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Smolders R, Koch HM, Moos RK, Cocker J, Jones K, Warren N, Levy L, Bevan R, Hays SM, Aylward LL. Inter- and intra-individual variation in urinary biomarker concentrations over a 6-day sampling period. Part 1: Metals. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:249-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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2
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Derivation of a chronic oral reference dose for cobalt. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:491-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sharma P, Bihari V, Agarwal SK, Verma V, Kesavachandran CN, Pangtey BS, Mathur N, Singh KP, Srivastava M, Goel SK. Groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)]: a health survey and clinical examination of community inhabitants (Kanpur, India). PLoS One 2012; 7:e47877. [PMID: 23112863 PMCID: PMC3480439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the health effects of hexavalent chromium groundwater contamination (from tanneries and chrome sulfate manufacturing) in Kanpur, India. METHODS The health status of residents living in areas with high Cr (VI) groundwater contamination (N = 186) were compared to residents with similar social and demographic features living in communities having no elevated Cr (VI) levels (N = 230). Subjects were recruited at health camps in both the areas. Health status was evaluated with health questionnaires, spirometry and blood hematology measures. Cr (VI) was measured in groundwater samples by diphenylcarbazide reagent method. RESULTS Residents from communities with known Cr (VI) contamination had more self-reports of digestive and dermatological disorders and hematological abnormalities. GI distress was reported in 39.2% vs. 17.2% males (AOR = 3.1) and 39.3% vs. 21% females (AOR = 2.44); skin abnormalities in 24.5% vs. 9.2% males (AOR = 3.48) and 25% vs. 4.9% females (AOR = 6.57). Residents from affected communities had greater RBCs (among 30.7% males and 46.1% females), lower MCVs (among 62.8% males) and less platelets (among 68% males and 72% females) than matched controls. There were no differences in leucocytes count and spirometry parameters. CONCLUSIONS Living in communities with Cr (VI) groundwater is associated with gastrointestinal and dermatological complaints and abnormal hematological function. Limitations of this study include small sample size and the lack of long term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Sharma
- Petroleum Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Vipin Bihari
- Epidemiology Division, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Vipin Verma
- Petroleum Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sudhir K. Goel
- Petroleum Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
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Smolders R, Schramm KW, Nickmilder M, Schoeters G. Applicability of non-invasively collected matrices for human biomonitoring. Environ Health 2009; 8:8. [PMID: 19272133 PMCID: PMC2660315 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With its inclusion under Action 3 in the Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 of the European Commission, human biomonitoring is currently receiving an increasing amount of attention from the scientific community as a tool to better quantify human exposure to, and health effects of, environmental stressors. Despite the policy support, however, there are still several issues that restrict the routine application of human biomonitoring data in environmental health impact assessment. One of the main issues is the obvious need to routinely collect human samples for large-scale surveys. Particularly the collection of invasive samples from susceptible populations may suffer from ethical and practical limitations. Children, pregnant women, elderly, or chronically-ill people are among those that would benefit the most from non-invasive, repeated or routine sampling. Therefore, the use of non-invasively collected matrices for human biomonitoring should be promoted as an ethically appropriate, cost-efficient and toxicologically relevant alternative for many biomarkers that are currently determined in invasively collected matrices. This review illustrates that several non-invasively collected matrices are widely used that can be an valuable addition to, or alternative for, invasively collected matrices such as peripheral blood sampling. Moreover, a well-informed choice of matrix can provide an added value for human biomonitoring, as different non-invasively collected matrices can offer opportunities to study additional aspects of exposure to and effects from environmental contaminants, such as repeated sampling, historical overview of exposure, mother-child transfer of substances, or monitoring of substances with short biological half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Smolders
- VITO, Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marc Nickmilder
