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Qiu P, Zheng B, Yuan H, Yang Z, Lindsey K, Wang Y, Ming Y, Zhang L, Hu Q, Shaban M, Kong J, Zhang X, Zhu L. The elicitor VP2 from Verticillium dahliae triggers defence response in cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:497-511. [PMID: 37883523 PMCID: PMC10826990 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a widespread and destructive soilborne vascular pathogenic fungus that causes serious diseases in dicot plants. Here, comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the number of genes upregulated in defoliating pathotype V991 was significantly higher than in the non-defoliating pathotype 1cd3-2 during the early response of cotton. Combined with analysis of the secretome during the V991-cotton interaction, an elicitor VP2 was identified, which was highly upregulated at the early stage of V991 invasion, but was barely expressed during the 1cd3-2-cotton interaction. Full-length VP2 could induce cell death in several plant species, and which was dependent on NbBAK1 but not on NbSOBIR1 in N. benthamiana. Knock-out of VP2 attenuated the pathogenicity of V991. Furthermore, overexpression of VP2 in cotton enhanced resistance to V. dahliae without causing abnormal plant growth and development. Several genes involved in JA, SA and lignin synthesis were significantly upregulated in VP2-overexpressing cotton. The contents of JA, SA, and lignin were also significantly higher than in the wild-type control. In summary, the identified elicitor VP2, recognized by the receptor in the plant membrane, triggers the cotton immune response and enhances disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Baoxin Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hang Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | | | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Ming
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Shaban
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Breeding and GeneticsUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Jie Kong
- Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesUrumqiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
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Tan Q, Li R, Liu L, Wang D, Dai XF, Song LM, Zhang DD, Kong ZQ, Klosterman SJ, Usami T, Subbarao KV, Liang WX, Chen JY. Functional Characterization of Verticillium dahliae Race 3-Specific Gene VdR3e in Virulence and Elicitation of Plant Immune Responses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0108323. [PMID: 37378525 PMCID: PMC10434166 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01083-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes disease on many economically important crops. Based on the resistance or susceptibility of differential cultivars in tomato, isolates of V. dahliae are divided into three races. Avirulence (avr) genes within the genomes of the three races have also been identified. However, the functional role of the avr gene in race 3 isolates of V. dahliae has not been characterized. In this study, bioinformatics analysis showed that VdR3e, a cysteine-rich secreted protein encoded by the gene characterizing race 3 in V. dahliae, was likely obtained by horizontal gene transfer from the fungal genus Bipolaris. We demonstrate that VdR3e causes cell death by triggering multiple defense responses. In addition, VdR3e localized at the periphery of the plant cell and triggered immunity depending on its subcellular localization and the cell membrane receptor BAK1. Furthermore, VdR3e is a virulence factor and shows differential pathogenicity in race 3-resistant and -susceptible hosts. These results suggest that VdR3e is a virulence factor that can also interact with BAK1 as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) to trigger immune responses. IMPORTANCE Based on the gene-for-gene model, research on the function of avirulence genes and resistance genes has had an unparalleled impact on breeding for resistance in most crops against individual pathogens. The soilborne fungal pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, is a major pathogen on many economically important crops. Currently, avr genes of the three races in V. dahliae have been identified, but the function of avr gene representing race 3 has not been described. We investigated the characteristics of VdR3e-mediated immunity and demonstrated that VdR3e acts as a PAMP to activate a variety of plant defense responses and induce plant cell death. We also demonstrated that the role of VdR3e in pathogenicity was host dependent. This is the first study to describe the immune and virulence functions of the avr gene from race 3 in V. dahliae, and we provide support for the identification of genes mediating resistance against race 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Song
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Steve J. Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, California, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Usami
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo City, Japan
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California—Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, California, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Liang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, People’s Republic of China
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Oh Y, Ingram T, Shekasteband R, Adhikari T, Louws FJ, Dean RA. Tissues and mechanisms associated with Verticillium wilt resistance in tomato using bi-grafted near-isogenic lines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4685-4706. [PMID: 37184211 PMCID: PMC10433936 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Host resistance is the primary means to control Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne pathogen causing major losses on a broad range of plants, including tomato. The tissues and mechanisms responsible for resistance remain obscure. In the field, resistant tomato used as rootstocks does not confer resistance. Here, we created bi-grafted plants with near-isogenic lines (NILs) exhibiting (Ve1) or lacking (ve1) resistance to V. dahliae race 1. Ten days after inoculation, scion and rootstock tissues were subjected to differential gene expression and co-expression network analyses. Symptoms only developed in susceptible scions regardless of the rootstock. Infection caused more dramatic alteration of tomato gene expression in susceptible compared with resistant tissues, including pathogen receptor, signaling pathway, pathogenesis-related protein, and cell wall modification genes. Differences were observed between scions and rootstocks, primarily related to physiological processes in these tissues. Gene expression in scions was influenced by the rootstock genotype. A few genes were associated with the Ve1 genotype, which was independent of infection or tissue type. Several were physically clustered, some near the Ve1 locus on chromosome 9. Transcripts mapped to V. dahliae were dominated by secreted candidate effector proteins. These findings advance knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying the tomato-V. dahliae interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonyee Oh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Thomas Ingram
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Reza Shekasteband
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tika Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Frank J Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ralph A Dean
