kinetic control product of the cyclization of citronellal, while trans-PMD is the thermodynamic control product. X-ray diffraction analysis of crystals highlighted some differences in hydrogen-bond patterns between cis or trans isomers. The present paper demonstrates that (1R)-(+)-cis-PMD has the highest repellency index using a new evaluation system for 24 h. (1S)-(-)-cis-PMD has somewhat lower and (1S)-(+)-trans-PMD and (1R)-(-)-trans-PMD have a slight effect. Volunteer tests show that (1R)-(+)-cis-PMD is the most efficient. This effect could be ascribed to the interaction of PMD/insect odorant receptors and their physical properties, that is, the evaporation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo G Borrego
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS. Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, (ICBMS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Centre de Diffactrométrie Henri Longchambon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 5 rue de la doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Estelle Métay
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS. Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, (ICBMS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Marc Lemaire
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/CNRS. Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, (ICBMS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire International Associé, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
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12
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Clarkson TC, Janich AJ, Sanchez-Vargas I, Markle ED, Gray M, Foster JR, Black IV WC, Foy BD, Olson KE. Nootkatone Is an Effective Repellent against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050386. [PMID: 33925333 PMCID: PMC8145050 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nootkatone, a natural organic compound in grapefruit and Alaskan yellow cedar, may have use as an insecticide and repellent against Aedes mosquito vectors of arboviruses. Here, we tested nootkatone against two medically important mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The insecticide potential of nootkatone was tested for both species using bottle bioassays and the repellency/irritancy and biting inhibition bioassays (RIBB) were used as tests for the A. aegypti strains only. We analyzed nootkatone’s insecticide potential against the New Orleans and Vergel strains of A. aegypti and ATM-NJ95 and Coatzacoalcos strains of A. albopictus. These strains were chosen because the New Orleans and ATM-NJ95 were permethrin susceptible (PERM-S) and Vergel was a confirmed permethrin resistant (PERM-R) strain. Coatzalcalcos was of unknown permethrin susceptibility. Permethrin is a commonly used insecticide to control mosquito populations, and permethrin resistance is becoming widespread in mosquito populations. We therefore wanted to compare nootkatone’s efficacy (and possible synergy) in the background of permethrin-susceptible and -resistant vectors. Bottle bioassays confirmed that the PERM-R Vergel strain was significantly less sensitive to nootkatone compared to PERM-S A. aegypti (New Orleans) and both A. albopictus strains were at least as sensitive to nootkatone as the New Orleans strain. We also showed that Zika virus (ZIKV)-infected New Orleans mosquitoes were as susceptible to nootkatone as the mock-infected controls. The infected Vergel strain was significantly less sensitive to nootkatone exposure than the New Orleans, ATM-NJ95, or Coatzacoalcos mosquitoes. In general, our studies concluded that as an insecticide, nootkatone was approximately 1000× less sensitive than permethrin, making it ineffective against A. aegypti and A. albopictus. However, RIBB analyses determined that nootkatone-treated arms of human subjects inhibited host-seeking and biting by A. aegypti mosquitoes. RIBB studies concluded that 20% nootkatone repelled mosquitoes at a rate comparable to commercially available N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET; 7%) or picaridin (5%). Nootkatone has the potential to be an efficacious repellent against adult Aedes mosquitoes. Abstract We tested a nootkatone product for insecticide activity against the most prominent vectors of Zika virus (ZIKV), Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus. We tested the permethrin-resistant (PERM-R) Vergel strain of A. aegypti and the permethrin-susceptible (PERM-S) New Orleans strain of A. aegypti to determine if insecticide resistance affected their susceptibility to nootkatone. Bottle bioassays showed that the PERM-S strain (New Orleans) was more susceptible to nootkatone than the confirmed A. aegypti permethrin-resistant (PERM-R) strain, Vergel. The A. albopictus strain ATM-NJ95 was a known PERM-S strain and Coatzacoalcos permethrin susceptibility was unknown but proved to be similar to the ATM-NJ95 PERM-S phenotype. The A. albopictus strains (ATM-NJ95 and Coatzacoalcos) were as susceptible to nootkatone as the New Orleans strain. Bottle bioassays conducted with ZIKV-infected mosquitoes showed that the New Orleans (PERM-S) strain was as susceptible to nootkatone as the mock-infected controls, but the PERM-R strain was less susceptible to nootkatone than the mock-infected controls. Repellency/irritancy and biting inhibition bioassays (RIBB) of A. aegypti determined whether the nootkatone-treated arms of three human subjects prevented uninfected A. aegypti mosquitoes from being attracted to the test subjects and blood-feeding on them. The RIBB analyses data calculated the spatial activity index (SAI) and biting inhibition factor (BI) of A. aegypti at different nootkatone concentrations and then compared the SAI and BI of existing repellency products. We concluded that nootkatone repelled mosquitoes at a rate comparable to 7% DEET or 5% picaridin and has the potential to be an efficacious repellent against adult A. aegypti mosquitoes.