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Unité de Toxicology Industrielle et de Medicine du Travail, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30–54, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO, Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ. Using applied research to reduce uncertainty in health risk assessment: Five case studies involving human exposure to chromium in soil and groundwater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent L. Finley
- a Chemrisk® Division , McLaren/Hart, Inc. , 29225 Chagrin Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio, 44122
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6
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Pollution des sols et santé publique. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1775-8785(06)70279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Dor F, Empereur-Bissonnet P, Zmirou D, Nedellec V, Haguenoer JM, Jongeneelen F, Person A, Dab W, Ferguson C. Validation of multimedia models assessing exposure to PAHs--the SOLEX study. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2003; 23:1047-1057. [PMID: 12969418 DOI: 10.1111/1539-6924.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polluted soils have become a public health problem. While population exposure to soil pollutants is generally quantified using multimedia models, their estimations have not been validated, and studies that attempted to do so are scarce. The objective of the SOLEX study was to compare the predictions of pyrene exposure levels (converted into 1 hydroxypyrene) computed by several models with the results of urinary 1-hydropyrene (1-HOP) assays among 110 employees working at three sites polluted during their past use as manufactured gas plants. Four models were used: AERIS (Canada), CalTOX (California, USA), CLEA (UK), and HESP (The Netherlands). Three occupational exposure scenarios--with office, mixed, and outdoor workers--were constructed, based upon job activities during two measurement campaigns, one in winter and one in summer. The exposure levels estimated by the four models could differ markedly (from 7 up to 80 times) according to the exposure scenario. Also, the predominant exposure routes differed according to the model (direct soil ingestion for HESP and CalTOX, inhalation for AERIS, and dermal absorption for CLEA). The predictions of CalTOX are consistent with the 1-HOP measurements for all the scenarios. For HESP, the consistency is observed for the scenarios, office and mixed, for which the pyrene level in the soil is low. AERIS and CLEA yield results that are systematically above the 1-HOP measurements. This study confirms that validation of the models is crucial and points out to the need to proceed to assess components of the models that are the most influential using appropriate statistical analysis in combination with true field data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dor
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France.
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McCarron P, Harvey I, Brogan R, Peters TJ. Self reported health of people in an area contaminated by chromium waste: interview study. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2000; 320:11-5. [PMID: 10617516 PMCID: PMC27246 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.320.7226.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/1999] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the self reported health of a group of individuals living in an area contaminated by chromium (chromium group) with a group living in an uncontaminated area (control group), and to assess the effects of perception of risk from exposure to chromium on health. DESIGN Cross sectional study using the SF-36 validated quality of life questionnaire. Further questions were added to examine the relations between perceptions about living on or near land contaminated with chromium and the effects on self reported health. SETTING An area contaminated with chromium (Cambuslang, Carmyle, and Rutherglen) and a control area (Barrmulloch and Pollok). PARTICIPANTS Residents of an area containing chromium landfill and residents of an uncontaminated control area. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Scores on SF-36. RESULTS Little difference was found in health scores between the two groups, and only for general health was there a significantly higher score in the chromium group. Health scores for the chromium group were significantly worse across all dimensions for those who believed that chromium adversely affected health. Most of the chromium group (68%) would prefer money to be spent on improving amenities rather than on chromium remediation. CONCLUSIONS Similar self reported health among residents of the chromium and control groups indicates that there is no evidence of harm to health from exposure to chromium in this setting. Noticeably lower scores in participants who believed chromium to be harmful to health point to the potential importance of perception and possible anxiety. Given the overall greater desire for better amenities rather than remedial action, policy makers and planners should discuss with residents how best to spend resources before instigating expensive cleaning up programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P McCarron
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR.