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Ma A, Zhang D, Wang G, Wang K, Li Z, Gao Y, Li H, Bian C, Cheng J, Han Y, Yang S, Gong Z, Qi J. Verticillium dahliae effector VDAL protects MYB6 from degradation by interacting with PUB25 and PUB26 E3 ligases to enhance Verticillium wilt resistance. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3675-3699. [PMID: 34469582 PMCID: PMC8643689 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a severe plant disease that causes massive losses in multiple crops. Increasing the plant resistance to Verticillium wilt is a critical challenge worldwide. Here, we report that the hemibiotrophic Verticillium dahliae-secreted Asp f2-like protein VDAL causes leaf wilting when applied to cotton leaves in vitro but enhances the resistance to V. dahliae when overexpressed in Arabidopsis or cotton without affecting the plant growth and development. VDAL protein interacts with Arabidopsis E3 ligases plant U-box 25 (PUB25) and PUB26 and is ubiquitinated by PUBs in vitro. However, VDAL is not degraded by PUB25 or PUB26 in planta. Besides, the pub25 pub26 double mutant shows higher resistance to V. dahliae than the wild-type. PUBs interact with the transcription factor MYB6 in a yeast two-hybrid screen. MYB6 promotes plant resistance to Verticillium wilt while PUBs ubiquitinate MYB6 and mediate its degradation. VDAL competes with MYB6 for binding to PUBs, and the role of VDAL in increasing Verticillium wilt resistance depends on MYB6. Taken together, these results suggest that plants evolute a strategy to utilize the invaded effector protein VDAL to resist the V. dahliae infection without causing a hypersensitive response (HR); alternatively, hemibiotrophic pathogens may use some effectors to keep plant cells alive during its infection in order to take nutrients from host cells. This study provides the molecular mechanism for plants increasing disease resistance when overexpressing some effector proteins without inducing HR, and may promote searching for more genes from pathogenic fungi or bacteria to engineer plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dingpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Guangxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanhui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hengchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jinkui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Junsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Robb EJ, Nazar RN. Tomato Ve-resistance locus: resilience in the face of adversity? PLANTA 2021; 254:126. [PMID: 34811576 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ve-resistance locus in tomato acts as a resilience gene by affecting both the stress/defense cascade and growth, constituting a signaling intercept with a competitive regulatory mechanism. For decades, the tomato Ve-gene has been recognized as a classical resistance R-gene, inherited as a dominant Mendelian trait and encoding a receptor protein that binds with a fungal effector to provide defense against Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum. However, recent molecular studies suggest that the function and role(s) of the Ve-locus and the two proteins that it encodes are more complex than previously understood. This review summarizes both the background and recent molecular evidence and provides a reinterpretation of the function and role(s) of the Ve1- and Ve2-genes and proteins that better accommodates existing data. It is proposed that these two plasma membrane proteins interact to form a signaling intercept that directly links defense and growth. The induction of Ve1 by infection or wounding promotes growth but also downregulates Ve2 signaling, resulting in a decreased biosynthesis of PR proteins. In this context, the Ve1 R-gene acts as a Resilience gene rather than a Resistance gene, promoting taller more robust tomato plants with reduced symptoms (biotic and abiotic) and Verticillium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jane Robb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Ross N Nazar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Yu TY, Sun MK, Liang LK. Receptors in the Induction of the Plant Innate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:587-601. [PMID: 33512246 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0173-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust amplitude and duration of immune responses via different strategies to maintain growth, development, and resistance to pathogens. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) play vital roles. Pattern recognition receptors, comprising a large number of receptor-like protein kinases and receptor-like proteins, recognize related ligands and trigger immunity. PTI is the first layer of the innate immune system, and it recognizes PAMPs at the plasma membrane to prevent infection. However, pathogens exploit effector proteins to bypass or directly inhibit the PTI immune pathway. Consistently, plants have evolved intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins to detect pathogenic effectors and trigger a hypersensitive response to activate ETI. PTI and ETI work together to protect plants from infection by viruses and other pathogens. Diverse receptors and the corresponding ligands, especially several pairs of well-studied receptors and ligands in PTI immunity, are reviewed to illustrate the dynamic process of PTI response here.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Meng-Kun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Li-Kun Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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Acharya B, Ingram TW, Oh Y, Adhikari TB, Dean RA, Louws FJ. Opportunities and Challenges in Studies of Host-Pathogen Interactions and Management of Verticillium dahliae in Tomatoes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1622. [PMID: 33266395 PMCID: PMC7700276 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are a valuable horticultural crop that are grown and consumed worldwide. Optimal production is hindered by several factors, among which Verticillium dahliae, the cause of Verticillium wilt, is considered a major biological constraint in temperate production regions. V. dahliae is difficult to mitigate because it is a vascular pathogen, has a broad host range and worldwide distribution, and can persist in soil for years. Understanding pathogen virulence and genetic diversity, host resistance, and plant-pathogen interactions could ultimately inform the development of integrated strategies to manage the disease. In recent years, considerable research has focused on providing new insights into these processes, as well as the development and integration of environment-friendly management approaches. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the race and population structure of V. dahliae, including pathogenicity factors, host genes, proteins, enzymes involved in defense, and the emergent management strategies and future research directions for managing Verticillium wilt in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Acharya
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Thomas W. Ingram
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - YeonYee Oh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Tika B. Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Frank J. Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.A.); (T.W.I.); (Y.Y.O.); (R.A.D.)