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13
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Varela JN, Yadav VG. A Pichia biosensor for high-throughput analyses of compounds that can influence mosquito behavior. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1139. [PMID: 33264511 PMCID: PMC7851572 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes utilize their sense of smell to locate prey and feed on their blood. Repellents interfere with the biochemical cascades that detect odors. Consequently, repellants are highly effective and resource-efficient alternatives for controlling the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses. Unfortunately, the discovery of repellents is slow, laborious, and error-prone. To this end, we have taken a giant stride toward improving the speed and accuracy of repellant discovery by constructing a prototypical whole-cell biosensor for accurate detection of mosquito behavior-modifying compounds such as repellants. As a proof-of-concept, we genetically engineered Pichia pastoris to express the olfactory receptor co-receptor (Orco) of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. This transmembrane protein behaves like a cationic channel upon activation by stimulatory odorants. When the engineered Pichia cells are cultured in calcium-containing Hank's buffer, induction of the medium with a stimulatory odorant results in an influx of calcium ions into the cells, and the stimulatory effect is quantifiable using the calcium-sequestering fluorescent dye, fluo-4-acetoxymethyl ester. Moreover, the stimulatory effect can be titrated by adjusting either the concentration of calcium ions in the medium or the level of induction of the stimulatory odorant. Subsequent exposure of the activated Pichia cells to a repellant molecule inhibits the stimulatory effect and quenches the fluorescent signal, also in a titratable manner. Significantly, the modular architecture of the biosensor allows easy and efficient expansion of its detection range by co-expressing Orco with other olfactory receptors. The high-throughput assay is also compatible with robotic screening infrastructure, and our development represents a paradigm change for the discovery of mosquito repellants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nogueira Varela
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Vikramaditya G. Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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14
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Ghavami MB, Khoeini S, Djadid ND. Molecular characteristics of odorant-binding protein 1 in Anopheles maculipennis. Malar J 2020; 19:29. [PMID: 31952536 PMCID: PMC6969430 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles maculipennis complex, the historic vector of malaria, causes serious medical problems worldwide and exhibits different behaviours. Studying the odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), which influence the chemosensory system and behavioural responses, is essential to understanding the population structure and developing effective control measures against this vector. The present study was designed to identify and analyse the obp1 gene in An. maculipennis. Methods Adults of An. maculipennis sensu stricto were collected in Zanjan Province, northwest of Iran, and gDNAs of female mosquitoes were extracted. Fragments of An. maculipennis obp1 (Amacobp1) gene were amplified using degenerate and specific primers, and some of amplicons were selected for sequencing. Results Analysis of amplified products identified that the sequence of Amacobp1 gene was 1341 bp long. This gene contains three exons (5′, internal, and 3′of 160, 256, and 18 bp, respectively) and encodes 144 amino acids. The sizes of introns I and II in deduced gene are 268 and 358 nucleotides, respectively. The amino acid sequence in the C-terminal of AmacOBP1 is similar to that of major malaria vector Anopheles species. However, its N-terminal has a specific signal peptide with 19 amino acids. This peptide is conserved in different studied populations, and its sequence of amino acids shows the most variation among anopheline species. Conclusions Degenerate primers in this study are suggested for studying obp1 gene in Anopheles species. Amacobp1 gene is proposed as a molecular marker for the detection of intraspecific ecotypes and diagnosis of different species within Maculipennis Group. Moreover, the N-terminal of AmacOBP1 peptide is recommended as a molecular marker to identify the Amacobp1 expression patterns in different chemosensory organs for assessing the molecular mechanisms and developing novel behavioural disturbance agents to control An. maculipennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Ghavami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Sakineh Khoeini
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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15
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Hasler T, Fehr J, Held U, Schlagenhauf P. Use of repellents by travellers: A randomised, quantitative analysis of applied dosage and an evaluation of knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP). Travel Med Infect Dis 2018; 28:27-33. [PMID: 30578847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention of arthropod-borne infections hinges on bite prevention. We aimed to investigate travellers' use of repellents. METHODS We measured the amount of applied repellent with a spray containing 30% DEET and 20% Icaridin versus a lotion with 20% Icaridin alone. We calculated the concentration of active ingredient reached on the skin and evaluated formulation acceptability. The travellers completed a questionnaire evaluating Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice (KAP) to anti-vectorial protective measures (AVPM). RESULTS Some 200 volunteers travelling to mosquito borne infection endemic areas were recruited. The mean concentration of active substance achieved on the skin of the left arm was 0.52 mg/cm2 of DEET/Icaridin spray versus 0.21 mg/cm2 of Icaridin lotion. These levels are below the recommended protective dose (1 mg/cm2) for each formulation. Women were significantly more likely to apply a higher, protective dose of repellent. Travellers to Africa, women and older participants showed higher projected adherence to AVPM. CONCLUSIONS Only 2.5% of recruited travellers applied the recommended protective dose of repellent. Women and older travellers are the most adherent users of repellents. The pre-travel health consultation should provide more information on the application quantity and correct use of repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hasler
- University of Zurich Centre for Travel Medicine, WHO Collaborating for Travellers' Health, Department of Public Health, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Fehr
- University of Zurich Centre for Travel Medicine, WHO Collaborating for Travellers' Health, Department of Public Health, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Held
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- University of Zurich Centre for Travel Medicine, WHO Collaborating for Travellers' Health, Department of Public Health, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Segal TR, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Chiu YH, Williams PL, Nassan FL, Dadd R, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Urinary concentrations of 3-(diethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (DCBA), a major metabolite of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:2532-2539. [PMID: 29077936 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are specific gravity (SG)-adjusted urinary concentrations of 3-(diethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (DCBA) associated with semen parameters among men attending an academic fertility center? SUMMARY ANSWER Our study did not demonstrate any association between SG-adjusted urinary DCBA concentrations and semen parameters among men attending an academic fertility center. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is the most common active ingredient in consumer insect repellents. The recent rise in public health concerns regarding mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika, have led to an increased use of DEET insect repellents, especially among couples planning pregnancy. Animal studies have observed reproductive toxicity from DEET exposure. However, the reproductive health effects of DEET and its metabolites on human reproduction are unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Between 2007 and 2015, 90 men participating in a prospective cohort study at the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center provided 171 urine samples and 250 semen samples for analysis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The urinary concentrations of DEET, N,N-diethyl-3-hydroxymethylbenzamide (DHMB) and DCBA were quantified by isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry and adjusted by SG. We used linear mixed models to evaluate the association between tertiles of SG-adjusted urinary DCBA concentrations and semen parameters (semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive motility, total progressive motility count, normal morphology and total normal morphology count), adjusting for covariates. DEET and DHMB were not considered for analysis because of the low percentage of detectable concentrations (<7%). Effect modification by BMI and smoking status was explored. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Participants had a median age of 36 years and BMI of 27 kg/m2, and 68% had never smoked. The SG-adjusted geometric mean DCBA urinary concentration was 2.20 μg/l, with 85% detection frequency. The majority of semen parameters fell within the normal range with the exception of progressive motility, where 64% of the men had values below the WHO 2010 lower reference limits. SG-adjusted urinary DCBA concentrations were not associated with semen parameters in unadjusted or adjusted models. Men in the highest tertile of SG-adjusted urinary DCBA concentrations had comparable semen parameters to men in the lowest tertile (2.59 vs. 2.88 ml for semen volume, 47.9 vs. 45.8 million/ml for sperm concentration, 116 vs. 118 million for total sperm count, 25 vs. 24% for progressive sperm motility, and 6.1 vs. 5.8% for morphologically normal sperm). In addition, BMI and smoking status did not modify the associations. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION We had a relatively small sample size with similar socioeconomic backgrounds and with overall relatively low urinary concentrations of DEET biomarkers. However, our sample size was enough to detect moderate differences with at least 80% statistical power, between the first and third tertiles of urinary DCBA concentrations. Limitations also include possible misclassification of DCBA exposure and difficulties in extrapolating the findings to the general population. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our study found no associations between urinary concentrations of DCBA, a major metabolite of the insect repellent DEET, and semen parameters in men presenting for infertility treatment. While these results are reassuring, further studies including larger sample sizes and higher exposures are warranted. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The project was financed by the National Institute of Health grants R01ES022955 and R01ES009718 and by grant P30ES000002 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to declare. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia R Segal
