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de la Parra S, Fernández-Pampín N, Garroni S, Poddighe M, de la Fuente-Vivas D, Barros R, Martel-Martín S, Aparicio S, Rumbo C, Tamayo-Ramos JA. Comparative toxicological analysis of two pristine carbon nanomaterials (graphene oxide and aminated graphene oxide) and their corresponding degraded forms using human in vitro models. Toxicology 2024; 504:153783. [PMID: 38518840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Despite the wide application of graphene-based materials, the information of the toxicity associated to some specific derivatives such as aminated graphene oxide is scarce. Likewise, most of these studies analyse the pristine materials, while the available data regarding the harmful effects of degraded forms is very limited. In this work, the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO), aminated graphene oxide (GO-NH2), and their respective degraded forms (dGO and dGO-NH2) obtained after being submitted to high-intensity sonication was evaluated applying in vitro assays in different models of human exposure. Viability and ROS assays were performed on A549 and HT29 cells, while their skin irritation potential was tested on a reconstructed human epidermis model. The obtained results showed that GO-NH2 and dGO-NH2 substantially decrease cell viability in the lung and gastrointestinal models, being this reduction slightly higher in the cells exposed to the degraded forms. In contrast, this parameter was not affected by GO and dGO which, conversely, showed the ability to induce higher levels of ROS than the pristine and degraded aminated forms. Furthermore, none of the materials is skin irritant. Altogether, these results provide new insights about the potential harmful effects of the selected graphene-based nanomaterials in comparison with their degraded counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra de la Parra
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Natalia Fernández-Pampín
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Sebastiano Garroni
- Department of Chemical, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Matteo Poddighe
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (LMNT), Department of Chemical, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Science, CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Dalia de la Fuente-Vivas
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Rocío Barros
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Sonia Martel-Martín
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Santiago Aparicio
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Carlos Rumbo
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain.
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2
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Andrews JPM, Joshi SS, Tzolos E, Syed MB, Cuthbert H, Crica LE, Lozano N, Okwelogu E, Raftis JB, Bruce L, Poland CA, Duffin R, Fokkens PHB, Boere AJF, Leseman DLAC, Megson IL, Whitfield PD, Ziegler K, Tammireddy S, Hadjidemetriou M, Bussy C, Cassee FR, Newby DE, Kostarelos K, Miller MR. First-in-human controlled inhalation of thin graphene oxide nanosheets to study acute cardiorespiratory responses. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:705-714. [PMID: 38366225 PMCID: PMC11106005 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Graphene oxide nanomaterials are being developed for wide-ranging applications but are associated with potential safety concerns for human health. We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled study to determine how the inhalation of graphene oxide nanosheets affects acute pulmonary and cardiovascular function. Small and ultrasmall graphene oxide nanosheets at a concentration of 200 μg m-3 or filtered air were inhaled for 2 h by 14 young healthy volunteers in repeated visits. Overall, graphene oxide nanosheet exposure was well tolerated with no adverse effects. Heart rate, blood pressure, lung function and inflammatory markers were unaffected irrespective of graphene oxide particle size. Highly enriched blood proteomics analysis revealed very few differential plasma proteins and thrombus formation was mildly increased in an ex vivo model of arterial injury. Overall, acute inhalation of highly purified and thin nanometre-sized graphene oxide nanosheets was not associated with overt detrimental effects in healthy humans. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of carefully controlled human exposures at a clinical setting for risk assessment of graphene oxide, and lay the foundations for investigating the effects of other two-dimensional nanomaterials in humans. Clinicaltrials.gov ref: NCT03659864.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P M Andrews
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shruti S Joshi
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evangelos Tzolos
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maaz B Syed
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Livia E Crica
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Neus Lozano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Okwelogu
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer B Raftis
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorraine Bruce
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Craig A Poland
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul H B Fokkens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A John F Boere
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daan L A C Leseman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ian L Megson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Phil D Whitfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Kerstin Ziegler
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Seshu Tammireddy
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Marilena Hadjidemetriou
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Thomas Ashton Institute for Risk and Regulatory Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David E Newby
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mark R Miller
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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3
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Kong C, Chen J, Li P, Wu Y, Zhang G, Sang B, Li R, Shi Y, Cui X, Zhou T. Respiratory Toxicology of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: A Review. TOXICS 2024; 12:82. [PMID: 38251037 PMCID: PMC10820349 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) consist of a single or few layers of graphene sheets or modified graphene including pristine graphene, graphene nanosheets (GNS), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as well as graphene modified with various functional groups or chemicals (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, and polyethylene glycol), which are frequently used in industrial and biomedical applications owing to their exceptional physicochemical properties. Given the widespread production and extensive application of GBNs, they can be disseminated in a wide range of environmental mediums, such as air, water, food, and soil. GBNs can enter the human body through various routes such as inhalation, ingestion, dermal penetration, injection, and implantation in biomedical applications, and the majority of GBNs tend to accumulate in the respiratory system. GBNs inhaled and substantially deposited in the human respiratory tract may impair lung defenses and clearance, resulting in the formation of granulomas and pulmonary fibrosis. However, the specific toxicity of the respiratory system caused by different GBNs, their influencing factors, and the underlying mechanisms remain relatively scarce. This review summarizes recent advances in the exposure, metabolism, toxicity and potential mechanisms, current limitations, and future perspectives of various GBNs in the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Kong
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Junwen Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People’s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, China; (J.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People’s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, China; (J.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Yukang Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China;
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bimin Sang
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Yuqin Shi
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiuqing Cui
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (C.K.); (G.Z.); (B.S.); (Y.S.)
