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Solidified floating organic droplet microextraction coupled with HPLC for rapid determination of trans, trans muconic acid in benzene biomonitoring. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15751. [PMID: 34344921 PMCID: PMC8333051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene is one of the carcinogenic compounds in the work environments. Exposure assessment of benzene through biological monitoring is an acceptable way to accurately measure the real exposure in order to conducting the health risk assessment, but it is always complicated, laborious, time consuming and costly process. A new sensitive, simple, fast and environmental friendly method was developed for the determination of urinary metabolite of benzene, trans trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) by dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra violet detector. Central composite design methodology was utilized to evaluate the effective factors on the extraction output of the target metabolite. The calibration curve was plotted in the concentration ranges of 0.02-5 µg mL-1. The precision and accuracy of the method were assayed via the relative standard deviation (RSD%) and relative recovery (RR%) using spiked samples with three replications. The RR% and RSD% of the optimized method were 86.9-91.3% and 4.3-6.3% respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 0.006 µg mL-1. The level of t,t-MA in real samples was ranged from 0.54 to 1.64 mg/g creatinine. We demonstrated that t,t-MA can be extracted and determined by an inexpensive, simple and fast method.
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Bahrami A, Ghamari F, Yamini Y, Ghorbani Shahna F, Koolivand A. Ion-pair-based hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of urinary benzene, toluene, and styrene metabolites. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:501-508. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Bahrami
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health; Occupational Health and Safety Research Center; School of Public health; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
| | - Farhad Ghamari
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering; Faculty of Health; Arak University of Medical Sciences; Arak Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Farshid Ghorbani Shahna
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health; Occupational Health and Safety Research Center; School of Public health; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
| | - Ali Koolivand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering; Faculty of Health; Arak University of Medical Sciences; Arak Iran
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Ghamari F, Bahrami A, Yamini Y, Shahna FG, Moghimbeigi A. Development of Hollow-Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Method for Determination of Urinary trans,trans-Muconic Acid as a Biomarker of Benzene Exposure. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2016; 11:65-71. [PMID: 27660405 PMCID: PMC5019127 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s40177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet was used to extract trans,trans-muconic acid, in urine samples of workers who had been exposed to benzene. The parameters affecting the metabolite extraction were optimized as follows: the volume of sample solution was 11 mL with pH 2, liquid membrane containing dihexyl ether as the supporter, 15% (w/v) of trioctylphosphine oxide as the carrier, the time of extraction was 120 minutes, and stirring rate was 500 rpm. Organic phase impregnated in the pores of a hollow fiber was extracted into 24 µL solution of 0.05 mol L−1 Na2CO3 located inside the lumen of the fiber. Under optimized conditions, a high enrichment factor of 153–182 folds, relative recovery of 83%–92%, and detection limit of 0.001 µg mL−1 were obtained. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of ttMA in real urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ghamari
- Excellence Centre of Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Abdulrahman Bahrami
- Excellence Centre of Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Chemistry Professor, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Ghorbani Shahna
- Excellence Centre of Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Abbas Moghimbeigi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Center of Health Research, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
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Wilbur S, Wohlers D, Paikoff S, Keith LS, Faroon O. ATSDR evaluation of health effects of benzene and relevance to public health. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 24:263-398. [PMID: 19022880 DOI: 10.1177/0748233708090910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals found at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) sites that have the greatest public health impact. These profiles comprehensively summarize toxicological and environmental information. This article constitutes the release of portions of the Toxicological Profile for Benzene. The primary purpose of this article is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of benzene. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wilbur