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Su X, Lu G, Guo H, Zhang K, Li X, Cheng H. The dynamic transcriptome and metabolomics profiling in Verticillium dahliae inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15404. [PMID: 30337674 PMCID: PMC6193927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae is a common, devastating plant vascular disease notorious for causing economic losses. Despite considerable research on plant resistance genes, there has been little progress in modeling the effects of this fungus owing to its complicated pathogenesis. Here, we analyzed the transcriptional and metabolic responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to V. dahliae inoculation by Illumina-based RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We identified 13,916 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infected compared with mock-treated plants. Gene ontology analysis yielded 11,055 annotated DEGs, including 2,308 for response to stress and 2,234 for response to abiotic or biotic stimulus. Pathway classification revealed involvement of the metabolic, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant–pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. In addition, 401 transcription factors, mainly in the MYB, bHLH, AP2-EREBP, NAC, and WRKY families, were up- or downregulated. NMR analysis found decreased tyrosine, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, and arginine and increased alanine and threonine levels following inoculation, along with a significant increase in the glucosinolate sinigrin and a decrease in the flavonoid quercetin glycoside. Our data reveal corresponding changes in the global transcriptomic and metabolic profiles that provide insights into the complex gene-regulatory networks mediating the plant’s response to V. dahliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoqing Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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9
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Plett JM, Martin FM. Know your enemy, embrace your friend: using omics to understand how plants respond differently to pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:729-746. [PMID: 29265527 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms, or 'microbes', have formed intimate associations with plants throughout the length of their evolutionary history. In extant plant systems microbes still remain an integral part of the ecological landscape, impacting plant health, productivity and long-term fitness. Therefore, to properly understand the genetic wiring of plants, we must first determine what perception systems plants have evolved to parse beneficial from commensal from pathogenic microbes. In this review, we consider some of the most recent advances in how plants respond at the molecular level to different microbial lifestyles. Further, we cover some of the means by which microbes are able to manipulate plant signaling pathways through altered destructiveness and nutrient sinks, as well as the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). We conclude by highlighting some of the major questions still to be answered in the field of plant-microbe research, and suggest some of the key areas that are in greatest need of further research investment. The results of these proposed studies will have impacts in a wide range of plant research disciplines and will, ultimately, translate into stronger agronomic crops and forestry stock, with immune perception and response systems bred to foster beneficial microbial symbioses while repudiating pathogenic symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Francis M Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
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10
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Castroverde CD, Xu X, Nazar RN, Robb J. Biotic factors that induce the tomato Ve1 R-gene. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 265:61-69. [PMID: 29223343 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In tomato, Verticillium resistance is determined by the Ve gene locus encoding two leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (Ve1, Ve2). The resistance function usually is attributed to Ve1 alone, with two known alleles: Ve1, encoding a resistance protein, and ve1, with a premature stop codon encoding a truncated product. We have examined further Ve-gene expression in resistant and susceptible near-isolines of Verticillium-infected Craigella tomatoes, using both quantitative RT-PCR and an alternative RFLP assay. Ve1 is induced differentially in resistant and susceptible plants, while Ve2 is constitutively expressed throughout disease development. Contrary to their putative role in Verticillium resistance, these profiles were observed even with compatible Verticillium interactions, some bacterial pathogens, and transgenic tomato plants expressing the fungal Ave1 effector. This suggests broader roles in disease and/or stress. To determine the contribution of plant hormones, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, naphthaleneacetic acid or salicylic acid were infused independently via the tomato root and effects on Ve1 induction were confirmed using biosynthesis mutants. While all the hormones modulated Ve1-gene induction, abscisic acid and salicylic acid were not required while jasmonic acid appears to play a more direct role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ross N Nazar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jane Robb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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The C 2 H 2 transcription factor VdMsn2 controls hyphal growth, microsclerotia formation, and virulence of Verticillium dahliae. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:1001-1010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Puri KD, Gurung S, Short DPG, Atallah ZK, Sandoya G, Davis RM, Hayes RJ, Subbarao KV. Short-Term Host Selection Pressure Has Little Effect on the Evolution of a Monoclonal Population of Verticillium dahliae Race 1. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:1417-1425. [PMID: 28653580 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-17-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding pathogen evolution over time is vital for plant breeding and deployment of host resistance. In the context of a soilborne pathogen, the potential of host-directed evolution of a Verticillium dahliae race 1 isolate and genotypic variation of V. dahliae associated with two major hosts (lettuce and tomato) were determined. In total, 427 isolates were recovered over 6 years from a resistance screening nursery infested with a single V. dahliae race 1 isolate. In a separate study, an additional 206 isolates representing 163 and 43 isolates from commercial lettuce and tomato fields, respectively, were collected. Analyses of isolates recovered from the screening nursery over 6 years revealed no changes in the race and mating type composition but did uncover seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) variant genotypes. No significant genotypic variation in V. dahliae was observed between or within fields of either lettuce or tomato but pathogen populations were significantly differentiated between these two hosts. Replicated virulence assays of variant SSR genotypes on lettuce differential cultivars suggested no significant difference in virulence from the wild-type race 1 isolate introduced into the field. This suggests that deployed race 1 host resistance will be robust against the widespread race 1 populations in lettuce-growing regions at least for 6 years unless novel pathogen genotypes or races are introduced into the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna D Puri
- First, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; second author: Sakata Seed America, Salinas, CA; fourth author: Hartnell College, Salinas, CA 93905; fifth author: Department of Horticultural Science, Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade; and seventh author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA
| | - Suraj Gurung
- First, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; second author: Sakata Seed America, Salinas, CA; fourth author: Hartnell College, Salinas, CA 93905; fifth author: Department of Horticultural Science, Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade; and seventh author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA
| | - Dylan P G Short
- First, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; second author: Sakata Seed America, Salinas, CA; fourth author: Hartnell College, Salinas, CA 93905; fifth author: Department of Horticultural Science, Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade; and seventh author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA
| | - Z K Atallah
- First, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; second author: Sakata Seed America, Salinas, CA; fourth author: Hartnell College, Salinas, CA 93905; fifth author: Department of Horticultural Science, Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade; and seventh author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA
| | - German Sandoya
- First, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; second author: Sakata Seed America, Salinas, CA; fourth author: Hartnell College, Salinas, CA 93905; fifth author: Department of Horticultural Science, Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade; and seventh author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA
| | - R Michael Davis
- First, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; second author: Sakata Seed America, Salinas, CA; fourth author: Hartnell College, Salinas, CA 93905; fifth author: Department of Horticultural Science, Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade; and seventh author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA
| | - Ryan J Hayes
- First, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; second author: Sakata Seed America, Salinas, CA; fourth author: Hartnell College, Salinas, CA 93905; fifth author: Department of Horticultural Science, Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade; and seventh author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- First, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; second author: Sakata Seed America, Salinas, CA; fourth author: Hartnell College, Salinas, CA 93905; fifth author: Department of Horticultural Science, Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade; and seventh author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA
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Castroverde CDM, Xu X, Blaya Fernández J, Nazar RN, Robb J. Epistatic influence in tomato Ve1-mediated resistance. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:843-847. [PMID: 28544492 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to Verticillium wilt disease is associated with the tomato Ve-locus; however, the individual functional roles of Ve1 and Ve2 in host plants remain controversial. As a first step towards Ve mutational analyses in planta, the Ve1 coding region from a resistant tomato near-isoline (cv. Craigella GCR218) was introduced into a susceptible near-isoline (cv. Craigella GCR26). 35S:Ve1 plants segregated into two distinct classes; roughly half were resistant and half were susceptible. Ve1 transcript levels were up-regulated in both classes compared to wild-type plants, showing stable transgenic expression. Expression analysis of Ve2 revealed that mRNA levels were similar between 35S:Ve1 and wild-type tomatoes, demonstrating that Ve1 transgene introduction does not alter endogenous Ve2 expression. Overall, the results of this study confirm the functional role of Ve1 protein in resistance to the vascular fungal pathogen V. dahliae race 1 (Vd1), but suggest that a yet undefined factor exerts an epistatic influence on the Ve1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D M Castroverde
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - X Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Blaya Fernández
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - R N Nazar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Robb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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