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Oh 44122, USA
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu-Han Chiu
- Department of Nutrition, Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Feiby L Nassan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramace Dadd
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - María Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 30333, Georgia
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 30333, Georgia
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Yoon DS, Choi Y, Cha DS, Zhang P, Choi SM, Alfhili MA, Polli JR, Pendergrass D, Taki FA, Kapalavavi B, Pan X, Zhang B, Blackwell TK, Lee JW, Lee MH. Triclosan Disrupts SKN-1/Nrf2-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response in C. elegans and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12592. [PMID: 28974696 PMCID: PMC5626723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial chemical with potential endocrine-disrupting properties, may pose a risk to early embryonic development and cellular homeostasis during adulthood. Here, we show that TCS induces toxicity in both the nematode C. elegans and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by disrupting the SKN-1/Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response. Specifically, TCS exposure affected C. elegans survival and hMSC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular analysis showed that TCS inhibited the nuclear localization of SKN-1/Nrf2 and the expression of its target genes, which were associated with oxidative stress response. Notably, TCS-induced toxicity was significantly reduced by either antioxidant treatment or constitutive SKN-1/Nrf2 activation. As Nrf2 is strongly associated with aging and chemoresistance, these findings will provide a novel approach to the identification of therapeutic targets and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Suk Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
| | - Yoorim Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
| | - Dong Seok Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.,Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Jeonbuk, 565-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Zhang
- Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seong Mi Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
| | - Mohammad Abdulmohsen Alfhili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Ryan Polli
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - DeQwon Pendergrass
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.,Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Faten A Taki
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Brahmam Kapalavavi
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Xiaoping Pan
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - T Keith Blackwell
- Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.
| | - Myon-Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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18
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Peila R, Scordino P, Shanko D, Caldera F, Trotta F, Ferri A. Synthesis and characterization of β-cyclodextrin nanosponges for N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide complexation and their application on polyester fabrics. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Wang P, Xu X, Liao S, Song J, Fan G, Chen S, Wang Z. Quantitative structure-activity relationship study of amide mosquito repellents. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 28:341-353. [PMID: 28521600 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2017.1320585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study on 43 amide repellents was carried out by the heuristic method in order to reveal the correlations between molecular parameters of these amides and their repellency against Aedes aegypti. Sketches and optimizations of molecular structures were achieved by the Gaussian software package. Generation and screening of molecular parameters were accomplished using CODESSA 2.7.10 software. The leave-one-out method was applied for the model validation. The results showed that a four-descriptor QSAR model with r2 of 0.897 was obtained. The average r2 values of the training set and test set of the QSAR model were 0.901 and 0.863, respectively, which suggested that the stability and predictability of the model were confirmed. Analysis of the implications of the descriptors that constitute the QSAR model indicated that all the descriptors were related to the charge distribution over the molecule and affect the dipole moment of the repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- a College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China
| | - X Xu
- a College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China
| | - S Liao
- a College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China
| | - J Song
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Michigan-Flint , Flint , MI , USA
| | - G Fan
- a College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China
| | - S Chen
- a College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China
| | - Z Wang
- a College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Camphor Tree Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry Administration and Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China
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20
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Heng S, Sluydts V, Durnez L, Mean V, Polo K, Tho S, Coosemans M, van Griensven J. Safety of a topical insect repellent (picaridin) during community mass use for malaria control in rural Cambodia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172566. [PMID: 28339462 PMCID: PMC5365103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While community distribution of topical repellents has been proposed as an additional malaria control intervention, the safety of this intervention at the population level remains poorly evaluated. We describe the safety of mass distribution of the picaridin repellent during a cluster-randomised trial in rural Cambodia in 2012-2013. METHODS The repellent was distributed among 57 intervention villages with around 25,000 inhabitants by a team of village distributors. Information on individual adverse events, reported by phone by the village distributors, was obtained through home visits. Information on perceived side effects, reported at the family level, was obtained during two-weekly bottle exchange. Adverse events were classified as adverse reactions (events likely linked to the repellent), cases of repellent abuse and events not related to the repellent use, and classified as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. FINDINGS Of the 41 adverse events notified by phone by the village distributors, there were 22 adverse reactions, 11 cases of repellent abuse (6 accidental, 5 suicide attempts) and 8 non-related events. All adverse reactions were mild, occurred in the first few months of use, and mainly manifested as skin conditions. Of the 11 cases of abuse, 2 were moderate and 2 life-threatening. All cases with adverse reactions and repellent abuse recovered completely. 20% of families reported perceived side effects, mainly itching, headache, dizziness and bad smell, but few discontinued repellent use. CONCLUSIONS Adverse reactions and abuse during mass use of picaridin were uncommon and generally mild, supporting the safety of the picaridin repellent for malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somony Heng
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vanna Mean
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Koh Polo
- Banlong Referral Hospital, Ban Lung City, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia
| | - Sochantha Tho
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Roy DN, Goswami R, Pal A. The insect repellents: A silent environmental chemical toxicant to the health. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 50:91-102. [PMID: 28171823 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a large number of insect repellents have been developed with the idea of consumer benefits. In addition to already known advantageous application of insect repellents, there is increasing concern about the potential toxicity in environment leading to health caused by random use of these compounds. An increasing number of evidence suggests that insect repellents may trigger undesirable hazardous interactions with biological systems with a potential to generate harmful effects including intermediate metabolites. Biotransformation followed by bioaccumulation (vice e versa) may be an important phenomenon for toxic response of this chemicals. In this review, we have summarized the current state of knowledge on the insect repellent toxicity, including biochemical pathway alteration under in vitro and in vivo conditions considering different classes of organisms, from lower to higher vertebrate. Furthermore, we have tried to incorporate the effects of insect repellent in light of some clinical reports. We hope this review would provide useful information on potential side effects of uncontrolled use of insect repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijendra Nath Roy
- Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, India.