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Wilbur S, Wohlers D, Paikoff S, Keith LS, Faroon O. ATSDR evaluation of potential for human exposure to benzene. Toxicol Ind Health 2008; 24:399-442. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233708095772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals found at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) sites that have the greatest public health impact. These profiles comprehensively summarize toxicological and environmental information. This article constitutes the release of portions of the toxicological profile for benzene. The primary purpose of this article is to provide interested individuals with environmental information on benzene that includes production data, environmental fate, potential for human exposure, analytical methods, and a listing of regulations and advisories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wilbur
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - D Wohlers
- Syracuse Research Corporation, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - S Paikoff
- Syracuse Research Corporation, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - LS Keith
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - O Faroon
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Looney SW, Hagan JL. 4 Statistical Methods for Assessing Biomarkers and Analyzing Biomarker Data. HANDBOOK OF STATISTICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-7161(07)27004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li J, Waldron KC. EFFECT OF SURFACTANT CONCENTRATION ON THE DETERMINATION OFTRANS,TRANS-MUCONIC ACID IN URINE BY CATIONIC MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH THERMO-OPTICAL ABSORBANCE DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- a Institute for Biological Sciences , National Research Council, Ottawa , ON , K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Karen C. Waldron
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Montréal , Montréal , Quebéc , H3C 3J7 , Canada
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Martínez-Velázquez M, Maldonado V, Ortega A, Meléndez-Zajgla J, Albores A. Benzene metabolites induce apoptosis in lymphocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 58:65-70. [PMID: 16713212 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is an important environmental pollutant with important health implications. Exposure to this aromatic hydrocarbon is associated with hematotoxicity, and bone marrow carcinogenic effects. It has been shown that benzene induces oxidative stress, cell cycle alterations, and programmed cell death in cultured cells. Hepatic metabolism of benzene is thought to be a prerequisite for its bone marrow toxicity. Nevertheless, there are no reports on the cellular effects of reactive intermediates derived from hepatic metabolism of benzene. Thus, the goal of this project was to determine the cellular alterations of benzene metabolites produced by the cultured hepatic cell line HepG2. Supernatants collected from these cells were applied to a culture of freshly isolated lymphocytes. A higher decrease in cell viability was found in cells exposed to these supernatants than to unmetabolized benzene. This viability decrease was due to apoptosis, as determined by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Biotin-dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay and internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA. When supernatants were analyzed by HPLC, we found that not all the hydrocarbon was biotransformed, since a 28 microM concentration (37%) remained. The only metabolite found in the culture medium was muconic acid. The present results show that muconic acid derived from benzene metabolism is able to cooperate with the pollutant for the induction of apoptosis in rat lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, División de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Av. San Fernando 22 Tlalpan, 14080 México, D.F. México
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Barbieri A, Accorsi A, Raffi GB, Nicoli L, Violante FS. Lack of sensitivity of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid in determining low-level (ppb) benzene exposure in children. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2002; 57:224-8. [PMID: 12507175 DOI: 10.1080/00039890209602940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is a widespread pollutant of which the main source in the outside environment is automotive traffic. Benzene is also present in cigarette smoke, and small quantities exist in drinking water and food; all of these sources contribute to pollution of indoor environments. Benzene exposure may be studied with biologic indicators. In the present study, the authors evaluated whether differences in urinary concentrations of trans,transmuconic acid (t,t-MA) were detectable in a sample of 150 children and if the chemical was correlated with environmental exposures to low levels of benzene. The children attended primary schools that had significantly different-but low-environmental benzene levels. Analysis of urinary t,t-MA was achieved with high-performance liquid chromatography (photodiode array detector), and analysis of passive air samplers for benzene was performed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test) indicated that differences in urinary levels of t,t-MA in children from urban and rural areas were not statistically significant (p = .07), nor were there significant differences between children with and without relatives who smoked (p = .69). As has been shown in other studies of children and adults, results of our study evidenced (1) the difficulty of correlating concentrations of urinary biomarkers with environmental exposure to benzene at a parts-per-billion level (i.e., traffic and environmental tobacco smoke) and, consequently, (2) the lack of specificity of t,t-MA as a biological indicator for the study of a population's exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barbieri
