Braided stents and their impact in intracranial aneurysm treatment for distal locations: from flow diverters to low profile stents

Evaluation of acute intraprocedural thromboembolism risk factors in endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms

BACKGROUND

Acute intraprocedural thromboembolism (AIT) is not a rare complication that usually occurs immediately after stent deployment during endovascular aneurysm treatment (EVAT).

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the 386 EVAT of 320 patients for the AIT occurrence between 2014 and 2018. The patient's comorbidities, aneurysm location, antiplatelet type, and thrombocyte reactivity to P2Y12 inhibitors were assessed. AIT severity was categorized as severe (hyperacute thrombus filling >50 % stent lumen) or mild (in-stent thrombus <50 %, side/integrated branch occlusion, or distal cortical branch occlusion). The EVAT was categorized on a location basis (proximal or distal), accounting for the terminal edges of the deployed stent.

RESULTS

30 (7.8 %) of 386 EVAT procedures were complicated with AIT. There were 9 (30 %) severe AIT and 21 (70 %) mild AIT, consisting of 12 (40 %) partial in-stent thrombi and 9 (30 %) distal cortical or side branch emboli. Patient comorbidities and type of antiplatelet regimen were not different between the AIT group and uncomplicated cases. Mild AIT was higher in the flow diversion (FD) versus stent-assisted coiling (SAC), (8.1 %, and 2.3 %, respectively, p = 0.012). Deployment of braided SAC (OR: 8.5, p = 0.04) or FD (OR: 18.8, p < 0.01) resulted in significantly higher AIT rates compared to laser-cut SAC. Additionally, stent placement in distal EVAT (beyond the ICA bifurcation or basilar apex) was associated with a significantly higher AIT risk (OR: 8.5, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Patient comorbidities and type of antiplatelet regimen had no association with AIT when sufficient anti-aggregation was achieved. However, AIT risk surged with braid-SAC or FD, especially in the treatment of distal complex aneurysms.

Treatment of basilar artery aneurysms with two braided stents: Two centers experience of low-profile visualized intraluminal support stents versus Pipeline flow diverters

BACKGROUND

Both low-profile visualized intraluminal support (LVIS)stents and Pipeline flow diverters (FDs) are therapeutic strategies for basilar artery (BA) aneurysms, but they have not been directly compared.

METHODS

A total of 132 consecutive patients with 139 BA aneurysms treated with either LVIS stent or Pipeline FDs were analyzed. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to control for age, sex, hypertension, aneurysm size, shape, location, and duration of follow-up. The treatment results of these two braided stents were compared.

RESULTS

LVIS stent was placed in 88 (63.3%) and Pipeline FDs in 51 (36.7%) procedures. Patients with Pipeline FDs tended to be younger and have less hypertension, whereas aneurysms had larger aneurysm size. After PSM, similar complete or near-complete occlusion rates (76.7% vs 73.3%, p = .766) and favorable functional outcomes (86.7% vs 90.0%, p = 1) were achieved in patients treated with LVIS stents and Pipeline FDs, respectively. Further comparisons were conducted at three different locations (basilar apex/basilar trunk/vertebrobasilar artery junction [VBJ]) separately, and the results showed a higher complete or near-complete aneurysm occlusion rate after Pipeline FD treatment than LVIS treatment (86.7% vs 59.2%, p = .012) only at VBJ, where a particularly high proportion of non-saccular shape (70.9%) and a male preponderance were noted.

CONCLUSION

Both braided stents were effective in the treatment of BA aneurysms, with good occlusion rates and favorable functional outcomes. Pipeline FD achieved a particularly higher aneurysm occlusion rate than LVIS stent at VBJ, where lesions often require reconstruction of the diseased vessel.

Comparative meta-analysis of endovascular strategies for intracranial dissecting aneurysms: Flow diverters versus stents with or without coiling

BACKGROUND

Intracranial dissecting aneurysms present a challenging subset linked to considerable morbidity and mortality, necessitating effective therapeutic strategies to prevent complications. Traditional treatments face technical limitations, while emerging endovascular modalities like stent-assisted coiling, multiple stenting, and flow-diverting devices (FDDs) offer promise in reducing periprocedural risks and enhancing patient outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the safety and efficacy outcomes of endovascular treatment for intracranial dissecting aneurysms using FDDs versus stents (with or without coiling).

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following established guidelines. The search included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to July 30, 2023. Eligible studies reporting outcomes of interest in both FDD and stent-treated groups were included, and the data was extracted and analyzed using STATA software.