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- School of Bio Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayantika Pal
- Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Tripura, India
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22
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Lalthazuali, Mathew N. Mosquito repellent activity of volatile oils from selected aromatic plants. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:821-825. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Larvicidal and repellent potential of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (Zingiberaceae) essential oil: an eco-friendly tool against malaria, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors? Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1807-16. [PMID: 26792432 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors of terms of public health relevance, especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The continuous and indiscriminate use of conventional pesticides for the control of mosquito vectors has resulted in the development of resistance and negative impacts on non-target organisms and the environment. Therefore, there is a need for development of effective mosquito control tools. In this study, the larvicidal and repellent activity of Zingiber nimmonii rhizome essential oil (EO) was evaluated against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, the dengue vector Aedes aegypti, and the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS revealed that the Z. nimmonii EO contained at least 33 compounds. Major constituents were myrcene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and α-cadinol. In acute toxicity assays, the EO showed significant toxicity against early third-stage larvae of An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, with LC50 values of 41.19, 44.46, and 48.26 μg/ml, respectively. Repellency bioassays at 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/cm(2) of Z. nimmonii EO gave 100 % protection up to 120, 150, and 180 min. against An. stephensi, followed by Ae. aegypti (90, 120, and 150 min) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (60, 90, and 120 min). Furthermore, the EO was safer towards two non-target aquatic organisms, Diplonychus indicus and Gambusia affinis, with LC50 values of 3241.53 and 9250.12 μg/ml, respectively. Overall, this research adds basic knowledge to develop newer and safer natural larvicides and repellent from Zingiberaceae plants against malaria, dengue, and filariasis mosquito vectors.
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24
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Yang B, Wang Y, Shu J, Zhang P, Sun W, Li N, Zhang Y. Theoretical study on the atmospheric transformation mechanism of pirimiphos-methyl initiated by O3. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:966-972. [PMID: 25563160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pirimiphos-methyl (PMM) is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide that can be released into the atmosphere in gas and condensed phases. It possesses a PS bond and an N,N-dialkyl group adjacent to pyrimidine, which are common functional groups for pesticides. Currently, the reaction mechanisms of O3 with these functional groups are poorly understood. In this study, the mechanisms and possible degradation products for O3-initiated atmospheric oxidation of PMM were investigated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method. The results show that H abstraction from the alpha carbon of the N,N-diethyl group and its subsequent reactions (hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and carbonylation reactions), as well as the transformation of the PS bond to the PO oxone form, are the most favorable reaction pathways for PMM and O3. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) indicates that the subsequent reactions tend to take place more spontaneously once the initial reaction occurs. In addition, theoretical calculations indicate that water can serve as an effective catalyst in the N-dealkylation reaction process. Water-assisted reactions lead to the activation energy decreasing by 20.2 kcal mol(-1) compared with direct reactions, and thus may represent a dominant reaction pathway for the N-dealkylation process in the atmosphere. These theoretical results provide new insights into O3-initiated degradation of PMM and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Youfeng Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wanqi Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Nana Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Beijing City Environmental Protection Bureau of Xicheng District, Beijing 100032, China
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25
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Sathantriphop S, White SA, Achee NL, Sanguanpong U, Chareonviriyaphap T. Behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles minimus against various synthetic and natural repellent compounds. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2014; 39:328-339. [PMID: 25424262 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The behavioral responses of colony populations of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles minimus to four essential oils (citronella, hairy basil, catnip, and vetiver), two standard repellents (DEET and picaridin), and two synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin and permethrin) were conducted in the laboratory using an excito-repellency test system. Results revealed that Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. minimus exhibited much stronger behavioral responses to all test compounds (65-98% escape for contact, 21.4-94.4% escape for non-contact) compared to Ae. aegypti (3.7-72.2% escape (contact), 0-31.7% (non-contact)) and Ae. albopictus (3.5-94.4% escape (contact), 11.2-63.7% (non-contact)). In brief, essential oil from vetiver elicited the greatest irritant responses in Cx. quinquefasciatus (96.6%) and An. minimus (96.5%) compared to the other compounds tested. The synthetic pyrethroids caused a stronger contact irritant response (65-97.8% escape) than non-contact repellents (0-50.8% escape for non-contact) across all four mosquito species. Picaridin had the least effect on all mosquito species. Findings from the current study continue to support the screening of essential oils from various plant sources for protective properties against field mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaiyana Sathantriphop
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R. Laboratory evaluation of Indian medicinal plants as repellents against malaria, dengue, and filariasis vector mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:601-12. [PMID: 25399815 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases have an economic impact, including loss in commercial and labor outputs, particularly in countries with tropical and subtropical climates; however, no part of the world is free from vector-borne diseases. Mosquitoes are the carriers of severe and well-known illnesses such as malaria, arboviral encephalitis, dengue fever, chikungunya fever, West Nile virus, and yellow fever. These diseases produce significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock around the world. In view of the recently increased interest in developing plant origin insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticides, in the present study, the repellent activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extracts of leaf of Erythrina indica and root of Asparagus racemosus were assayed for their repellency against three important vector mosquitoes, viz., Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. The crude extract was applied on a membrane used for membrane feeding of unfed mosquitoes in a 1-ft cage. About 50 unfed 3-4-day-old laboratory-reared pathogen-free strains of A. stephensi, A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus were introduced in a 1-ft cage fitted with a membrane with blood for feeding with temperature maintained at 37 °C through circulating water bath maintained at 40-45 °C. Three concentrations (1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/cm(2)) of the crude extracts were evaluated. Repellents in E. indica afforded longer protection time against A. stephensi, A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus than those in A. racemosus at 5.0 mg/cm(2) concentration, and the mean complete protection time ranged from 120 to 210 min with the different extracts tested. In this observation, these two plant crude extracts gave protection against mosquito bites; also, the repellent activity is dependent on the strength of the plant extracts. These results suggest that the leaf extract of E. indica and root extract of A. racemosus have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquitoes. This is the first report on the mosquito repellent activity of the reported A. racemosus and E. indica plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, 608 002, India,