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Sallustrau A, Keck M, Barbe P, Georgin D, Fresneau N, Campidelli S, Pibaleau B, Pinault M, Mayne-L'Hermite M, Granotier-Beckers C, Schlegel M, González VJ, Vázquez E, Servent D, Taran F. One-year post-exposure assessment of 14C-few-layer graphene biodistribution in mice: single versus repeated intratracheal administration. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17621-17632. [PMID: 37877415 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03711h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Research on graphene-based nanomaterials has experienced exponential growth in the last few decades, driven by their unique properties and their future potential impact on our everyday life. With the increasing production and commercialization of these materials, there is significant interest in understanding their fate in vivo. Herein, we investigated the distribution of 14C-few-layer graphene (14C-FLG) flakes (lat. dim. ∼ 500 nm) in mice over a period of one year. Furthermore, we compared the effects of repeated low-dose and acute high-dose exposure by tracheal administration. The results showed that most of the radioactivity was found in the lungs in both cases, with longer elimination times in the case of acute high-dose administration. In order to gain deeper insights into the distribution pattern, we conducted ex vivo investigations using μ-autoradiography on tissue sections, revealing the heterogeneous distribution of the material following administration. For the first time, μ-autoradiography was used to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the distribution and potential presence of FLG within lung cells isolated from the exposed lungs. The presence of radioactivity in lung cells strongly suggests internalization of the 14C-FLG particles. Overall these results show the long-term accumulation of the material in the lungs over one year, regardless of the administration protocol, and the higher biopersistence of FLG in the case of an acute exposure. These findings highlight the importance of the exposure scenario in the context of intratracheal administration, which is of interest in the evaluation of the potential health risks of graphene-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Sallustrau
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMos, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Peggy Barbe
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMos, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dominique Georgin
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Nathalie Fresneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Stephane Campidelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Baptiste Pibaleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LEDNA, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathieu Pinault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LEDNA, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Christine Granotier-Beckers
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Michel Schlegel
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Service de Recherche en Matériaux et Procédés Avancés, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Viviana Jehová González
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Denis Servent
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMos, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Hadrup N, Sahlgren N, Jacobsen NR, Saber AT, Hougaard KS, Vogel U, Jensen KA. Toxicity dose descriptors from animal inhalation studies of 13 nanomaterials and their bulk and ionic counterparts and variation with primary particle characteristics. Nanotoxicology 2023:1-34. [PMID: 37300873 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2221728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study collects toxicity data from animal inhalation studies of some nanomaterials and their bulk and ionic counterparts. To allow potential grouping and interpretations, we retrieved the primary physicochemical and exposure data to the extent possible for each of the materials. Reviewed materials are compounds (mainly elements, oxides and salts) of carbon (carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and graphene), silver, cerium, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, silicium (amorphous silica and quartz), titanium (titanium dioxide), and zinc (chemical symbols: Ag, C, Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Si, Ti, TiO2, and Zn). Collected endpoints are: a) pulmonary inflammation, measured as neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid at 0-24 hours after last exposure; and b) genotoxicity/carcinogenicity. We present the dose descriptors no-observed-adverse-effect concentrations (NOAECs) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentrations (LOAECs) for 88 nanomaterial investigations in data-library and graph formats. We also calculate 'the value where 25% of exposed animals develop tumors' (T25) for carcinogenicity studies. We describe how the data may be used for hazard assessment of the materials using carbon black as an example. The collected data also enable hazard comparison between different materials. An important observation for poorly soluble particles is that the NOAEC for neutrophil numbers in general lies around 1 to 2 mg/m3. We further discuss why some materials' dose descriptors deviate from this level, likely reflecting the effects of the ionic form and effects of the fiber-shape. Finally, we discuss that long-term studies, in general, provide the lowest dose descriptors, and dose descriptors are positively correlated with particle size for near-spherical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hadrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research group for risk-benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Sahlgren