- Safety, Hygiene and Occupational Medicine Service, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Melikian AA, O'Connor R, Prahalad AK, Hu P, Li H, Kagan M, Thompson S. Determination of the urinary benzene metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:719-26. [PMID: 10223205 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.4.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate how various levels of exposure affect the metabolic activation pathways of benzene in humans and to examine the relationship between urinary metabolites and other biological markers, we have developed a sensitive and specific liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric assay for simultaneous quantitation of urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) and trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA). The assay involves spiking urine samples with [13C6]S-PMA and [13C6]t,t-MA as internal standards and clean up of samples by solid-phase extraction with subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry-selected reaction monitoring (LC-ES-MS/MS-SRM) in the negative ionization mode. The efficacy of this assay was evaluated in human urine specimens from smokers and non-smokers as the benzene-exposed and non-exposed groups. The coefficient of variation of runs on different days (n = 8) for S-PMA was 7% for the sample containing 9.4 microg S-PMA/l urine, that for t,t-MA was 10% for samples containing 0.07 mg t,t-MA/l urine. The mean levels of urinary S-PMA and t,t-MA in smokers were 1.9-fold (P = 0.02) and 2.1-fold (P = 0.03) higher than those in non-smokers. The mean urinary concentration (+/-SE) was 9.1 +/- 1.7 microg S-PMA/g creatinine [median 5.8 microg/g, ranging from not detectable (1 out of 28) to 33.4 microg/g] among smokers. In non-smokers' urine the mean concentration was 4.8 +/- 1.1 microg S-PMA/g creatinine (median 3.6 microg/g, ranging from 1.0 to 19.6 microg/g). For t,t-MA in smokers' urine the mean (+/-SE) was 0.15 +/- 0.03 mg/g creatinine (median 0.11 mg/ g, ranging from 0.005 to 0.34 mg/g); the corresponding mean value for t,t-MA concentration in non-smokers' urine was 0.07 +/- 0.02 mg/g creatinine [median 0.03 mg/g, ranging from undetectable (1 out of 18) to 0.48 mg/g]. There was a correlation between S-PMA and t,t-MA after logarithmic transformation (r = 0.41, P = 0.005, n = 46).
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Melikian
- Naylor Dana Institute, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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11
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Scherer G, Renner T, Meger M. Analysis and evaluation of trans,trans-muconic acid as a biomarker for benzene exposure. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 717:179-99. [PMID: 9832246 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is an important industrial chemical and, due to its occurrence in mineral oil and its formation in many combustion processes, a widespread environmental pollutant. Since benzene is hematoxic and has been classified as a human carcinogen, monitoring and control of benzene exposure is of importance. Although trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA) was identified as a urinary metabolite of benzene at the beginning of this century, only recently has its application as a biomarker for occupational and environmental benzene exposure been investigated. The range of metabolic conversion of benzene to ttMA is about 2-25% and dependent on the benzene exposure level, simultaneous exposure to toluene, and probably also to genetic factors. For the quantitation of ttMA in urine, HPLC methods using UV and diode array detection as well as GC methods combined with MS or FID detection have been described. Sample pretreatment for both HPLC and GC analysis comprises centrifugation and enrichment by solid-phase extraction on anion-exchange sorbents. Described derivatization procedures prior to GC analysis include reaction with N,O-bis(trimethysilyl)acetamide, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, pentafluorobenzyl bromide and borontrifluoride-methanol. Reported limits of detection for HPLC methods range from 0.1 to 0.003 mg l(-1), whereas those reported for GC methods are 0.03-0.01 mg l(-1). Due to its higher specificity, GC methods appear to be more suitable for determination of low urinary ttMA levels caused by environmental exposure to benzene. In studies with occupational exposure to benzene (>0.1 ppm), good correlations between urinary ttMA excretion and benzene levels in breathing air are observed. From the reported regressions for these variables, mean excretion rates of ttMA of 1.9 mg g(-1) creatinine or 2.5 mg l(-1) at an exposure dose of 1 ppm over 8 h can be calculated. The smoking-related increase in urinary ttMA excretion reported in twelve studies ranged from 0.022 to 0.2 mg g(-1) creatinine. Only a few studies have investigated the effect of exposure to environmental levels of benzene (<0.01 ppm) on urinary ttMA excretion. A trend for slightly increased ttMA levels in subjects living in areas with high automobile traffic density was observed, whereas exposure to environmental tobacco smoke did not significantly increase the urinary ttMA excretion. It is concluded that urinary ttMA is a suitable biomarker for benzene exposure at occupational levels as low as 0.1 ppm. Biomonitoring of exposure to environmental benzene levels (<0.01 ppm) using urinary ttMA appears to be possible only if the ingestion of dietary sorbic acid, another precursor to urinary ttMA, is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Scherer
- Analytisch-biologisches Forschungslabor ABF, Munich, Germany