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Chen-Hussey V, Behrens R, Logan JG. Assessment of methods used to determine the safety of the topical insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:173. [PMID: 24892824 PMCID: PMC4041896 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) has been registered for commercial use as an insect repellent for over five decades, and is used widely across the world. Concerns over the safety of DEET first emerged during the 1980s after reports of encephalopathy following DEET exposure, particularly in children. However, the role of DEET in either the illness or deaths was and remains purely speculative. In response to these cases a number of reviews and investigations of DEET safety were carried out. Here we examine the methods used and information available to determine the safety of DEET in humans. Animal testing, observational studies and intervention trials have found no evidence of severe adverse events associated with recommended DEET use. Minor adverse effects noted in animal trials were associated with very large doses and were not replicated between different test species. The safety surveillance from extensive humans use reveals no association with severe adverse events. This review compares the toxicity assessment using three different models to define the risk assessment and safety threshold for DEET use in humans and discusses the clinical consequences of the thresholds derived from the models. The theoretical risks associated with wearing an insect repellent should be weighed against the reduction or prevention of the risk of fatal or debilitating diseases including malaria, dengue, yellow fever and filariasis. With over 48 million European residents travelling to regions where vector borne diseases are a threat in 2009, restricting the concentration of DEET containing repellents to 15% or less, as modelled in the 2010 EU directive, is likely to result in extensive sub-therapeutic activity where repellents are infrequently applied. Future European travellers, as a consequence of inadequate personal protection, could potentially be at increased risk of vector borne diseases. Risk assessments of repellents should take these factors into account when setting safe limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chen-Hussey
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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28
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Effects of subchronic exposure to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide on selected biomarkers in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:828515. [PMID: 24795897 PMCID: PMC3985181 DOI: 10.1155/2014/828515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) is the most common active ingredient in the insect repellents commonly detected in European groundwater. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of subchronic DEET exposure on biochemical and haematological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase, and the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Two specific proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes were selected to assess an immunological status of the fish. Fish were exposed for 28 days to three concentrations of DEET (1.0 µg/L, 0.1 mg/L, and 1.0 mg/L) where 1 µg/L is corresponding to the concentration found in the environment. DEET had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on increased RBC, decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin value (MCH) compared to control groups in the concentration of 1 mg/L. A significant decline (P < 0.05) in triacylglycerols (TAG) in plasma was found in the concentration of 1 mg/L compared to the control groups. The parameters of oxidative stress in tissues of common carp were weekly affected and immunological parameters were not affected.
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29
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Repellent Activities of Essential Oils of Some Plants Used Traditionally to Control the Brown Ear Tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. J Parasitol Res 2014; 2014:434506. [PMID: 24693417 PMCID: PMC3945150 DOI: 10.1155/2014/434506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils of eight plants, selected after an ethnobotanical survey conducted in Bukusu community in Bungoma County, western Kenya (Tagetes minuta, Tithonia diversifolia, Juniperus procera, Solanecio mannii, Senna didymobotrya, Lantana camara, Securidaca longepedunculata, and Hoslundia opposita), were initially screened (at two doses) for their repellence against brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, using a dual-choice climbing assay. The oils of T. minuta and T. diversifolia were then selected for more detailed study. Dose-response evaluations of these oils showed that T. minuta oil was more repellent (RD50 = 0.0021 mg) than that of T. diversifolia (RD50 = 0.263 mg). Gas chromatography-linked mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses showed different compositions of the two oils. T. minuta oil is comprised mainly of cis-ocimene (43.78%), dihydrotagetone (16.71%), piperitenone (10.15%), trans-tagetone (8.67%), 3,9-epoxy-p-mentha-1,8(10)diene (6.47%), β-ocimene (3.25%), and cis-tagetone (1.95%), whereas T. diversifolia oil is comprised mainly of α-pinene (63.64%), β-pinene (15.00%), isocaryophyllene (7.62%), nerolidol (3.70%), 1-tridecanol (1.75%), limonene (1.52%), and sabinene (1.00%). The results provide scientific rationale for traditional use of raw products of these plants in controlling livestock ticks by the Bukusu community and lay down some groundwork for exploiting partially refined products such as essential oils of these plants in protecting cattle against infestations with R. appendiculatus.
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Michaelakis A, Vidali VP, Papachristos DP, Pitsinos EN, Koliopoulos G, Couladouros EA, Polissiou MG, Kimbaris AC. Bioefficacy of acyclic monoterpenes and their saturated derivatives against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 96:74-80. [PMID: 23938144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty acyclic monoterpenes with different functional groups (acetoxy, hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl) bearing a variable number of carbon double bonds were assayed as repellent and larvicidal agents against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens. Seven of them were derivatives that were synthesized through either hydrogenation or oxidation procedures. All repellent compounds were tested at the dose of 1mgcm(-2) and only neral and geranial were also tested at a 4-fold lower dose (0.25mgcm(-2)). Repellency results revealed that geranial, neral, nerol, citronellol, geranyl acetate and three more derivatives dihydrolinalool (3), dihydrocitronellol (5) and dihydrocitronellyl acetate (6) resulted in no landings. Based on the LC50 values the derivative dihydrocitronellyl acetate (6) was the most active of all, resulting in an LC50 value of 17.9mgL(-1). Linalyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, dihydrocitronellol (5), dihydrocitronellal (7), citronellol, dihydrolinalyl acetate (2), citronellic acid and tetrahydrolinalyl acetate (1) were also toxic with LC50 values ranging from 23 to 45mgL(-1). Factors modulating toxicity have been identified, thus providing information on structural requirements for the selected acyclic monoterpenes. The acetoxy group enhanced toxicity, without being significantly affected by the unsaturation degree. Within esters, reduction of the vinyl group appears to decrease potency. Presence of a hydroxyl or carbonyl group resulted in increased activity but only in correlation to saturation degree. Branched alcohols proved ineffective compared to the corresponding linear isomers. Finally, as it concerns acids, data do not allow generalizations or correlations to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Michaelakis
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Greece