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne T Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin S Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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de Luna LAV, Loret T, Fordham A, Arshad A, Drummond M, Dodd A, Lozano N, Kostarelos K, Bussy C. Lung recovery from DNA damage induced by graphene oxide is dependent on size, dose and inflammation profile. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:62. [PMID: 36131347 PMCID: PMC9490925 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00502-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key aspect of any new material safety assessment is the evaluation of their in vivo genotoxicity. Graphene oxide (GO) has been studied for many promising applications, but there are remaining concerns about its safety profile, especially after inhalation. Herein we tested whether GO lateral dimension, comparing micrometric (LGO) and nanometric (USGO) GO sheets, has a role in the formation of DNA double strand breaks in mouse lungs. We used spatial resolution and differential cell type analysis to measure DNA damages in both epithelial and immune cells, after either single or repeated exposure. RESULTS GO induced DNA damages were size and dose dependent, in both exposure scenario. After single exposure to a high dose, both USGO and LGO induced significant DNA damage in the lung parenchyma, but only during the acute phase response (p < 0.05 for USGO; p < 0.01 for LGO). This was followed by a fast lung recovery at day 7 and 28 for both GOs. When evaluating the chronic impact of GO after repeated exposure, only a high dose of LGO induced long-term DNA damages in lung alveolar epithelia (at 84 days, p < 0.05). Regardless of size, low dose GO did not induce any significant DNA damage after repeated exposure. A multiparametric correlation analysis of our repeated exposure data revealed that transient or persistent inflammation and oxidative stress were associated to either recovery or persistent DNA damages. For USGO, recovery from DNA damage was correlated to efficient recovery from acute inflammation (i.e., significant secretion of SAA3, p < 0.001; infiltration of neutrophils, p < 0.01). In contrast, the persistence of LGO in lungs was associated to a long-lasting presence of multinucleated macrophages (up to 84 days, p < 0.05), an underlying inflammation (IL-1α secretion up to 28 days, p < 0.05) and the presence of persistent DNA damages at 84 days. CONCLUSIONS Overall these results highlight the importance of the exposure scenario used. We showed that LGO was more genotoxic after repeated exposure than single exposure due to persistent lung inflammation. These findings are important in the context of human health risk assessment and toward establishing recommendations for a safe use of graphene based materials in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Augusto Visani de Luna
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Thomas Loret
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alexander Fordham
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Atta Arshad
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew Drummond
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Abbie Dodd
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Neus Lozano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Lab 2.0, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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7
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Sack S, Zucker B, Yecheskel Y, Zucker I. The role of size, charge, and cholesterol of cell membrane models in interactions with graphene oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128661. [PMID: 35305415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growing in manufacturing and applications of graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional nanomaterial, highlights the need for a better understanding of its environmental impact and toxicity. This work investigates the interaction of GO with cell membrane models as an indication for GO's potential harmfulness. A wide range of biologically-relevant membrane parameters (size, charge and, cholesterol content) and simple optical techniques were used to evaluate the outcome of interactions of vesicular cell membrane models with GO. Loss of membrane integrity was found to be positively correlated with electrostatic attraction and negatively correlated with cholesterol content. The size of vesicle-GO aggregates increased as a function of initial vesicle size, while cholesterol content was found to have a negligible effect on aggregation. Interestingly, charged vesicles reduced vesicle-GO aggregate size either by electrostatic repulsion of negatively charge vesicles or by GO folding following attachment of positively charge vesicles. Overall, by examining how key biologically-relevant parameters of membrane models affect interactions with GO, we have augmented the understanding of the potential threats of GO towards biological cell and to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaanan Sack
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel
| | - Ben Zucker
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel
| | - Yinon Yecheskel
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel; The Porter School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Israel
| | - Ines Zucker
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel; The Porter School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Israel.
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8
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Rapid and efficient testing of the toxicity of graphene-related materials in primary human lung cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7664. [PMID: 35538131 PMCID: PMC9088729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivative materials are manufactured by numerous companies and research laboratories, during which processes they can come into contact with their handlers' physiological barriers—for instance, their respiratory system. Despite their potential toxicity, these materials have even been used in face masks to prevent COVID-19 transmission. The increasingly widespread use of these materials requires the design and implementation of appropriate, versatile, and accurate toxicological screening methods to guarantee their safety. Murine models are adequate, though limited when exploring different doses and lengths of exposure—as this increases the number of animals required, contrary to the Three R's principle in animal experimentation. This article proposes an in vitro model using primary, non-transformed normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells as an alternative to the most widely used model to date, the human lung tumor cell line A549. The model has been tested with three graphene derivatives—graphene oxide (GO), few-layer graphene (FLG), and small FLG (sFLG). We observed a cytotoxic effect (necrosis and apoptosis) at early (6- and 24-h) exposures, which intensified after seven days of contact between cells and the graphene-related materials (GRMs)—with cell death reaching 90% after a 5 µg/mL dose. A549 cells are more resistant to necrosis and apoptosis, yielding values less than half of NHBE cells at low concentrations of GRMs (between 0.05 and 5 µg/mL). Indeed, GRM-induced cell death in NHBE cells is comparable to that induced by toxic compounds such as diesel exhaust particles on the same cell line. We propose NHBE as a suitable model to test GRM-induced toxicity, allowing refinement of the dose concentrations and exposure timings for better-designed in vivo mouse assays.