RESULTS

Six studies were analyzed, involving 131 patients in the FDD group and 199 patients in the stent group. The pooled rates for favorable functional outcomes (86.8% vs. 86%), mortality (3.9% vs. 6%), adequate occlusion (79.7% vs. 86.3%), aneurysm recurrence (1.3% vs. 13.3%), in-stent stenosis/thrombosis (7% vs. 6.9%), ischemic events/infarctions (6.7% vs. 7.8%), retreatment (7% vs. 8.6%), and technical success (100% vs. 98.7%) were comparable in individuals treated with FDDs and stents (p > 0.05 in all cases). Additionally, complete occlusion rates were not significantly different between FDD (62.7%) and stent-treated patients (75.2%) (p = 0.06). However, after excluding one study in a leave-one-out analysis of the random effects meta-analysis, a significant difference in the pooled rates of this outcome was observed between the FDD (59.2%) and stent (75.2%) groups (p = 0.034).

CONCLUSION

FDDs present a promising approach for the treatment of intracranial dissecting aneurysms, yielding outcomes that are roughly comparable to stent-based methods. However, the absence of randomized trials and data limitations highlight the need for further research to enhance treatment strategies.

Appraisal of the Flow Diversion Effect Provided by Braided Intracranial Stents

Objective: Comparison of the results of stent-assisted coiling (SAC) with braided stents (BS), flow diverters (FD), and laser-cut stents (LCS) to determine the relative flow-diverting capacity of BS (Leo baby and Accero). Methods: Saccular intracranial aneurysms treated by SAC and FD-assisted coiling were retrospectively evaluated. Aneurysm occlusion, as graded per Raymond-Roy score, was categorized as either recanalization/stable residual filling (Group A; lacking a flow diversion effect) or stable/progressive occlusion (Group B with a "flow diversion effect"). Factors predicting the flow diversion effect were evaluated. Results: Of the 194 aneurysms included, LCS, BS, and FD were used in 70 (36.1%), 86 (44.3%), and 38 (19.6%) aneurysms, respectively. Aneurysms treated by FD were larger, had wider necks, and were located on larger parent arteries (p < 0.01, 0.02, and <0.01, respectively). The mean imaging follow-up duration was 24.5 months. There were 29 (14.9%) aneurysms in Group A and 165 (85.1%) in Group B. Among a spectrum of variables, including sex, age, aneurysm size, neck width, parent artery diameter, follow-up duration, and stent type, the positive predictors for stable/progressive aneurysm occlusion were aneurysm size and placement of an FD or BS (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively, and were positive predictors over LCS: ORs 6.34 (95% CI: 1.62-24.76) and 3.11 (95% CI: 1.20-8.07), respectively) in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The placement of BS was a predictor of flow diversion over laser-cut stents. However, the flow diversion effect was approximately half that of FDs, suggesting that BS may only be considered to have some (partial) flow diversion effects.

A comparison of Atlas and Leo Baby stents-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysms with small parent vessels

Some studies have reported the efficacy and safety of the Atlas stent and the Leo Baby stent-assisted coiling (SAC) of intracranial aneurysms arising from small cerebral vessels. The authors aimed to compare the clinical performance of the Atlas and the Leo Baby stents in small parent arteries.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Between January 2019 and November 2022, 56 patients at our centre were treated using either Atlas or Leo Baby SAC of intracranial aneurysms arising from small parent vessels (<2 mm). The clinical and angiographic imaging data of the two cohorts were retrospectively collected and comparatively analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 56 patients were included in this study. Thirty-two patients were treated with the Atlas SAC, and 24 patients were treated with the Leo Baby SAC. The mean age of the Atlas stent cohort was older, and the mean aneurysm size was smaller than the Leo Baby stent. The immediate complete occlusion rate was 68.6% in the Atlas stent cohort and 62.5% in the Leo Baby stent cohort. The mean angiographic follow-up time for Atlas stent cohort was 8.9±2.5 months, and the final aneurysm complete occlusion rate was 81.0%. The mean follow-up time for Leo Baby stent cohort was 18.9±6.0 months, and the final aneurysm complete occlusion rate was 83.3%.

CONCLUSIONS

At the final follow-up, the Atlas or the Leo baby stent SAC of intracranial aneurysms with small parent vessels resulted in favourable angiographic results and clinical outcomes, with a low rate of associated complications.

