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Houshmand Chatroudi A, Yotsumoto Y. No evidence for the effect of entrainment's phase on duration reproduction and precision of regular intervals. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3037-3057. [PMID: 37369629 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Perception of time is not always veridical; rather, it is subjected to distortions. One such compelling distortion is that the duration of regularly spaced intervals is often overestimated. One account suggests that excitatory phases of neural entrainment concomitant with such stimuli play a major role. However, assessing the correlation between the power of entrained oscillations and time dilation has yielded inconclusive results. In this study, we evaluated whether phase characteristics of neural oscillations impact time dilation. For this purpose, we entrained 10-Hz oscillations and experimentally manipulated the presentation of flickers so that they were presented either in-phase or out-of-phase relative to the established rhythm. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recordings confirmed that in-phase and out-of-phase flickers had landed on different inhibitory phases of high-amplitude alpha oscillations. Moreover, to control for confounding factors of expectancy and masking, we created two additional conditions. Results, supplemented by the Bayesian analysis, indicated that the phase of entrained visual alpha oscillation does not differentially affect flicker-induced time dilation. Repeating the same experiment with regularly spaced auditory stimuli replicated the null findings. Moreover, we found a robust enhancement of precision for the reproduction of flickers relative to static stimuli that were partially supported by entrainment models. We discussed our results within the framework of neural oscillations and time-perception models, suggesting that inhibitory cycles of visual alpha may have little relevance to the overestimation of regularly spaced intervals. Moreover, based on our findings, we proposed that temporal oscillators, assumed in entrainment models, may act independently of excitatory phases in the brain's lower level sensory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuko Yotsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Droit-Volet S, Gil S. The Spread of the Lengthening Time Effect of Emotions in Memory: A Test in the Setting of the Central Tendency Effect. Front Psychol 2021; 12:774392. [PMID: 34867684 PMCID: PMC8637849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test how the perception of an emotional stimulus colors the temporal context of judgment and modifies the participant's perception of the current neutral duration. Participants were given two ready-set-go tasks consisting of a distribution of short (0.5-0.9 s) or long sample intervals (0.9-1.3 s) with an overlapping 0.9-s interval. Additional intervals were introduced in the temporal distribution. These were neutral for the two temporal tasks in a control condition and emotional for the short, but not the long temporal task in an emotion condition. The results indicated a replication of a kind of Vierordt's law in the control condition, i.e., the temporal judgment toward the mean of the distribution of sample intervals (central tendency effect). However, there was a shift in the central tendency effect in the emotion condition indicating a general bias in the form of an overestimation of current intervals linked to the presence of a few emotional stimuli among the previous intervals. This finding is entirely consistent with timing mechanisms driven by prior duration context, particularly experience of prior emotional duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Droit-Volet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et COgnitive (LAPSCO), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sandrine Gil
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (CeRCA), Poitiers, France
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Ogden RS, Simmons FR, Wearden JH. Verbal estimation of the magnitude of time, number, and length. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 85:3048-3060. [PMID: 33331956 PMCID: PMC8476378 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Performance similarities on tasks requiring the processing of different domains of magnitude (e.g. time, numerosity, and length) have led to the suggestion that humans possess a common processing system for all domains of magnitude (Bueti and Walsh in Philos Trans R Soc B 364:1831-1840, 2009). In light of this, the current study examined whether Wearden's (Timing Time Percept 3:223-245, 2015) model of the verbal estimation of duration could be applied to verbal estimates of numerosity and length. Students (n = 23) verbally estimated the duration, number, or physical length of items presented in visual displays. Analysis of the mean verbal estimates indicated the data were typical of that found in other studies. Analysis of the frequency of individual verbal estimates produced suggested that the verbal responses were highly quantized for duration and length: that is, only a small number of estimates were used. Responses were also quantized for number but to a lesser degree. The data were modelled using Wearden's (2015) account of verbal estimation performance, which simulates quantization effects, and good fits could be obtained providing that stimulus durations were scaled as proportions (0.75, 1.06, and 0.92 for duration, number, and length, respectively) of their real magnitudes. The results suggest that despite previous reports of similarities in the processing of magnitude, there appear to be differences in the way in which the underlying representations of the magnitudes are scaled and then transformed into verbal outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ogden
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L33AF, UK.