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Loret T, de Luna LAV, Fordham A, Arshad A, Barr K, Lozano N, Kostarelos K, Bussy C. Innate but Not Adaptive Immunity Regulates Lung Recovery from Chronic Exposure to Graphene Oxide Nanosheets. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104559. [PMID: 35166457 PMCID: PMC9008410 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has drawn a lot of interest in the material community due to unique physicochemical properties. Owing to a high surface area to volume ratio and free oxygen groups, the oxidized derivative, graphene oxide (GO) has promising potential as a drug delivery system. Here, the lung tolerability of two distinct GO varying in lateral dimensions is investigated, to reveal the most suitable candidate platform for pulmonary drug delivery. Following repeated chronic pulmonary exposure of mice to GO sheet suspensions, the innate and adaptive immune responses are studied. An acute and transient influx of neutrophils and eosinophils in the alveolar space, together with the replacement of alveolar macrophages by interstitial ones and a significant activation toward anti-inflammatory subsets, are found for both GO materials. Micrometric GO give rise to persistent multinucleated macrophages and granulomas. However, neither adaptive immune response nor lung tissue remodeling are induced after exposure to micrometric GO. Concurrently, milder effects and faster tissue recovery, both associated to a faster clearance from the respiratory tract, are found for nanometric GO, suggesting a greater lung tolerability. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of dimensions in the design of biocompatible 2D materials for pulmonary drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Loret
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Luis Augusto Visani de Luna
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Alexander Fordham
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Atta Arshad
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Katharine Barr
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Neus Lozano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Campus UABBellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Campus UABBellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
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10
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Estevan C, Vilanova E, Sogorb MA. Case study: risk associated to wearing silver or graphene nanoparticle-coated facemasks for protection against COVID-19. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:105-119. [PMID: 34786588 PMCID: PMC8594636 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The world is living a pandemic situation derived from the worldwide spreading of SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19. Facemasks have proven to be one of the most effective prophylactic measures to avoid the infection that has made that wearing of facemasks has become mandatory in most of the developed countries. Silver and graphene nanoparticles have proven to have antimicrobial properties and are used as coating of these facemasks to increase the effectivity of the textile fibres. In the case of silver nanoparticles, we have estimated that in a real scenario the systemic (internal) exposure derived from wearing these silver nanoparticle facemasks would be between 7.0 × 10–5 and 2.8 × 10–4 mg/kg bw/day. In addition, we estimated conservative systemic no effect levels between 0.075 and 0.01 mg/kg bw/day. Therefore, we estimate that the chronic exposure to silver nanoparticles derived form facemasks wearing is safe. In the case of graphene, we detected important gaps in the database, especially regarding toxicokinetics, which prevents the derivation of a systemic no effect level. Nevertheless, the qualitative approach suggests that the risk of dermal repeated exposure to graphene is very low, or even negligible. We estimated that for both nanomaterials, the risk of skin sensitisation and genotoxicity is also negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Estevan
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sogorb
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain.
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11
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Structure-Activity Relationship of Graphene-Based Materials: Impact of the Surface Chemistry, Surface Specific Area and Lateral Size on Their In Vitro Toxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112963. [PMID: 34835726 PMCID: PMC8619174 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Predictive toxicity and structure–activity relationships (SARs) are raising interest since the number of nanomaterials has become unmanageable to assess their toxicity with a classical case-by-case approach. Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are among the most promising nanomaterials of this decade and their application might lead to several innovations. However, their toxicity impact needs to be thoroughly assessed. In this regard, we conducted a study on 22 GBMs to investigate their potential SARs by performing a complete physicochemical characterization and in vitro toxicity assessment (on RAW264.7 cells). We used GBMs of variable lateral size (0.5–38 µm), specific surface area (SSA, 30–880 m²/g), and surface oxidation (2–17%). We observed that reduced graphene oxides (RGOs) were more reactive than graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), potentially highlighting the role of GBM’s surface chemistry and surface defects density in their biological impact. We also observed that for GNPs, a smaller lateral size caused higher cytotoxicity. Lastly, GBMs showing a SSA higher than 200 m²/g were found to induce a higher ROS production. Mechanistic explanations are proposed in the discussion. In conclusion, pairing a full physicochemical characterization with a standardized toxicity assessment of a large set of samples allowed us to clarify SARs and provide an additional step toward safe-by-design GBMs.
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12
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Nirmal NK, Awasthi KK, John PJ. Hepatotoxicity of graphene oxide in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46367-46376. [PMID: 32632678 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has a multitude of applications in areas of nanomedicine, electronics, textile, water purification, and catalysis among others. GO is relatively easier to manufacture and customize as compared with other carbon-based nanomaterials. In the present work, GO was administered intraperitoneally to adult Wistar rats in four incremental doses, i.e., 0.0 mg/kg (control), 0.4 mg/kg (low dose), 2.0 mg/kg (mid-dose), and 10.0 mg/kg (high dose). After 15 repeated doses over a period of 30 days, biochemical assays for alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were carried out. Histopathological and morphometric analyses of liver and kidney were also performed. Results demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity of GO. General behavior and liver indices remained unaffected in the study. Serum levels of ALT, ALP, and AST were altered significantly in high-dose treated animals. Changes were found insignificant in the low- and mid-dose groups. Catalase activity in liver tissue homogenates was decreased in the high-dose group. MDA levels were found elevated in treated rats. Unlike control and low dose, mid- and high-dose treated rats exhibited varying degrees of histopathological changes like inflammation around the central vein and portal veins, vacuolations, hepatocytic injury, and near normal to abnormal hepatic sinusoids. These findings show that GO has considerable toxic potential to mammalian liver and thorough toxicity studies are needed before these nanosheets are used in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh K Nirmal
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, India
| | - Kumud K Awasthi
- Department of Life Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, 303012, India
| | - Placheril J John
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, India.