Braided stent-assisted coil embolization versus laser engraved stent-assisted coil embolization in patients with unruptured complex intracranial aneurysms

PURPOSES

Braided and laser-cut stents both are efficacious and safe for coiling intracranial aneurysms. The study aimed to compare outcomes following braided stent-assisted coil embolization versus laser engraved stent-assisted coil embolization in 266 patients who were diagnosed with unruptured intracranial aneurysms of different types and locations.

METHODS

Patients with unruptured complex intracranial aneurysms underwent braided (BSE cohort, n = 125) or laser engraved (LSE cohort, n = 141) stent-assisted embolization.

RESULTS

The deployment success rate was higher for patients of the LSE cohort than those of the BSE cohort (140 [99%] vs. 117 [94%], p = 0.0142). Seventy-one (fifty-seven percentages) and 73 (52%) were coil embolization procedure success rates of the BSE and the LSE cohorts. Periprocedural intracranial hemorrhage was higher in patients of the BSE cohort than those of the LSE cohort (8 [6%] vs. 1 [1%], p = 0.0142). Four (three percentages) patients from the LSE cohort and 3 (2%) patients from the BSE cohort had in-stent thrombosis during embolization. Permanent morbidities were higher in patients of the LSE cohort than those of the BSE cohort (8 [6%] vs. 1 [1%], p = 0.0389). Higher successful procedures (76% vs. 68%) and fewer postprocedural intracranial hemorrhage (0% vs. 5%) and mortality (0% vs. 5%) were reported for patients of the BSE cohort in posterior circulation aneurysmal location than those of the LSE cohort. Laser engraved stent has fewer problems with deployment and may have better periprocedural and follow-up outcomes after embolization.

CONCLUSIONS

Braided stent-assisted embolization should be preferred when the aneurysm is present in the posterior circulation.

Utility of low-profile visualized intraluminal support (LVIS™) stent for treatment of acutely ruptured bifurcation aneurysms: A single-center study

Objective

Stent-assisted coiling has been increasingly used in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. However, its application in ruptured bifurcation aneurysms remains controversial and challenging. This study aimed to present the safety and feasibility of low-profile visualized intraluminal support (LVIS™, LVIS, and LVIS Jr.) stent for acutely ruptured bifurcation aneurysms.

Methods

A total of 41 patients with acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysms arising at the bifurcation were treated with LVIS™ stent-assisted coiling in our hospital between January 2017 and December 2021. The clinical data and angiographic results of the patients were analyzed.

Results

Among these patients, all stents were successfully implanted. According to the immediate angiographic results, 29 aneurysms (70.7%) were completely occluded. Intraoperative thrombosis and hemorrhage occurred in two and one cases, respectively. No post-operative thrombosis or rebleeding events were observed. The clinical follow-up of all patients revealed that 38 (92.7%) cases had favorable outcomes (modified Rankin scale: 0-2). The angiographic results available for the 36 patients during the follow-up period revealed complete occlusion was achieved in 30 patients (83.3%) and residual neck in six patients.

Conclusion

The LVIS™ stent-assistant coiling is a safe and feasible option for acutely ruptured bifurcation aneurysms. Further studies with a prospective design, a larger sample size, and long-term follow-up are needed to validate these findings.

Braided stents assisted coiling for endovascular management of posterior cerebral artery aneurysms: a preliminary mid-term experience

PURPOSE

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysms are rare. This study is to evaluate the preliminary experience of braided stents applied in PCA aneurysms treatment.

METHODS

Angiographic and clinical data of 28 PCA patients treated with braided stents from July 2016 and September 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 28 PCA aneurysms were enrolled. 22 (78.6%) aneurysms were dissecting aneurysms, while 6 (21.4%) aneurysms were saccular aneurysms. Thirty-five braided stents were implanted with dual stents implanted in 7 cases. Immediate angiographic results show that Raymond class I was obtained in 13 patients (46.4%), Raymond class II was obtained in 4 patients (14.3%), and Raymond class III was obtained in 11 patients (39.3%). Perioperative hemorrhagic events occurred in 1 patient (3.6%). Twenty-four patients (85.7%) received angiographic follow-up, and the mean follow-up time was 11.2 ± 4.9 months. Two patients (8.3%) were confirmed with IA neck recurrence, and 3 patients (12.5%) were confirmed asymptomatic parent artery occlusion (PAO). The other 19 patients were confirmed promoted occlusion with 18 Raymond class I (75%) and 1 Raymond class II (4.2%). Twenty-seven patients (96.4%) received clinical follow-up, and the mean follow-up time was 32.2 ± 13.5 months. One patient (3.7%) confirmed the death event 2 weeks after discharge. The other 27 patients (96.3%) got favorable clinical outcomes with an mRS score of 0-2.