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Harvey MG, Miceli N. Antisocial Behavior and the Continuing "Tragedy of the Commons". JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Harber P, King C, Tipton J, Chen W. Environmental health response clinics. A survey of program options. J Occup Environ Med 1997; 39:983-9. [PMID: 9343763 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-199710000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental Health Response Clinics are established in response to concerns about community exposures to hazardous situations (chemical, biological, radiological). They are developed in response to a demand for "clinical services" and operate outside the usual health care financing and delivery mechanisms. Prompted by their experience in California, the authors formed a focus group to identify possible goals and services. A mail survey of occupational-environmental health professionals was then conducted to evaluate the feasibility and priority of representative goals. The analysis suggests that services should focus on the specific hazard of concern and that communication and education are essential components. The tendency to "do a general physical examination" should be eschewed. Ratings for priority and feasibility were disparate for several possible goals. In some instances, a "hands-on examination" may not be the best use of resources. Environmental health professionals may serve by direct clinical service or by advising community-based practitioners. Providing routine clinical services alone cannot meet the expectations for an environmental health response clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Harber
- Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles 90024, USA
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Paustenbach DJ, Panko JM, Fredrick MM, Finley BL, Proctor DM. Urinary chromium as a biological marker of environmental exposure: what are the limitations? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1997; 26:S23-34. [PMID: 9380834 DOI: 10.1006/rtph.1997.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Public concern has mounted recently about environmental exposures to chromium in soil, tap water, and ambient air. In response, agencies charged with protecting public health have attempted to study exposure by monitoring urinary chromium levels among potentially exposed populations. While urinary biomonitoring of occupationally exposed workers has been successfully used to assess high-level inhalation exposures in the workplace, evaluating low-level environmental exposures has been problematic. Due to these problems, before an extensive biological monitoring study is conducted of those exposed to low levels of environmental chromium, several issues must be resolved. First, exposures to chromium must occur at the same time as sampling, because the biological half-life of chromium in urine is very short (less than 2 days). Second, reduced bioavailability and bioaccessibility via the oral and dermal routes of exposure limit the capacity of urinary monitoring to measure environmental exposures (e.g., systemic dose is too small to be measured). Third, the dose of chromium must be sufficient such that it may be reliably measured above background levels in urine (range of 0.2 to 2 microg/liter) and above the analytical limit of detection (0.2 microg/liter). Fourth, the inter- and intrapersonal variability in background levels of urinary chromium is known to be significant and influenced by food and beverage intake, smoking, and exercise. Thus, the role of each factor must be carefully understood. Finally, it is imperative to have developed a complete understanding of the clinical significance of elevated urinary chromium levels before a study is performed, because higher than background levels, in and of themselves, are not indicative of a significant health concern. The route of exposure, valence of chromium to which people were exposed, exposure time, and duration must all be understood before the biological data can be implemented. We have conducted a total of nine human exposure studies over the past 3 years in an attempt to understand the kinetics of chromium and the impact on urinary, red blood cell (RBC), and plasma biomonitoring programs. The results of these studies are described here and our recommendations are offered for how to design and implement a urinary chromium biomonitoring study. In our view, given some evidence that the dose of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is sufficient to be measurable above background concentrations of total chromium [Cr(III) and Cr(VI)], duplicated measurements of chromium in plasma and RBCs are, in most cases, a more definitive gauge of environmental exposure than urinary biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paustenbach
- McLaren/Hart Inc.-ChemRisk, 1135 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, California 94501, USA