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13
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Kumarasamy M, Sosnik A. Heterocellular spheroids of the neurovascular blood-brain barrier as a platform for personalized nanoneuromedicine. iScience 2021; 24:102183. [PMID: 33718835 PMCID: PMC7921813 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoneuromedicine investigates nanotechnology to target the brain and treat neurological diseases. In this work, we biofabricated heterocellular spheroids comprising human brain microvascular endothelial cells, brain vascular pericytes and astrocytes combined with primary cortical neurons and microglia isolated from neonate rats. The structure and function are characterized by confocal laser scanning and light sheet fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, western blotting, and RNA sequencing. The spheroid bulk is formed by neural cells and microglia and the surface by endothelial cells and they upregulate key structural and functional proteins of the blood-brain barrier. These cellular constructs are utilized to preliminary screen the permeability of polymeric, metallic, and ceramic nanoparticles (NPs). Findings reveal that penetration and distribution patterns depend on the NP type and that microglia would play a key role in this pathway, highlighting the promise of this platform to investigate the interaction of different nanomaterials with the central nervous system in nanomedicine, nanosafety and nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Kumarasamy
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, De-Jur Bldg. Office 607, Technion City, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, De-Jur Bldg. Office 607, Technion City, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
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14
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Janer G, Landsiedel R, Wohlleben W. Rationale and decision rules behind the ECETOC NanoApp to support registration of sets of similar nanoforms within REACH. Nanotoxicology 2020; 15:145-166. [PMID: 33320695 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1842933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New registration requirements for nanomaterials under REACH consider the possibility to form 'sets of similar nanoforms' for a joined human health and environmental hazard, exposure and risk assessment. We developed a tool to create and justify sets of similar nanoforms and to ensure that each of the nanoforms is sufficiently similar to all other nanoforms. The decision logic is following the ECHA guidance in a transparent and evidence-based manner. For each two nanoforms the properties under consideration are compared and corresponding thresholds for maximal differences are proposed. In tier1, similarity is assessed based on intrinsic properties that mostly correspond to those required for nanoform identification under REACH: composition, impurities/additives, size, crystallinity, shape and surface treatment. Moreover, potential differences in the agglomeration/aggregation state resulting from different production processes are considered. If nanoforms were not sufficiently similar based on tier1 criteria, additional data from functional assays are required in tier2. In rare cases, additional short-term in vivo rodent data could be required in a third tier. Data required by tier 2 are triggered by the intrinsic properties in the first tier that did not match the similarity criteria. Most often this will be data on dissolution and surface reactivity followed by in vitro toxicity, dispersion stability, dustiness. Out of several nanoforms given by the user, the tool concludes which nanoforms could be justified to be in the same set and which nanoforms are outside. It defines the boundaries of sets of similar nanoforms and generates a justification for the REACH registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Janer
- Leitat Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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15
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Poulsen SS, Bengtson S, Williams A, Jacobsen NR, Troelsen JT, Halappanavar S, Vogel U. A transcriptomic overview of lung and liver changes one day after pulmonary exposure to graphene and graphene oxide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 410:115343. [PMID: 33227293 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hazard evaluation of graphene-based materials (GBM) is still in its early stage and it is slowed by their large diversity in the physicochemical properties. This study explores transcriptomic differences in the lung and liver after pulmonary exposure to two GBM with similar physical properties, but different surface chemistry. Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed by a single intratracheal instillation of 0, 18, 54 or 162 μg/mouse of graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Pulmonary and hepatic changes in the transcriptome were profiled to identify commonly and uniquely perturbed functions and pathways by GO and rGO. These changes were then related to previously analyzed toxicity endpoints. GO exposure induced more differentially expressed genes, affected more functions, and perturbed more pathways compared to rGO, both in lung and liver tissues. The largest differences were observed for the pulmonary innate immune response and acute phase response, and for hepatic lipid homeostasis, which were strongly induced after GO exposure. These changes collective indicate a potential for atherosclerotic changes after GO, but not rGO exposure. As GO and rGO are physically similar, the higher level of hydroxyl groups on the surface of GO is likely the main reason for the observed differences. GO exposure also uniquely induced changes in the transcriptome related to fibrosis, whereas both GBM induced similar changes related to Reactive Oxygen Species production and genotoxicity. The differences in transcriptomic responses between the two GBM types can be used to understand how physicochemical properties influence biological responses and enable hazard evaluation of GBM and hazard ranking of GO and rGO, both in relation to each other and to other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Poulsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Troelsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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16