CONCLUSIONS

Braided stent-assisted coiling with a high occlusion rate and relatively low complication rate provides an alternative strategy in treating PCA aneurysms. Long-term outcomes need further randomized study with larger case numbers.

A realistic way to investigate the design, and mechanical properties of flow diverter stents

PURPOSE

Braided flow diverters (FD) are highly sophisticated, delicate, and intricate mechanical devices used to treat intracranial aneurysms. Testing such devices in vitro, however, remains an unsolved challenge. Here, we evaluate methods to measure flow, design and mechanical properties in vitro.

METHODS

Flow properties, cell porosity, pore density, and cell area were evaluated under geometrically realistic conditions by placing FDs in patient-derived, 3D-printed models of human vasculature. 4D flow MRI was used to measure fluid dynamics. Laser microscopy was used to measure the design properties of the FDs. New methods were developed to investigate the bending, circumferential, and longitudinal radial force of the FDs continuously over varying diameters.

RESULTS

The placement and flow properties of the FD in the vasculature models were successfully measured by MRI, although artifacts occurred. Likewise, the porosity, pore density, and cell area were successfully measured inside of the models using a laser microscope. The newly developed mechanical methods allowed to measure the indicated forces - to our knowledge for the first time - continuously.

CONCLUSION

Modern and specifically tailored techniques, some of which were presented here for the first time, allow detailed insights into the flow, design, and mechanical properties of braided flow diverter stents.

Initial Experience with LVIS EVO Stents for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms

Background: Over the years, a variety of intracranial stents have been developed, which has expanded the therapy options available for cerebral aneurysms. The Low profile visible intraluminal support (LVIS) EVO stents are new devices, which officially appeared on the market in 2020. The purpose of the study is to report the initial technical and clinical experience with the new stent in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Materials and Methods: Between February and September 2020, 30 patients with 35 intracranial aneurysms (29 unruptured and 6 ruptured) were treated using the LVIS EVO stent in our department. The aneurysms were located within internal carotid artery (ICA) (42.9%), middle cerebral artery (MCA) (31.4%), anterior communicating artery (AComA) (11.4%), basilar artery (BA) (11.4%) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) (2.9%). Stent-assisted coil embolization was performed in all cases. Results: All stents were deployed successfully in the desired position. Immediate complete occlusion of the treated aneurysms, described as Raymond–Roy occlusion classification (RROC) class 1, was achieved in all cases. No technical complications were observed. One thromboembolic complication occurred in the group of unruptured aneurysms and one patient died due to cerebral edema from aneurysms rupture group. Conclusion: In our observation, the showed a satisfactory safety profile LVIS EVO stents seem to be very flexible, can be safely maneuvered and deployed in tortuous vessels. They showed a good initial occlusion rate when used for treating intracranial aneurysms with SAC (stent-assisted coiling).

Application of three dimensional (3D) curved multi-planar reconstruction images in 3D printing mold assisted eyebrow arch keyhole microsurgery

OBJECTIVE

The application of multi-planar reconstruction of three dimensional (3D) curved surface in microsurgery of 3D printing mold assisted eyebrow arch keyhole approach was studied.

METHODS

Eighty patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent treatment at our hospital were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups: the traditional eyebrow keyhole approach microsurgery group (38 cases in the conventional treatment group) and the three-dimensional curved surface multi-plane reconstruction image combined with 3D printing technology assisted eyebrow keyhole approach microsurgery group (42 cases in the 3D printing assisted treatment group). The Hunt-Hess classification was used to make a preliminary estimation of the patient's condition. The 3D curved multi-planar reconstruction method was used to assist the surgical plan; CT scan was used to establish a 3D printing mold, and the patient's condition and surgical plan were accurately analyzed before surgery. The operative time and the size of the incision area were recorded; postoperative GOS score and postoperative complications were statistically investigated.

RESULTS

The 3D printing assisted treatment group (70.13 ± 15.56), (411.26 ± 10.38) mm² , the operative time and incision area were significantly shorter than the conventional treatment group (120.35 ± 20.46), (663.55 ± 13.54) mm² , p < .05); the GOS score showed that the 3D printing-assisted treatment group was significantly higher than the conventional treatment group (p < .05). The postoperative complication rate was significantly lower in the 3D print-assisted treatment group (9.52%) than in the conventional treatment group (47.36%, p < .05); the cure of intracranial aneurysms in the 3D printing assisted treatment group was more thorough than that in the conventional treatment group, and the difference was significant (p < .05).

