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Brown NF, Murray ER, Cutmore LC, Howard P, Masterson L, Zammarchi F, Hartley JA, van Berkel PH, Marshall JF. Integrin-αvβ6 targeted peptide-toxin therapy in a novel αvβ6-expressing immunocompetent model of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2024; 24:445-455. [PMID: 38519394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Previously we reported that a novel αvβ6-specific peptide-drug conjugate (SG3299) could eliminate established human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) xenografts. However the development of effective therapies for PDAC, which is an essential need, must show efficacy in relevant immunocompetent animals. Previously we reported that the KPC mouse transgenic PDAC model that closely recapitulates most stages of development of human PDAC, unlike in humans, failed to express αvβ6 on their tumours or metastases. In this study we have taken the KPC-derived PDAC line TB32043 and engineered a variant line (TB32043mb6S2) that expresses mouse integrin αvβ6. We report that orthotopic implantation of the αvβ6 over-expressing TB32043mb6S2 cells promotes shorter overall survival and increase in metastases. Moreover, systemic treatment of mice with established TB32043mb6S2 tumours in the pancreas with SG2399 lived significantly longer (p < 0.001; mean OS 48d) compared with PBS or control SG3511 (mean OS 25.5d and 26d, respectively). Thus SG3299 is confirmed as a promising candidate therapeutic for the therapy of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Brown
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Murray
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lauren C Cutmore
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Philip Howard
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, UK
| | - Luke Masterson
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, UK
| | - Francesca Zammarchi
- ADC Therapeutics (UK) Ltd, Translation & Innovation Hub Building, Imperial College White City Campus, 84 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patrick H van Berkel
- ADC Therapeutics (UK) Ltd, Translation & Innovation Hub Building, Imperial College White City Campus, 84 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Yin Q, Qi G, Wang S, Tian H, Gao X, Zhang Z, Hao L. Magnetic resonance/fluorescence dual-modality contrast agents targeting α vβ 6-overexpressing tumors based on A20FMDV2 peptide as a ligand. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 664:86-93. [PMID: 37141641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignant digestive system tumor with a poor late-stage prognosis. This study aimed to identify new methods for the early detection of PDAC. The nanoprobe A20FMDV2-Gd-5-FAM was developed using A20FMDV2 (N1AVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART20-NH2, A20FMDV2) as the ligand and characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, and UV absorption spectroscopy. The binding of pancreatic cancer cells AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and normal human pancreatic H6C7 cells (HPDE6-C7) to the probe was verified using laser confocal microscopy, and the biocompatibility of the probe was evaluated in vivo. In vivo magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging were also performed on nude mice with subcutaneous pancreatic tumor xenografts to verify the bimodal imaging performance of the probe. The probe exhibited good stability and biocompatibility and an enhanced relaxation rate (25.46 ± 1.32 mM-1 s-1) than Gd-DTPA. Confocal laser scanning microscopy results revealed that the A20FMDV2-Gd-5-FAM probe could be successfully ingested and internalized, and infrared analysis results demonstrated that the probe was linked successfully. Finally, magnetic resonance T1WI imaging and intravital fluorescence imaging demonstrated the specific signal enhancement of the probe at the tumor site. In conclusion, the bimodal molecular probe A20FMDV2-Gd-5-FAM showed a stable magnetic resonance and fluorescence bimodal imaging performance and is a promising new approach for diagnosing early-stage cancers with a high integrin αvβ6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Yin
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guiqiang Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shengchao Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongda Tian
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhichen Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liguo Hao
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.