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Renom G, Bruneau N, Mizon J. N-benzoyl, L-glutamic acid as a suitable internal standard for the analysis of trans,trans-muconic acid in human urine by liquid chromatography. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998; 36:111-3. [PMID: 9594049 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1998.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urinary trans,trans-muconic acid is a sensitive biomarker for low level benzene exposure. The method described by Ducos et al. (Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1990; 62:529-34) is commonly used for its determination. In this study, we demonstrate that N-benzoyl, L-glutamic acid added to urine samples is a suitable internal standard to control trans,trans-muconic acid recovery after solid phase extraction of urine and to compensate for variations which might occur during high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Renom
- Laboratoire du Comité pour le Développement de la Médecine du Travail, Lille, France
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Medeiros AM, Bird MG, Witz G. Potential biomarkers of benzene exposure. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 51:519-39. [PMID: 9242226 DOI: 10.1080/00984109708984042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological markers or biomarkers of exposure are indicators for the evaluation of the internal dose of a xenobiotic. Biomarkers integrate exposure from all routes and sources. This review presents a short overview of potential biomarkers of benzene exposure currently under investigation, the methodology used for their determination, and experimental findings and their usefulness and specificity in assessing exposure to benzene. Potential biomarkers of benzene exposure are benzene, benzene metabolites, and adducts formed by reactive benzene metabolites with cellular constituents. The potential biomarkers of benzene exposure described in this review are: (1) benzene, the parent hydrocarbon; (2) ring-hydroxylated urinary metabolites, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene; (3) trans,trans-muconic acid, a urinary ring-opened metabolite; (4) N-acetyl-S-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-cysteine, a urinary metabolite of benzene, phenol, and hydroquinone; (5) S-phenylmercapturic acid, a glutathione-derived adduct; (6) N7-phenylguanine, a DNA adduct; and (7) S-phenylcysteine and N-phenyl-valine, hemoglobin/protein-derived adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Medeiros
- Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Toxicology Division, East Millstone, New Jersey, USA
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Buratti M, Fustinoni S, Colombi A. Fast liquid chromatographic determination of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 677:257-63. [PMID: 8704929 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
trans, trans-Muconic acid (1,3-butadiene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid, MA), a minor urinary metabolite of benzene exposure, was determined, after clean-up by solid-phase anion-exchange chromatography, by reversed-phase HPLC on a C18 column (5 x 0.46 cm I.D., 3 microns particle size), using formic acid-tetrahydrofuran-water (14:17:969) as mobile phase and UV detection at 263 nm. The recovery of MA from spiked urine was > 95% in the 50-500 microgram/l range; the quantification limit was 6 micrograms/l; day-to-day precision, at 300 micrograms/l, was C.V. = 9.2%; the run time was less than 10 min. Urinary MA excretion was measured in two spot urine samples of 131 benzene environmentally exposed subjects: midday values obtained in non-smokers (mean +/- S.D. = 77 +/- 54 micrograms/l, n = 82) were statistically different from those of smokers (169 +/- 85 micrograms/l, n = 30) (P < 0.0001); each group showed a statistically significant increase between MA excretion in midday over morning samples. Moreover, in subjects grouped according to tobacco-smoke exposure level, median values of MA were positively associated with and increased with daily smoking habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buratti
- Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Laboratorio di Tossicologia Professionale, Milan, Italy
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Ruppert T, Scherer G, Tricker AR, Rauscher D, Adlkofer F. Determination of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 666:71-6. [PMID: 7655623 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00570-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific method for the determination of trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in urine is described. After clean-up on an anion-exchange cartridge, t,t-MA was derivatized with BF3-methanol to the dimethyl ester and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with 2-bromohexanoic acid as an internal standard. The limit of detection was 0.01 mg/l, the coefficient of variation for duplicate analysis in a series of urine samples (n = 50) was 2.6% and the recovery rate ranged from 93.3 to 106.3%. The between-day and within-day precision for the analysis were 7.4 and 14.6%, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of t,t-MA in urine samples from smokers and non-smokers. The mean concentration of t,t-MA in urine of 10 smokers was 0.09 +/- 0.04 mg/g creatinine and was significantly (p = 0.012) higher than that found in urine of 10 non-smokers (0.05 +/- 0.02 mg/g creatinine). In contrast to the results obtained with the commonly used high-performance liquid chromatographic ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) methods, no interference between t,t-MA and other urinary compounds was found. This GC-MS method is both specific and sensitive for biomonitoring of low environmental benzene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ruppert
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Erlangen, Germany
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