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Sfara V, Mougabure-Cueto GA, Zerba EN, Alzogaray RA. Locomotor behaviour of Blattella germanica modified by DEET. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83433. [PMID: 24376701 PMCID: PMC3871674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is the active principle of most insect repellents used worldwide. However, its toxicity on insects has not been widely studied. The aim of this work is to study the effects of DEET on the locomotor activity of Blattella germanica. DEET has a dose-dependent repellent activity on B. germanica. Locomotor activity was significantly lower when insects were pre-exposed to 700 µg/cm(2) of DEET for 20 or 30 minutes, but it did not change when pre-exposure was shorter. Locomotor activity of insects that were pre-exposed to 2.000 µg/cm(2) of DEET for 10 minutes was significantly lower than the movement registered in controls. No differences were observed when insects were pre-exposed to lower concentrations of DEET. A 30-minute pre-exposure to 700 µg/cm(2) of DEET caused a significant decrease in locomotor activity. Movement was totally recovered 24 h later. The locomotor activity measured during the exposure to different concentrations of DEET remained unchanged. Insects with decreased locomotor activity were repelled to the same extent than control insects by the same concentration of DEET. We demonstrated that the repellency and modification of locomotor activity elicited by DEET are non-associated phenomena. We also suggested that the reduction in locomotor activity indicates toxicity of DEET, probably to insect nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sfara
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3IA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón A. Mougabure-Cueto
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo N. Zerba
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3IA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raúl A. Alzogaray
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3IA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Li D, Wang Y, Han K. Recent density functional theory model calculations of drug metabolism by cytochrome P450. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jordan RA, Schulze TL, Dolan MC. Efficacy of plant-derived and synthetic compounds on clothing as repellents against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:101-6. [PMID: 22308777 DOI: 10.1603/me10241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We conducted field trials to compare the relative repellent activity of two natural product compounds (nootkatone and carvacrol) with commercially available plant-derived (EcoSMART organic insect repellent) and permethrin-based (Repel Permanone) repellents against adult Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) by using treated coveralls. One day after treatment, nootkatone and carvacrol provided 100% repellency of I. scapularis adults, with nootkatone maintaining complete protection through 3 d, whereas carvacrol showed steadily declining repellency against I. scapularis during the 7-d course of the trials. Nootkatone was at least as effective against host-seeking A. americanum as against I. scapularis through 3 d. Carvacrol provided little protection against A. americanum adults. Both natural compounds performed well initially in comparison with the commercial products. After 7 d, nootkatone was the most effective against both species followed in order of activity by Permanone, EcoSMART, and carvacrol. Nootkatone seems to have offer considerable potential as a clothing repellent against both I. scapularis and A. americanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Jordan
- Freehold Area Health Department, 1 Municipal Plaza, Freehold, NJ 07728, USA.
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Tsitsanou KE, Thireou T, Drakou CE, Koussis K, Keramioti MV, Leonidas DD, Eliopoulos E, Iatrou K, Zographos SE. Anopheles gambiae odorant binding protein crystal complex with the synthetic repellent DEET: implications for structure-based design of novel mosquito repellents. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:283-97. [PMID: 21671117 PMCID: PMC11114729 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Insect odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are the first components of the olfactory system to encounter and bind attractant and repellent odors emanating from various sources for presentation to olfactory receptors, which trigger relevant signal transduction cascades culminating in specific physiological and behavioral responses. For disease vectors, particularly hematophagous mosquitoes, repellents represent important defenses against parasitic diseases because they effect a reduction in the rate of contact between the vectors and humans. OBPs are targets for structure-based rational approaches for the discovery of new repellent or other olfaction inhibitory compounds with desirable features. Thus, a study was conducted to characterize the high resolution crystal structure of an OBP of Anopheles gambiae, the African malaria mosquito vector, in complex with N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), one of the most effective repellents that has been in worldwide use for six decades. We found that DEET binds at the edge of a long hydrophobic tunnel by exploiting numerous non-polar interactions and one hydrogen bond, which is perceived to be critical for DEET's recognition. Based on the experimentally determined affinity of AgamOBP1 for DEET (K (d) of 31.3 μΜ) and our structural data, we modeled the interactions for this protein with 29 promising leads reported in the literature to have significant repellent activities, and carried out fluorescence binding studies with four highly ranked ligands. Our experimental results confirmed the modeling predictions indicating that structure-based modeling could facilitate the design of novel repellents with enhanced binding affinity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Tsitsanou
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - T. Thireou
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - C. E. Drakou
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - K. Koussis
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - M. V. Keramioti
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - D. D. Leonidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 26 Ploutonos Str., 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - E. Eliopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - K. Iatrou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - S. E. Zographos
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
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Tisgratog R, Tananchai C, Bangs MJ, Tainchum K, Juntarajumnong W, Prabaripai A, Chauhan KR, Pothikasikorn J, Chareonviriyaphap T. Chemically induced behavioral responses in Anopheles minimus and Anopheles harrisoni in Thailand. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2011; 36:321-331. [PMID: 22129403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral responses of female mosquitoes representing two species in the Minimus Complex exposed to an operational field dose of bifenthrin or DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) were described using an excito-repellency test system. Two test populations of An. minimus, one from the field (Tak Province, western Thailand), the other from a long-established laboratory colony, and Anopheles harrisoni collected from Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand, were used. Results showed that all test populations rapidly escaped after direct contact with surfaces treated with either bifenthrin or DEET compared to match-paired untreated controls. Greater escape response by exposed females to bifenthrin and DEET were observed in the An. minimus colony compared to the two field populations. Field-collected An. minimus demonstrated a more rapid escape response to DEET than to bifenthrin, whereas An. harrisoni showed a converse response. Although fewer females escaped from test chambers without direct contact with treated surfaces compared to contact tests, the spatial repellency response was significantly pronounced in all test populations compared to match-paired controls (P < 0.05). DEET was found to perform as both a contact stimulant and moderate spatial repellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungarun Tisgratog
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Garud A, Gautam A, Ganesan K, Kumar P, Prakash S, Jatav PC, Kumar A, Vijayaraghavan R. Acute toxicity studies of safer and more effective analogues of N,N-diethyl-2-phenylacetamide. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:1160-1166. [PMID: 22238874 DOI: 10.1603/me10236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present work was designed to evaluate the toxicity of various synthesized aromatic amides that are analogs of N,N-diethyl-2-phenylacetamide, a well known insect repellent. The toxicity profile of these compounds was compared with N,N-diethyl-2-phenylacetamide as well as other registered insect repellents namely N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzamide and N,N-diethylbenzamide. The primary skin irritation index values of the compounds, dermal toxicity of the chemicals and acute oral toxicity data to assess the safety of the synthesized aromatic amides are reported in this paper. Results of hematological and biochemical studies of these analogues are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garud
- Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road, Gwalior (M.P.), India.