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Fan D, Zhang C, Luo Q, Li B, Ai L, Li D, Jia W. In vivo evaluation of integrin αvβ6-targeting peptide in NSCLC and brain metastasis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1070967. [PMID: 36968997 PMCID: PMC10036820 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIntegrin αvβ6, which is upregulated in malignancies and remains absent or weak in normal tissue, is a promising target in molecular imaging therapeutics. In vivo imaging of integrin αvβ6 could therefore be valuable for early tumor detection and intraoperative guidance.MethodsIn this study, integrin αvβ6-targeting probe G2-SFLAP3 was labeled with near-infrared (NIR) dye Cy5.5 or radioisotope 68Ga. The resulting probes were evaluated in integrin αvβ6-positive A549 and αvβ6-negative H1703 xenograft mice models.ResultsThe cellar uptake of G2-SFLAP3-Cy5.5 was consistent with the expression of integrin αvβ6. Both subcutaneous and brain metastatic A549 tumors could be clearly visualized by NIR fluorescent imaging of G2-SFLAP3-Cy5.5. A549 tumors demonstrated the highest G2-SFLAP3-Cy5.5 accumulation at 4h post-injection (p.i.) and remain detectable at 84h p.i. The fluorescent signal of G2-SFLAP3-Cy5.5 was significantly reduced in H1703 and A549-blocking groups. Consistently, small-animal PET imaging showed tumor-specific accumulation of 68Ga-DOTA-G2-SFLAP3.DiscussionG2-SFLAP3 represents a promising agent for noninvasive imaging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengkai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baowang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Ai, ; Deling Li, ; Wang Jia,
| | - Deling Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Ai, ; Deling Li, ; Wang Jia,
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Ai, ; Deling Li, ; Wang Jia,
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Lian Y, Zeng S, Wen S, Zhao X, Fang C, Zeng N. Review and Application of Integrin Alpha v Beta 6 in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231189399. [PMID: 37525872 PMCID: PMC10395192 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231189399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin Alpha v Beta 6 is expressed primarily in solid epithelial tumors, such as cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. It has been considered a potential and promising molecular marker for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma share genetic, histological, and pathophysiological similarities due to the shared embryonic origin of the bile duct and pancreas. These cancers share numerous clinicopathological characteristics, including growth pattern, poor response to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and poor prognosis. This review focuses on the role of integrin Alpha v Beta 6 in cancer progression. It addition, it reviews how the marker can be used in molecular imaging and therapeutic targets. We propose further research explorations and questions that need to be addressed. We conclude that integrin Alpha v Beta 6 may serve as a potential biomarker for cancer disease progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Lian
- Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Silue Zeng
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Technology Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sai Wen
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Technology Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingyang Zhao
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Technology Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chihua Fang
- Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Technology Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zeng
- Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Technology Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Integrin Alpha v Beta 6 (αvβ6) and Its Implications in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012346. [PMID: 36293202 PMCID: PMC9603893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are necessary for cell adhesion, migration, and positioning. Essential for inducing signalling events for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, they also trigger a variety of signal transduction pathways involved in mediating invasion, metastasis, and squamous-cell carcinoma. Several recent studies have demonstrated that the up- and down-regulation of the expression of αv and other integrins can be a potent marker of malignant diseases and patient prognosis. This review focuses on an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-dependent integrin αVβ6, its biology, and its role in healthy humans. We examine the implications of αVβ6 in cancer progression and the promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by contributing to the activation of transforming growth factor beta TGF-β. Although αvβ6 is crucial for proper function in healthy people, it has also been validated as a target for cancer treatment. This review briefly considers aspects of targeting αVβ6 in the clinic via different therapeutic modalities.
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Meecham A, Cutmore LC, Protopapa P, Rigby LG, Marshall JF. Ligand-bound integrin αvβ6 internalisation and trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:920303. [PMID: 36092709 PMCID: PMC9448872 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.920303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin αvβ6 is expressed at low levels in most normal healthy tissue but is very often upregulated in a disease context including cancer and fibrosis. Integrins use endocytosis and trafficking as a means of regulating their surface expression and thus their functions, however little is known of how this process is regulated in the context of αvβ6. As αvβ6 is a major target for the development of therapeutics in cancer and fibrosis, understanding these dynamics is critical in the development of αvβ6-targeted therapies. Following development of a flow cytometry-based assay to measure ligand (A20FMDV2 or LAP)-bound αvβ6 endocytosis, an siRNA screen was performed to identify which genes were responsible for internalising αvβ6. These data identified 15 genes (DNM2, CBLB, DNM3, CBL, EEA1, CLTC, ARFGAP3, CAV1, CYTH2, CAV3, CAV2, IQSEC1, AP2M1, TSG101) which significantly decreased endocytosis, predominantly within dynamin-dependent pathways. Inhibition of these dynamin-dependent pathways significantly reduced αvβ6-dependent migration (αvβ6-specific migration was 547 ± 128 under control conditions, reduced to 225 ± 73 with clathrin inhibition, and 280 ± 51 with caveolin inhibition). Colocalization studies of αvβ6 with endosome markers revealed that up to 6 h post-internalisation of ligand, αvβ6 remains in Rab11-positive endosomes in a perinuclear location, with no evidence of αvβ6 degradation up to 48 h post exposure to A20FMDV2. Additionally, 60% of ligand-bound αvβ6 was recycled back to the surface by 6 h. With studies ongoing using conjugated A20FMDV2 to therapeutically target αvβ6 in cancer and fibrosis, these data have important implications. Binding of A20FMDV2 seemingly removes much of the αvβ6 from the cell membrane, and upon its recycling, a large fraction appears to still be in the ligand-bound state. While these results are observed with A20FMDV2, these data will be of value in the design of αvβ6-specific therapeutics and potentially the types of therapeutic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Meecham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lauren C. Cutmore