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Emadi F, Emadi A, Gholami A. A Comprehensive Insight Towards Pharmaceutical Aspects of Graphene Nanosheets. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1016-1027. [PMID: 32188383 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200318131422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphene Derivatives (GDs) have captured the interest and imagination of pharmaceutical scientists. This review exclusively provides pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics information with a particular focus on biopharmaceuticals. GDs can be used as multipurpose pharmaceutical delivery systems due to their ultra-high surface area, flexibility, and fast mobility of charge carriers. Improved effects, targeted delivery to tissues, controlled release profiles, visualization of biodistribution and clearance, and overcoming drug resistance are examples of the benefits of GDs. This review focuses on the application of GDs for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Also, the pharmacokinetic properties and the advantage of using GDs in pharmaceutics will be reviewed to achieve a comprehensive understanding about the GDs in pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Emadi
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Iran
| | - Arash Emadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, P.O. Box: 7146864685, Iran
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17
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Makvandi P, Ghomi M, Ashrafizadeh M, Tafazoli A, Agarwal T, Delfi M, Akhtari J, Zare EN, Padil VVT, Zarrabi A, Pourreza N, Miltyk W, Maiti TK. A review on advances in graphene-derivative/polysaccharide bionanocomposites: Therapeutics, pharmacogenomics and toxicity. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116952. [PMID: 33049857 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based bionanocomposites are employed in several ailments, such as cancers and infectious diseases, due to their large surface area (to carry drugs), photothermal properties, and ease of their functionalization (owing to their active groups). Modification of graphene-derivatives with polysaccharides is a promising strategy to decrease their toxicity and improve target ability, which consequently enhances their biotherapeutic efficacy. Herein, functionalization of graphene-based materials with carbohydrate polymers (e.g., chitosan, starch, alginate, hyaluronic acid, and cellulose) are presented. Subsequently, recent advances in graphene nanomaterial/polysaccharide-based bionanocomposites in infection treatment and cancer therapy are comprehensively discussed. Pharmacogenomic and toxicity assessments for these bionanocomposites are also highlighted to provide insight for future optimized and smart investigations and researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran.
| | - Matineh Ghomi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, 6153753843, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Alireza Tafazoli
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Masoud Delfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Javad Akhtari
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Vinod V T Padil
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská, 1402/2, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey; Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Nahid Pourreza
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, 6153753843, Iran
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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18
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Rodrigues AF, Newman L, Jasim D, Mukherjee SP, Wang J, Vacchi IA, Ménard‐Moyon C, Bianco A, Fadeel B, Kostarelos K, Bussy C. Size-Dependent Pulmonary Impact of Thin Graphene Oxide Sheets in Mice: Toward Safe-by-Design. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903200. [PMID: 32596109 PMCID: PMC7312279 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Safety assessment of graphene-based materials (GBMs) including graphene oxide (GO) is essential for their safe use across many sectors of society. In particular, the link between specific material properties and biological effects needs to be further elucidated. Here, the effects of lateral dimensions of GO sheets in acute and chronic pulmonary responses after single intranasal instillation in mice are compared. Micrometer-sized GO induces stronger pulmonary inflammation than nanometer-sized GO, despite reduced translocation to the lungs. Genome-wide RNA sequencing also reveals distinct size-dependent effects of GO, in agreement with the histopathological results. Although large GO, but not the smallest GO, triggers the formation of granulomas that persists for up to 90 days, no pulmonary fibrosis is observed. These latter results can be partly explained by Raman imaging, which evidences the progressive biotransformation of GO into less graphitic structures. The findings demonstrate that lateral dimensions play a fundamental role in the pulmonary response to GO, and suggest that airborne exposure to micrometer-sized GO should be avoided in the production plant or applications, where aerosolized dispersions are likely to occur. These results are important toward the implementation of a safer-by-design approach for GBM products and applications, for the benefit of workers and end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Filipe Rodrigues
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PTUK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Leon Newman
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Dhifaf Jasim
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Sourav P. Mukherjee
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine LaboratoryInstitute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholm171 77Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Science for Life LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholm171 65Sweden
| | - Isabella A. Vacchi
- University of StrasbourgCNRSImmunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic ChemistryUPR 3572Strasbourg67 084France
| | - Cécilia Ménard‐Moyon
- University of StrasbourgCNRSImmunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic ChemistryUPR 3572Strasbourg67 084France
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of StrasbourgCNRSImmunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic ChemistryUPR 3572Strasbourg67 084France
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine LaboratoryInstitute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholm171 77Sweden
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PTUK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)Campus UABBellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine LabFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
- National Graphene InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PTUK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterM13 9PTUK
