Ultrasound-promoted one-pot four-component synthesis of novel biologically active 3-aryl-2,4-dithioxo-1,3,5-triazepane-6,7-dione and their toxicity investigation

Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triazepines and Benzo[f][1,3,5]triazepines and Their Biological Activity: Recent Advances and New Approaches

This review article discusses the recent progress in synthesizing seven-membered ring 1,3,5-triazepine and benzo[f][1,3,5]triazepine derivatives. These derivatives can be either unsaturated, saturated, fused, or separated. This review covers strategies and procedures developed over the past two decades, including cyclo-condensation, cyclization, methylation, chlorination, alkylation, addition, cross-coupling, ring expansions, and ring-closing metathesis. This review discusses the synthesis of 1,3,5-triazepine derivatives using nucleophilic or electrophilic substitution reactions with various reagents such as o-phenylenediamine, 2-aminobenzamide, isothiocyanates, pyrazoles, thiazoles, oxadiazoles, oxadiazepines, and hydrazonoyl chloride. This article systematically presents new approaches and techniques for preparing these compounds. It also highlights the biological importance of benzo[f][1,3,5]triazepine derivatives, which have been used as drugs for treating nervous system diseases. This review aims to provide researchers with the necessary information to create and develop new derivatives of these compounds as quickly as possible.

Harnessing cavitational effects for green process intensification

The impressive chemico-physical effects observed in sonochemistry are a result of cavitation, as ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation does not interact with matter at the atomic and molecular levels. Bubble collapse leads to the quasi-adiabatic heating of the vapour inside bubbles, giving rise to local hot spots in the fluid. Cavitation thus transforms a mechanical energy into high kinetic energy, which is released in very short bursts that are exploited for green process intensification. This paper reviews relevant applications of hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation with the aim of highlighting the particular advantages that these phenomena offer to the intensification of green chemical processes. Emulsification, biodiesel preparation, wastewater decontamination, organic synthesis, enzymatic catalysis and extractions are discussed among others. As a comparison, hydrodynamic cavitation technique is more advantageous in dealing with process intensification at large-scale, as well as the enhancement of mass transfer and heat transfer, while ultrasonic cavitation technique is more convenient to operate, easier to control in the studies at lab-scale, and exhibits more efficient in producing active free radicals and inducing the cleavage of volatile compounds.

Three-component and one-pot synthesis of 3-aryl-2,4-diselenoxo-1,3,5-triazepane-6,7-diones

A simple, one-pot synthesis of six 3-aryl-2,4-diselenoxo-1,3,5-triazepane-6,7-diones has been achieved in moderate to good yields via a three-component condensation of variously substituted anilines, oxalyl chloride, and two molecules of potassium selenocyanate in acetone at room temperature.

Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Identifies the Glycation Sites of Bovine Serum Albumin Induced by d-Ribose with Ultrasonic Treatment

Ultrasonication is an emerging technology applied in food processing and biological experimental pretreatments. Cavitation phenomena induced during ultrasonic treatment can generate localized high temperature and pressure, which can result in glycation reaction between protein and reducing sugars. In this study, the mixture of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and d-ribose was treated under 600 W for different times. Interestingly, a large amount of carbonized black materials appeared after ultrasonication, while the UV absorbance and intrinsic fluorescence spectra reflecting conformational changes were not obvious. Only 12 sites (11 lysines and 1 arginine) of the BSA with ribose under ultrasonic treatment for 35 min were identified through liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LCHR-MS). K547, K548, R359/R360, and K587 were the most reactive glycated sites, with the average degree of substitution per peptide molecule (DSP) value ranging from 15 to 35%. The glycated modification was distributed not only in domain III, but also in domains I and II. The glycated modification could occur during ultrasonic treatment, thereby influencing the properties of biomacromolecule after extraction.