Expanding Operational Space in Inertial Electrostatic Confinement D-D Neutron Generators

A systematic approach to the modelling and comparison of the geometries of spherical electrodes in inertial electrostatic confinement fusion devices

Inertial electrostatic confinement fusion (IECF) devices often use two concentric spherical electrodes to converge ions in a plasma electrostatically. Using a highly transparent inner cathode, the ions can move through the cathode and collide at the center to undergo fusion reactions. This is a simple method to build a neutron source. Past research has focused chiefly on cathode "grids" manufactured by joining metal wire loops or disc-shaped elements via spot welding. There are two common geometries: "Globe" grids with a distinct latitude-longitude structure and "symmetric" grids with even-sized triangular-shaped apertures. Recent advances in additive manufacturing have opened the way to manufacturing a third class of grids in which the apertures are evenly distributed over the grid surface and have either circular or polygonal shaped apertures - here called "regular" grids. These three types are analyzed and compared based on a set of metrics, including transparency, homogeneity of aperture size, and the regularity of aperture distribution. It is shown that every type of grid comes with different advantages and disadvantages. The analysis focuses on grid geometries with 6 to 120 apertures.

Assessment of Five Concrete Types as Candidate Shielding Materials for a Compact Radiation Source Based on the IECF

A radiation source based on the inertial electrostatic confinement fusion (IECF) system is being developed for multidisciplinary research applications. The radiation outputs from the IECF system are 2.45 MeV fast neutrons and the associated co-generated X-rays with an energy less than 3 MeV. A radiation shielding study has been performed on five types of concrete to define the most efficient material for the shielding design of the system. The proposed materials were ilmenite-magnetite concrete (IMC), ordinary concrete-1 (OC-1), barite-containing concrete (BC), ordinary concrete-2 (OC-2), and serpentine-containing concrete (SC). A numerical model was applied to determine the effective removal cross-section coefficients (∑_Rt) for the fast neutrons and the total mass attenuation coefficients (µ_m), the half-value layer (HVL), the mean free path (MFP), the effective atomic number (Z_eff), and effective electron density (N_eff) for photons inside the materials. The model considered the radiation source energy and the material properties of the concrete types. The results revealed that the serpentine-containing concrete exhibited the highest ∑_Rt with 12 cm of concrete thickness needed to attenuate an incident neutron flux to 1/100 of its initial value. In addition, the BC shows the highest µ_m with a 38 cm concrete thickness needed to attenuate the 3 MeV energy X-ray flux to 1/100 of its initial value. This study suggests that a 40 cm thickness of SC or BC adequately shields the radiation generated from an IECF system with a maximum particle production rate of up to 1 × 10⁷ n/s.