CONCLUSION

Compared with the conventional eyebrow arch-hole approach microsurgery, the 3D surface multi-planar reconstruction image combined 3D printing assisted technology was safer and more effective, and the postoperative recovery was better and the incidence of complications was lower.

Endovascular treatment of patients with intracranial aneurysms: feasibility and successful employment of a new low profile visible intraluminal support (LVIS) EVO stent

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Low-profile self-expandable stents have increased the number of intracranial aneurysms treated by endovascular means. The new low-profile visible intraluminal support device LVIS EVO (Microvention), the successor of LVIS Jr, is a self-expandable and retrievable microstent system, designed for implantation into intracranial arteries with a diameter up to 2.0 mm. In this retrospective study we aimed to elucidate the technical feasibility and clinical safety of the novel LVIS EVO stent for stent-assisted coil embolisation of intracranial aneurysms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A single centre technical report of the first six consecutive cases of stent-assisted coil embolisation with the novel LVIS EVO stent for the treatment of unruptured or recanalised intracranial aneurysms. Records were made of basic demographics, aneurysmal characteristics, device properties and related technical details, adverse events, clinical outcomes and occlusion rates on available radiological follow-up.

RESULTS

Six LVIS EVO devices were successfully implanted in all subjects to treat a total number of six intracranial aneurysms. No device-related intraprocedural complications were seen. At early clinical follow-up six out of six (100%) patients had a modified Ranking score of 0-1. Early angiographic and cross-sectional radiological follow-up, available in five out of six (83.3%) of the patients confirmed unchanged aneurysmal occlusion rates. A minor, transitory neurological deficit was recorded in one of the six (16.6%) patients. Mortality was 0%.

CONCLUSIONS

Preliminary experience in this subset of our patients confirms a notably improved technical behaviour of the novel LVIS EVO stent system when compared to its ancestor LVIS Jr. The enhanced visibility of the stent and the refined delivery/retrieval capabilities of the stent further increase the safety margins of the devices profile, especially in cases of tortuous anatomy.

Follow-up outcomes of intracranial aneurysms treated using braided or laser-cut stents with closed-cell design: a propensity score-matched case-controlled comparison

BACKGROUND

The impact of various stents on patients with intracranial aneurysms who undergo stent-assisted coiling has been debated. We conducted this study to compare follow-up outcomes of coiling procedures involving braided or laser-cut stents with closed-cell design. A propensity score-matched case-controlled analysis was applied.

METHODS

A total of 413 intracranial aneurysms consecutively coiled using laser-cut (n=245) or braided stents (n=168) in procedures performed between September 2012 and June 2017 were eligible for study. Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, catheter angiography, or both were used to gauge occlusive status after coiling. Recanalization was determined by Raymond classification (complete occlusion vs recanalization). A propensity score-matched analysis was conducted, based on probability of stent type in use.

RESULTS

Ultimately, 93 coiled aneurysms (22.5%) showed some recanalization (minor, 51; major, 42) during the follow-up period (mean 21.7±14.5 months). Patient gender (P=0.042), hyperlipidemia (P=0.015), size of aneurysm (P=0.004), neck size (P<0.001), type of aneurysm (P<0.001), and packing density (P=0.024) differed significantly by group. Midterm and cumulative recanalization incidence rates in the braided-stent group were initially lower than those of the laser-cut stent group (P=0.009 and P=0.037, respectively) but they did not differ significantly after 1:1 propensity score matching (midterm OR=0.88, P=0.724; cumulative HR=0.91, P=0.758).

CONCLUSION

In stent-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysms, laser-cut and braided stent groups produced similar outcomes in follow-up. Consequently, product selection may hinge on suitability for deployment rather than anticipated results.