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Liu PS, Lin MK. Biphasic effects of chromium compounds on catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal medullary cells. Toxicology 1997; 117:45-53. [PMID: 9020198 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(96)03552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CrO3 was found to affect norepinephrine release in a biphasic manner: at concentrations above 100 microM, it inhibited, while at concentrations below 10 microM, it enhanced DMPP- and high K+-induced [3H]norepinephrine (NE) release from bovine adrenal medullary cells. Similar effects were found for K2Cr2O7. CrO3 inhibited the 45Ca2+ uptake induced by DMPP and high K+, suggesting that the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are possible sites of the inhibitory action of CrO3. CrCl3, possessing a trivalent state in contrast to the hexavalent states of CrO3, K2Cr2O7, inhibited DMPP-induced [3H] release and inhibited, to a lesser extent, high K+-induced [3H]-NE release, suggesting that nicotinic receptors are also possible sites of Cr3+ action. In medullary cells permeabilized with digitonin, both CrO3 and CrCl3 induced [3H]-NE release from cells preloaded with [3H]-NE. In intact cells, CrO3 but not CrCl3 enhanced secretagogue-induced [3H]-NE release and entered into the cells as demonstrated by fluorescence quenching experiments. These results suggest that chromium compounds can induce catecholamine secretion after entering the cytoplasm. The enhancement of norepinephrine release induced by chromium ions appears to be due to interference with the intracellular functions of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, Peoples Republic of China
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Lukanova A, Toniolo P, Zhitkovich A, Nikolova V, Panev T, Popov T, Taioli E, Costa M. Occupational exposure to Cr(VI): comparison between chromium levels in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and urine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1996; 69:39-44. [PMID: 9017433 DOI: 10.1007/bf02630737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between chromium (Cr) levels in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, urine, and ambient air were compared among 14 chrome-platers from a metallurgic plant in Bulgaria and two groups of local controls, one from the same heavily polluted industrial town as the chrome-platers (n = 11) and one from a seaside resort town 100 km away (n = 6). Among the chrome-platers, the Cr concentration in peripheral lymphocytes was positively correlated with total Cr and Cr(VI) levels in ambient air and with Cr excretion in urine. As compared to the controls, the chrome-platers had mean Cr levels in lymphocytes twice as high, in erythrocytes ninefold higher, and in urine fourfold to eightfold higher. Although Cr levels in urine and lymphocytes were similar between the two control groups, levels in erythrocytes were 3 times higher among subjects from the industrial area than among those from the seaside town. The study suggests that lymphocyte Cr could be a good indicator of the Cr body burden caused by high exposures to Cr(VI), such as in electroplating operations. In these conditions, erythrocyte Cr may be less useful, possibly owing to increased toxicity due to the high affinity of erythrocytes for Cr. However, when exposure is lower, such as in most environmental situations, erythrocyte Cr should provide a better and more sensitive index than lymphocyte Cr. By contrast, urinary Cr, which provides information on total Cr exposure, including Cr(III) from dietary and environmental sources, does not seem to be of value for studying occupational exposure to Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lukanova
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine and Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
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Fagliano JA, Savrin JE, Ziskin LZ, Parkin WE, Brownlee JA. Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1995; 44:123-134. [PMID: 7823326 DOI: 10.1080/15287399509531948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gargas ML, Norton RL, Harris MA, Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL. Urinary excretion of chromium following ingestion of chromite-ore processing residues in humans: implications for biomonitoring. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 1994; 14:1019-1024. [PMID: 7846309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring programs for urinary chromium (Cr) typically attempt to evaluate occupational exposure via the inhalation route. This study investigated whether Cr can be detected in the urine of people following the ingestion of soils that contain relatively high concentrations of chromium in chromite ore processing residue (COPR). To evaluate the reasonableness of using urinary monitoring to assess environmental exposure, six volunteers ingested 400 mg of soil/day (low-dose group), two others ingested 2.0 g of soil/day (high-dose group) for 3 consecutive days, and one person ingested a placebo on each of 3 days. The soil and COPR mixture contained concentrations of total chromium (Cr) and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] of 103 +/- 20 and 9.3 +/- 3.8 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the low-dose group ingested 41 micrograms Cr/day [including 3.7 micrograms Cr(VI)] and the high-dose group ingested 206 micrograms Cr/day [including 18.6 micrograms Cr(VI)] on each of 3 consecutive days. All urine samples were collected and analyzed individually for total Cr on the day prior to dosing, during the 3 days of dosing, and up to the first void 48 h after the last dose. No significant increases in urinary Cr excretion were found when background excretion data were compared with data following each of the 3 days of dosing or in daily mean urine concentrations of the high- vs the low-dose groups. It appears that Cr present in a soil and COPR mixture at Cr doses up to 200 micrograms/day is not sufficiently bioavailable for biomonitoring of urine to be informative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Gargas
- ChemRisk, Division of McLaren/Hart, Cleveland, Ohio 44122
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