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37
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Drapeau J, Rossano M, Touraud D, Obermayr U, Geier M, Rose A, Kunz W. Green synthesis of para-Menthane-3,8-diol from Eucalyptus citriodora: Application for repellent products. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Paluch G, Bartholomay L, Coats J. Mosquito repellents: a review of chemical structure diversity and olfaction. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:925-935. [PMID: 20623705 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Research on mosquito chemical repellents continues to advance, along with knowledge of mosquito olfaction and behavior, mosquito-host interactions and chemical structure. New tools and technologies have revealed information about insect olfactory mechanisms and processing, providing a more complex approach for the interpretation of how chemical repellents influence host-seeking and feeding behavior. Even with these advances, there is still a large amount of information contained in the early works on insect repellents. Many of the standard test methods and chemicals that are still used for evaluating active repellents were developed in the 1940s. These studies contain valuable references to the activity of different structural classes of chemicals, and serve as a guide to optimization of select compounds for insect repellency effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Paluch
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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39
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Gu X, Kasichayanula S, Fediuk DJ, Burczynski FJ. In-vitro permeation of the Insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and the sunscreen oxybenzone. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:621-8. [PMID: 15142339 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The permeation behaviours of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and the sunscreen oxybenzone were assessed in a series of in-vitro diffusion studies, using piglet skin and poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane. The transmembrane permeability of DEET and oxybenzone across piglet skin and PDMS membrane was dependent on dissolving vehicles and test concentrations. An enhanced permeation increase across piglet skin was found for DEET and oxybenzone when both compounds were present in the same medium (DEET: 289% in propylene glycol, 243% in ethanol and 112% in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-400); oxybenzone: 139% in PEG-400, 120% in propylene glycol and 112% in ethanol). Permeation enhancement was also observed in PDMS membrane (DEET: 207% in ethanol, 124% in PEG-400 and 107% in propylene glycol; oxybenzone: 254%in PEG-400, 154% in ethanol and 105% in propylene glycol). PDMS membrane was found to be a suitable candidate for in-vitro diffusion evaluations. This study shows that the permeations of the insect repellent DEET and the sunscreen oxybenzone were synergistically enhanced when they were applied simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Gu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
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40
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Wang Y, Li D, Han K, Shaik S. An Acyl Group Makes a Difference in the Reactivity Patterns of Cytochrome P450 Catalyzed N-Demethylation of Substituted N,N-Dimethylbenzamides—High Spin Selective Reactions. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:2964-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9097974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China, and The Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China, and The Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China, and The Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China, and The Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Misni N, Sulaiman S, Othman H, Omar B. Repellency of essential oil of Piper aduncum against Aedes albopictus in the laboratory. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2009; 25:442-447. [PMID: 20099591 DOI: 10.2987/09-0006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The repellent activity of Piper aduncum essential oil against Aedes albopictus was investigated under laboratory conditions with human volunteers. The lowest median effective dose (ED50) value was 1.5 microg/cm2 at 60 sec of exposure when compared to 90 sec (2.1 microg/cm2) and 120 sec (1.8 microg/cm2) of exposure. At 0.4 g, the essential oil gave a high protection (95.2%) against Ae. albopictus bites or landing at 2 h postapplication. The percentage of protection was reduced to 83.3% after 4 h, 64.5% after 6 h, and 51.6% after 8 h postapplication. As a comparison, treatment with 10% deet gave 100% protection against mosquito biting/landing for 4 h postapplication. There was no significant difference in percentage protection reduction between the plant extract and the commercial product deet, respectively (P = 0.739). The essential oil, which was not as good as deet, still gave moderate protection against Ae. albopictus biting even until 4 h postapplication. In conclusion, the P. aduncum essential oil has the potential to be used as a repellent against the dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever vector, Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norashiqin Misni
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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42
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Gu X, Chen T. In vitro permeation characterization of repellent picaridin and sunscreen oxybenzone. Pharm Dev Technol 2009; 14:332-40. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450802647318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Kitchen LW, Lawrence KL, Coleman RE. The role of the United States military in the development of vector control products, including insect repellents, insecticides, and bed nets. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2009; 34:50-61. [PMID: 20836805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2009.00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, scrub typhus, and leishmaniasis continue to pose a significant threat to U.S. military forces deployed in support of operational and humanitarian missions. These diseases are transmitted by a variety of arthropods, including mosquitoes, ticks, chiggers, sand flies, and biting midges. In addition to disease threats, biting arthropods can cause dermatitis, allergic reactions, and sleep loss; therefore, monitoring of vector impact and integrated use of personal protective measures (PPM) and methods to reduce the vector populations are needed to protect service members. The U.S. military has played a vital role in vector identification tools and the development and testing of many of the most effective PPM and vector control products available today, including the topical repellent DEET and the repellent/insecticide permethrin, which is applied to clothing and bed nets. Efforts to develop superior products are ongoing. Although the U.S. military often needs vector control products with rather specific properties (e.g., undetectable, long-lasting in multiple climates) in order to protect its service members, many Department of Defense vector control products have had global impacts on endemic disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn W Kitchen
- Military Infectious Diseases Research Program, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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44
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Keil DE, McGuinn WD, Dudley AC, EuDaly JG, Gilkeson GS, Peden-Adams MM. N,N,-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) suppresses humoral immunological function in B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:110-23. [PMID: 19141786 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is a particularly effective broad-spectrum insect repellent used commonly in recreational, occupational and military environments. Due to its widespread use and suggested link to Gulf War Illness, this study examined the immunotoxicity of DEET. Adult female B6C3F1 mice were injected sc for 14 days with DEET at 0, 7.7, 15.5, 31, or 62 mg/kg/day. Due to differences in the dermal absorption of DEET between mice and humans, this study eliminated this confounding factor by utilizing sc injection and measured circulating blood levels of DEET to assess bioavailability from sc administration. Effects on lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, thymus and spleen weight and cellularity, the antibody plaque-forming cell (PFC) response, and thymic and splenic CD4/CD8 lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed 24 h after the last dose. No effect was observed in lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, thymic weight, splenic weight, thymic cellularity, or splenic cellularity. Significant decreases were observed in the percentage of splenic CD4-/CD8- and CD4+/CD8- lymphocytes but only at the 62 mg DEET/kg/day treatment level and not in absolute numbers of these cells types. Additionally, significant decreases in the antibody PFC response were observed following treatment with 15.5, 31, or 62 mg DEET/kg/day. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data from the current study indicate 95% bioavailability of the administered dose. Therefore, it is likely that DEET exposure ranges applied in this study are comparable to currently reported occupational usage. Together, the evidence for immunosuppression and available PK data suggest a potential human health risk associated with DEET in the occupational or military environments assuming similar sensitivity between human and rodent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Keil
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA.