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelitsa Protopapa
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren G. Rigby
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Hung KY, Kowalczyk R, Desai A, Brimble MA, Marshall JF, Harris PWR. Synthesis and Systematic Study on the Effect of Different PEG Units on Stability of PEGylated, Integrin-αvβ6-Specific A20FMDV2 Analogues in Rat Serum and Human Plasma. Molecules 2022; 27:4331. [PMID: 35889207 PMCID: PMC9316855 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A20FMDV2 is a 20-mer peptide that exhibits high selectivity and affinity for the tumour-related αvβ6 integrin that can compete with extracellular ligands for the crucial RGD binding site, playing a role as a promising αvβ6-specific inhibitor for anti-cancer therapies. Unfortunately, the clinical value of A20FMDV2 is limited by its poor half-life in blood caused by rapid renal excretion and its reported high susceptibility to serum proteases. The incorporation of poly (ethylene glycol) chains, coined PEGylation, is a well-established approach to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of drug molecules. Here, we report a systematic study on the incorporation of a varying number of ethylene glycol units (1-20) into the A20FMDV2 peptide to establish the effects of PEGylation size on the peptide stability in both rat serum and human plasma. In addition, the effect of acetyl and propionyl PEGylation handles on peptide stability is also described. Selected peptide analogues were assessed for integrin-αvβ6-targeted binding, showing good specificity and activity in vitro. Stability studies in rat serum established that all of the PEGylated peptides displayed good stability, and an A20FMDV2 peptide containing twenty ethylene glycol units (PEG20) was the most stable. Surprisingly, the stability testing in human plasma identified shorter PEGs (PEG2 and PEG5) as more resistant to degradation than longer PEGs, a trend which was also observed with affinity binding to integrin αvβ6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-yuan Hung
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (K.-y.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Renata Kowalczyk
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (K.-y.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Ami Desai
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (K.-y.H.); (M.A.B.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - John F. Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- The School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (K.-y.H.); (M.A.B.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Bieri M, Hendrickx R, Bauer M, Yu B, Jetzer T, Dreier B, Mittl PRE, Sobek J, Plückthun A, Greber UF, Hemmi S. The RGD-binding integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 are receptors for mouse adenovirus-1 and -3 infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010083. [PMID: 34910784 PMCID: PMC8673666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adenoviruses (AdVs) comprise more than ~350 types including over 100 human (HAdVs) and just three mouse AdVs (MAdVs). While most HAdVs initiate infection by high affinity/avidity binding of their fiber knob (FK) protein to either coxsackievirus AdV receptor (CAR), CD46 or desmoglein (DSG)-2, MAdV-1 (M1) infection requires arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) binding integrins. To identify the receptors mediating MAdV infection we generated five novel reporter viruses for MAdV-1/-2/-3 (M1, M2, M3) transducing permissive murine (m) CMT-93 cells, but not B16 mouse melanoma cells expressing mCAR, human (h) CD46 or hDSG-2. Recombinant M1 or M3 FKs cross-blocked M1 and M3 but not M2 infections. Profiling of murine and human cells expressing RGD-binding integrins suggested that αvβ6 and αvβ8 heterodimers are associated with M1 and M3 infections. Ectopic expression of mβ6 in B16 cells strongly enhanced M1 and M3 binding, infection, and progeny production comparable with mαvβ6-positive CMT-93 cells, whereas mβ8 expressing cells were more permissive to M1 than M3. Anti-integrin antibodies potently blocked M1 and M3 binding and infection of CMT-93 cells and hαvβ8-positive M000216 cells. Soluble integrin αvβ6, and synthetic peptides containing the RGDLXXL sequence derived from FK-M1, FK-M3 and foot and mouth disease virus coat protein strongly interfered with M1/M3 infections, in agreement with high affinity interactions of FK-M1/FK-M3 with αvβ6/αvβ8, determined by surface plasmon resonance measurements. Molecular docking simulations of ternary complexes revealed a bent conformation of RGDLXXL-containing FK-M3 peptides on the subunit interface of αvβ6/β8, where the distal leucine residue dips into a hydrophobic pocket of β6/8, the arginine residue ionically engages αv aspartate215, and the aspartate residue coordinates a divalent cation in αvβ6/β8. Together, the RGDLXXL-bearing FKs are part of an essential mechanism for M1/M3 infection engaging murine and human αvβ6/8 integrins. These integrins are highly conserved in other mammals, and may favour cross-species virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bieri
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, ETH and University Of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodinde Hendrickx
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, ETH and University Of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tania Jetzer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peer R. E. Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Sobek
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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