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Bitounis D, Parviz D, Cao X, Amadei CA, Vecitis CD, Sunderland EM, Thrall BD, Fang M, Strano MS, Demokritou P. Synthesis and Physicochemical Transformations of Size-Sorted Graphene Oxide during Simulated Digestion and Its Toxicological Assessment against an In Vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907640. [PMID: 32196921 PMCID: PMC7260083 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, along with the increasing use of graphene oxide (GO) in various applications, there is also considerable interest in understanding its effects on human health. Only a few experimental approaches can simulate common routes of exposure, such as ingestion, due to the inherent complexity of the digestive tract. This study presents the synthesis of size-sorted GO of sub-micrometer- or micrometer-sized lateral dimensions, its physicochemical transformations across mouth, gastric, and small intestinal simulated digestions, and its toxicological assessment against a physiologically relevant, in vitro cellular model of the human intestinal epithelium. Results from real-time characterization of the simulated digestas of the gastrointestinal tract using multi-angle laser diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy show that GO agglomerates in the gastric and small intestinal phase. Extensive morphological changes, such as folding, are also observed on GO following simulated digestion. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that GO presents covalently bound N-containing groups on its surface. It is shown that the GO employed in this study undergoes reduction. Toxicological assessment of the GO small intestinal digesta over 24 h does not point to acute cytotoxicity, and examination of the intestinal epithelium under electron microscopy does not reveal histological alterations. Both sub-micrometer- and micrometer-sized GO variants elicit a 20% statistically significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation compared to the untreated control after a 6 h exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorsa Parviz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carlo A. Amadei
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chad D. Vecitis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Di Cristo L, Grimaldi B, Catelani T, Vázquez E, Pompa PP, Sabella S. Repeated exposure to aerosolized graphene oxide mediates autophagy inhibition and inflammation in a three-dimensional human airway model. Mater Today Bio 2020; 6:100050. [PMID: 32322818 PMCID: PMC7171197 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hazard evaluation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) using real-world exposure scenario could provide better interpretation of toxicity end points for their use in the assessment of human safety and for their implications in many fields such as toxicology, nanomedicine, and so forth. However, most of the current studies, both in vivo and in vitro, do not reflect realistic conditions of human exposure to ENMs, due to the high doses implemented. Moreover, the use of cellular models cultured under submerged conditions limits their physiological relevance for lung exposure, where cells are primarily cultured at the air-liquid interface. Addressing such issues is even more challenging for emergent nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO), for which little or no information on exposure is available. In this work, we studied the impact of repeated exposure of GO on a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruct of human bronchial tissue, using a nebulizer system focusing on short-term effects. The selected doses (reaching a maximum of ca. 20 μg/cm2 for a period of 4 weeks of exposure) were extrapolated from alveolar mass deposition values of a broader class of carbon-based nanomaterials, reflecting a full working lifetime of human exposure. Experimental results did not show strong toxic effects of GO in terms of viability and integrity of the lung tissue. However, since 2 weeks of treatment, repeated GO exposure elicited a proinflammatory response, moderate barrier impairment, and autophagosome accumulation, a process resulting from blockade of autophagy flux. Interestingly, the 3D airway model could recover such an effect by restoring autophagy flux at longer exposure (30 days). These findings indicate that prolonged exposure to GO produces a time window (during the 30 days of treatment set for this study) for which GO-mediated autophagy inhibition along with inflammation may potentially increase the susceptibility of exposed humans to pulmonary infections and/or lung diseases. This study also highlights the importance of using physiologically relevant in vitro models and doses derived from real-world exposure to obtain focused data for the assessment of human safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Cristo
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
| | - B Grimaldi
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
| | - T Catelani
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - E Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - P P Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - S Sabella
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
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21
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Karkossa I, Bannuscher A, Hellack B, Bahl A, Buhs S, Nollau P, Luch A, Schubert K, von Bergen M, Haase A. An in-depth multi-omics analysis in RLE-6TN rat alveolar epithelial cells allows for nanomaterial categorization. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:38. [PMID: 31653258 PMCID: PMC6814995 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanomaterials (NMs) can be fine-tuned in their properties resulting in a high number of variants, each requiring a thorough safety assessment. Grouping and categorization approaches that would reduce the amount of testing are in principle existing for NMs but are still mostly conceptual. One drawback is the limited mechanistic understanding of NM toxicity. Thus, we conducted a multi-omics in vitro study in RLE-6TN rat alveolar epithelial cells involving 12 NMs covering different materials and including a systematic variation of particle size, surface charge and hydrophobicity for SiO2 NMs. Cellular responses were analyzed by global proteomics, targeted metabolomics and SH2 profiling. Results were integrated using Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA). RESULTS Cluster analyses involving all data sets separated Graphene Oxide, TiO2_NM105, SiO2_40 and Phthalocyanine Blue from the other NMs as their cellular responses showed a high degree of similarities, although apical in vivo results may differ. SiO2_7 behaved differently but still induced significant changes. In contrast, the remaining NMs were more similar to untreated controls. WGCNA revealed correlations of specific physico-chemical properties such as agglomerate size and redox potential to cellular responses. A key driver analysis could identify biomolecules being highly correlated to the observed effects, which might be representative biomarker candidates. Key drivers in our study were mainly related to oxidative stress responses and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our multi-omics approach involving proteomics, metabolomics and SH2 profiling proved useful to obtain insights into NMs Mode of Actions. Integrating results allowed for a more robust NM categorization. Moreover, key physico-chemical properties strongly correlating with NM toxicity were identified. Finally, we suggest several key drivers of toxicity that bear the potential to improve future testing and assessment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Bannuscher