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45
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Antwi FB, Shama LM, Peterson RK. Risk assessments for the insect repellents DEET and picaridin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 51:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Enzyme Induction and Cytotoxicity in Human Hepatocytes by Chlorpyrifos and N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:237-60. [DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2008.23.3-4.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Zhang H, Lemley AT. Evaluation of the performance of flow-through anodic fenton treatment in amide compound degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:4073-9. [PMID: 17439150 DOI: 10.1021/jf070104u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A flow-through anodic Fenton treatment (FAFT) system based on the batch AFT technology was previously developed to degrade pesticides in aqueous solution. As one of a series of benchtop and pilot-scale studies in process optimization, the goal of the reported work is to evaluate the performance of the FAFT system under various operating conditions, which is critical to bringing this technology into practical general use in the field. For this purpose, the removal efficiency of the parent pesticide and the concentration of the hydroxyl radical in FAFT were calculated on the basis of a previously developed FAFT kinetic model and used for the evaluation. N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), an insect repellent, was used as a chemical probe. Experimental data showed that the key to a high treatment efficiency is to operate the FAFT system to achieve a maximum *OH production with a minimum input of energy and chemicals. For the anodic half-cell, the system should be operated under flow-through conditions with a self-developed optimum pH of 3.0, a relatively high flow rate, and the initial effluent recycled within 6-10 min to the FAFT system for further treatment; for the cathodic half-cell, it should have a fixed volume and be entirely replaced by another batch of cathodic solution only when the pH reaches a very high value. The delivery rate of the ferrous iron should be maintained at an electrolytic current between 0.01 and 0.02 A; the ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ should be between 5:1 and 10:1. NaCl was found to be the best electrolyte, with concentrations of 0.01-0.02 and 0.08 M in the anodic and cathodic half-cells, respectively. The FAFT system was successfully applied to degrade various model amide compounds and DEET formulations, which suggests the likelihood of extending this approach to other pesticide-containing wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichun Zhang
- Graduate Field of Environmental Toxicology, TXA, MVR Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4401, USA
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48
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Iscan Y, Hekimoglu S, Sargon MF, Hincal AA. DEET-loaded solid lipid particles for skin delivery: in vitro release and skin permeation characteristics in different vehicles. J Microencapsul 2007; 23:315-27. [PMID: 16801243 DOI: 10.1080/02652040500444198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
DEET (N,N-diethyl m-toluamide) is a lipophilic compound which has a common use as an insect repellent and causes not only skin irritation but also systemic side effects at high concentrations in long-term skin application. In this study, DEET is incorporated into solid lipid particles, a colloidal drug delivery system, in order to reduce the percutaneous permeation and avoid toxic effects and also maintain drug effectiveness on the skin surface for a long duration of insect repellence. Solid lipid particles were prepared based on emulsion systems at different concentrations and after the characterization studies, the formulation with 20% lipid phase and 1:1 drug:lipid ratio was carried to in vitro release and skin permeation studies. Solid lipid particles with DEET were compared to free DEET using cream and hydrophilic gel vehicles. Results showed that incorporation of DEET into solid lipid particles reduced the release rate and skin permeation of DEET. Imaging studies using scanning electron microscopy showed that there were still solid lipid particles on skin surface after 2 h indicating that DEET could be present for a longer time on the application site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Iscan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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49
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Roy MJ, Kraus PL, Seegers CA, Young SYN, Kamens DR, Law WA, Cherstniakova SA, Chang DN, Cooper JA, Sato PA, Matulich W, Krantz DS, Cantilena LR, Deuster PA. Pyridostigmine, diethyltoluamide, permethrin, and stress: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess safety. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81:1303-10. [PMID: 17036555 DOI: 10.4065/81.10.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether short-term human exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, diethyltoluamide, and permethrin, at rest or under stress, adversely affects short-term physical or neurocognitive performance. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial exposing 64 volunteers to permethrin-impregnated uniforms, diethyltoluamide-containing skin cream, oral pyridostigmine, and corresponding placebos was performed. Each participant had 4 separate sessions, ensuring exposure to all treatments and placebos under both stress and rest conditions in random order. Outcomes Included physical performance (handgrip strength and duration, stair climbing, and pull-ups [males] or push-ups [females]), neurocognitive performance (computerized tests), and self-reported adverse effects. RESULTS Permethrin was undetectable in the serum of all participants; pyridostigmine levels were higher Immediately after stress (41.6 ng/mL; 95% confidence Interval, 35.1-48.1 ng/mL) than rest (23.0 ng/mL; 95% confidence Interval, 19.2-26.9 ng/mL), whereas diethyltoluamide levels did not significantly differ by stress condition. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased significantly with stress compared with rest but did not vary with treatment vs placebo. Physical and neurocognitive outcome measures and self-reported adverse effects did not significantly differ by exposure group. CONCLUSION Combined, correct use of pyridostigmine, diethyltoluamide, and permethrin is well tolerated and without evidence of short-term physical or neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Roy
- Division of Military Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Room A3062, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Pahwa P, McDuffie HH, Dosman JA, McLaughlin JR, Spinelli JJ, Robson D, Fincham S. Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, soft tissue sarcomas, insect repellents, and phenoxyherbicides. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:264-74. [PMID: 16531830 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000183539.20100.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine if there is an additional risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or soft tissue sarcoma as a consequence of exposure to a combination of phenoxyherbicides, rubber gloves, DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide), and sunlight compared with each of the individual chemicals. METHODS This was a population-based study of men with specific cancers and age, province-matched control subjects. RESULTS No additional risk from these combinations of exposures of developing these three types of tumor was found in contrast to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms by which phenoxyherbicides contribute to the risk of multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma may be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Pahwa
- Institute of Agricultural Rural and Environmental Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
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