Stent-assisted coil embolization of unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms using LVIS Jr. stents

Authors reported the anatomical and clinical results of the stent assisted coiling (SAC) of unruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms using Low-profile Visualized Intraluminal Support Junior (LVIS Jr.). Forty-seven MCA aneurysms in 46 patients were the subjects of this study. The mean aneurysm size, neck width were 4.5 ± 1.8 mm, 3.0 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. Immediate anatomical outcomes were class Ⅰ in 31 (65.0%), class Ⅱ in 5 (10.6%) and class III in 11 (23.4%) patients according to Raymond-Roy classification. The latest anatomical outcomes were class Ⅰ in 33 (86.8%), class Ⅱ in 2 (5.3%) and class III in 3 (7.9%) patients. The change of aneurysm obliteration status were unchanged in 27 (71.0%), improved in 9 (23.7%) and worsen in 2 (5.3%). There were no recurrence necessitating additional treatment. Two patients suffered from angiographically evident in-stent thrombosis, but their clinical outcomes remain good. The modified Rankin scale at discharge were 0 in 45 patients, 1 in 1 patient. No patient showed clinical worsening during the clinical follow-up period at outpatient clinic (mean, 27.4 months). SAC of unruptured MCA aneurysms using LVIS Jr. provide safe and durable effect with high complete obliteration rate recurrence rate.

Flow diversion in challenging vascular anatomies: the use of low profile stent retrievers for safe and accurate positioning of the microcatheter

Background

Hemodynamic therapy with Flow-Diverters has become a fundamental option for treatment of cerebral aneurysms. A major obstacle of Flow-Diverters is the comparatively stiff microcatheter required for implantation. Consequentially, maneuverability is limited and primary catheterization of peripheral targets may be difficult or even futile in challenging vascular anatomies. To overcome this, a highly navigable microcatheter must be used to attain the desired vascular segment, followed by a hardly controllable exchange-maneuver via a long microwire, involving a high risk for wire-perforation. Our study aimed to investigate the value of low-profile stent-retrievers as a railway for introduction of the required microcatheter, which allows to maintain a stable endovascular position and reduce the risk for procedural vessel injury.

Methods

14cases (8females, mean-age 59y) of Flow-Diverter-Implantation requiring the use of a low-profile stent-retriever were reviewed. All cases featured a challenging vascular anatomy. After micro-catheterization of the desired segment, the stent-retriever was carefully deployed as an anchor in a secure, distal location. In all cases a pREset/LITE-stent-retriever was used for introduction of the equipment required for implantation.

Results

In all cases the anchoring-maneuver was performed without technical complications. The stent-retrievers maintained a stable position after deployment in all situations. No potential traumatic sudden movements of the microcatheter occurred. No procedure-related perforations, dissections or vasospasms were observable during the interventions or their aftermath.

Conclusions

In our experience the stent-retriever-anchoring-maneuver represents a potentially essential and safe amendment for flow diverter treatment in technically challenging situations.

Neurovascular devices for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: emerging and future technologies

Introduction: Despite numerous advances in the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms (IAs), treatment in cases of wide-neck, complex configurations or branching locations remains challenging. Apart from the paradigm shift introduced by flow diverters, several other devices have seen the light or are under development in order to address these challenges.Areas covered: We performed a review of the novel implantable endovascular devices which have been introduced for the treatment of IAs, from 1 January 2014 to 1 September 2019, excluding classic flow diverter and intracranial stent designs.Expert opinion: Alternative designs have been proposed for the treatment of IAs at branching positions, which do not jail the side branches, with or without flow diversion effect, most of which with good initial outcomes. Endosaccular devices have also been proposed, some of which with lower initial total occlusion rates. Alternative materials such as biopolymers have also been proposed and are under bench research. Despite the challenges in the exploitation of some of the new devices, most of them seem to provide solutions to some current technical shortcomings. The exploitation of the biological phenomena and the physical properties of the devices will allow us to expand the therapeutic armamentarium for more complex IA cases.

Clinical utility and versatility of the petrous segment of the internal carotid artery in revascularization

Direct approaches to high cervical lesions, including tumors and aneurysms, carry significant risks. This renders alternative approaches desirable, with vascular disease amenable to exclusion and revascularization to the intracranial circulation, including the petrous or supraclinoid segments of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The cervicopetrous ICA bypass via saphenous venous grafting has proven an effective strategy for treating and excluding these lesions. In current practice, this is performed via an extradural subtemporal approach to access the petrous segment of the ICA and a cervical incision for access to the cervical ICA. The venous graft is alternately tunneled subcutaneously or in situ through the cervical ICA, with the latter eschewing external compression, kinking, and torsion, which increases risk of graft thrombosis with the former. Maxillary or middle meningeal arteries may also serve as donors to the petrous ICA. Moreover, the petrous ICA may be used as a donor in revascularization procedures, to the supraclinoid segment of the ICA and the middle cerebral artery, with petrous supraclinoid and petrous-MCA bypasses described. Clinical utility and operative approaches bypassing to or from the petrous ICA in revascularization procedures are reviewed and discussed.