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bryan Hellack
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e.V, Bliersheimerstraße 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany.,German Environment Agency, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Aileen Bahl
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophia Buhs
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nollau
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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De Maio F, Palmieri V, Salustri A, Perini G, Sanguinetti M, De Spirito M, Delogu G, Papi M. Graphene oxide prevents mycobacteria entry into macrophages through extracellular entrapment. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1421-1431. [PMID: 36132595 PMCID: PMC9419007 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat and there is an urgent need for improved drugs and treatments, particularly against the drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Graphene oxide (GO) is an innovative bi-dimensional nanomaterial that when administered in vivo accumulates in the lungs. Further, GO is readily degraded by peroxidases and has a high drug loading capacity and antibacterial properties. In this study, we first evaluated the GO anti-mycobacterial properties using Mycobacterium smegmatis (Ms) as a model. We observed that GO, when administered with the bacteria, was able to trap Ms in a dose-dependent manner, reducing entry of bacilli into macrophages. However, GO did not show any anti-mycobacterial activity when used to treat infected cells or when macrophages were pre-treated before infection. Similar results were obtained when the virulent Mtb strain was used, showing that GO was able to trap Mtb and prevent entry into microphages. These results indicate that GO can be a promising tool to design improved therapies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio De Maio
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168 Roma Italy
| | - Alessandro Salustri
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italy
| | - Giordano Perini
- Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168 Roma Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168 Roma Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168 Roma Italy
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23
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Jeon KS, Yi JS, Yu IJ. Use of Short-Term Inhalation Study to Obtain Initial Hazard Data and Prepare for Subacute and Subchronic Inhalation Studies, and Toxicokinetic Studies. CURRENT TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8433-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Characterization of M1 and M2 polarization phenotypes in peritoneal macrophages after treatment with graphene oxide nanosheets. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 176:96-105. [PMID: 30594708 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a key role in nanoparticle removal and are primarily responsible for their uptake and trafficking in vivo. Due to their functional plasticity, macrophages display a spectrum of phenotypes between two extremes indentified as pro-inflammatory M1 and reparative M2 macrophages, characterized by the expression of specific cell surface markers and the secretion of different cytokines. The influence of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol-amine) and labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-PEG-GO) on polarization of murine peritoneal macrophages towards M1 and M2 phenotypes was evaluated in basal and stimulated conditions by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy through the expression of different cell markers: CD80 and iNOS as M1 markers, and CD206 and CD163 as M2 markers. Although FITC-PEG-GO did not induce M1 or M2 macrophage polarization after 24 and 48 h in basal conditions, this nanomaterial decreased the percentage of M2 reparative macrophages. We have also compared control macrophages with macrophages that have or have not taken up FITC-PEG-GO after treatment with these nanosheets (GO+ and GO- cells, respectively). The CD80 expression diminished in GO+ macrophages after 48 h of GO treatment but the CD206 expression in GO+ population showed higher values than in both GO- population and control macrophages. In the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli (LPS and IFN-γ), a significant decrease of CD80+ cells was observed after treatment with GO. This nanomaterial also induced significant decreases of CD206+ and CD163+ cells in the presence of reparative stimulus (IL-4). The CD80, iNOS and CD206 expression was lower in both GO- and GO+ cells than in control macrophages. However, higher CD163 expression was obtained in both GO- and GO+ cells in comparison with control macrophages. All these facts suggest that FITC-PEG-GO uptake did not induce the macrophage polarization towards the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype, promoting the control of the M1/M2 balance with a slight shift towards M2 reparative phenotype involved in tissue repair, ensuring an appropriate immune response to these nanosheets.
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25
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Dasari Shareena TP, McShan D, Dasmahapatra AK, Tchounwou PB. A Review on Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications and Risks in Environment and Health. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2018; 10:53. [PMID: 30079344 PMCID: PMC6075845 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-018-0206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) have attracted increasing interests of the scientific community due to their unique physicochemical properties and their applications in biotechnology, biomedicine, bioengineering, disease diagnosis and therapy. Although a large amount of researches have been conducted on these novel nanomaterials, limited comprehensive reviews are published on their biomedical applications and potential environmental and human health effects. The present research aimed at addressing this knowledge gap by examining and discussing: (1) the history, synthesis, structural properties and recent developments of GBNs for biomedical applications; (2) GBNs uses as therapeutics, drug/gene delivery and antibacterial materials; (3) GBNs applications in tissue engineering and in research as biosensors and bioimaging materials; and (4) GBNs potential environmental effects and human health risks. It also discussed the perspectives and challenges associated with the biomedical applications of GBNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle McShan
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Asok K Dasmahapatra
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
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