| | - F R Simmons
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L33AF, UK
| | - J H Wearden
- University of Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
- University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Ogden RS, Henderson J, McGlone F, Richter M. Time distortion under threat: Sympathetic arousal predicts time distortion only in the context of negative, highly arousing stimuli. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216704. [PMID: 31083698 PMCID: PMC6513432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models of time perception suggest a simple bottom-up relationship between physiological arousal and perceived duration. Increases in physiological arousal lengthen the perceived duration of events whereas decreases in physiological arousal reduce them. Whilst this relationship has been demonstrated for highly arousing negatively valenced stimuli, it has not been demonstrated for other classes of distorting stimuli (e.g. positively valenced or low arousal stimuli). The current study tested the effect of valence (positive and negative) and arousal level (high and low) on the relationship between physiological arousal and perceived duration. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) activity was measured during a verbal estimation task in which participants judged the duration of high and low arousal, positive, negative and neutrally valenced IAPS images. SNS and PSNS activity were indexed by measuring Pre-Ejection Period (PEP) and High Frequency Heart-rate Variability (HF-HRV) respectively. SNS reactivity was predicative of perceived duration, but only for high arousal negatively valenced stimuli, with decreases in PEP being associated with longer duration estimates. SNS and PSNS activity was not predictive of perceived duration for the low arousal negative stimuli or the low and high arousal positive stimuli. We therefore propose a new model suggesting that emotional distortions to time result from a combination of bottom-up (physiological arousal) and top-down (threat detection) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sarah Ogden
- School of Natural Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Henderson
- School of Natural Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Francis McGlone
- School of Natural Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Richter
- School of Natural Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Droit-Volet S. Time dilation in children and adults: The idea of a slower internal clock in young children tested with different click frequencies. Behav Processes 2017; 138:152-159. [PMID: 28284796 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ogden R, Makin ADJ, Palumbo L, Bertamini M. Symmetry Lasts Longer Than Random, but Only for Brief Presentations. Iperception 2016; 7:2041669516676824. [PMID: 27895887 PMCID: PMC5117183 DOI: 10.1177/2041669516676824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that explicit emotional content or physical image properties (e.g., luminance, size, and numerosity) alter subjective duration. Palumbo recently demonstrated that the presence or absence of abstract reflectional symmetry also influenced subjective duration. Here, we explored this phenomenon further by varying the type of symmetry (reflection or rotation) and the objective duration of stimulus presentation (less or more than 1 second). Experiment 1 used a verbal estimation task in which participants estimated the presentation duration of reflection, rotation symmetry, or random square-field patterns. Longer estimates were given for reflectional symmetry images than rotation or random, but only when the image was presented for less than 1 second. There was no difference between rotation and random. These findings were confirmed by a second experiment using a paired-comparison task. This temporal distortion could be because reflection has positive valence or because it is processed efficiently be the visual system. The mechanism remains to be determined. We are relatively sure, however, that reflectional patterns can increase subjective duration in the absence of explicit semantic content, and in the absence of changes in the size, luminance, or numerosity in the images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ogden
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Alexis D J Makin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Letizia Palumbo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, UK
| | - Marco Bertamini
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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Palumbo L, Ogden R, Makin ADJ, Bertamini M. Does Preference for Abstract Patterns Relate to Information Processing and Perceived Duration? Iperception 2016; 6:2041669515604436. [PMID: 27648218 PMCID: PMC5016823 DOI: 10.1177/2041669515604436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive prestimulation, in the form of click trains, is known to alter a wide range of cognitive and perceptual judgments. To date, no research has explored whether click trains also influence subjective preferences. This is plausible because preference is related to perceptual fluency and clicks may increase fluency, or, because preference is related to arousal and clicks may increase arousal. In Experiment 1, participants heard a click train, white noise, or silence through headphones and then saw an abstract symmetrical pattern on the screen for 0.5, 1, or 1.5 s. They rated the pattern on a 7-point scale. Click trains had no effect on preference ratings, although patterns that lasted longer were preferred. In Experiment 2, we again presented a click train, silence, or white noise but included both symmetrical and random patterns. Participants made both a duration and a preference judgment on every trial. Auditory click trains increased perceived duration, and symmetrical patterns were perceived as lasting longer than random patterns. Again there was no effect of auditory click trains on preference, and again patterns that were presented for longer were preferred. We conclude that click trains alter perceptual and cognitive processes, but not preferences. This helps clarify the nature of the click train effect and shows which predictions implicit in the existing literature are supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Palumbo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, UK
| | - Ruth Ogden
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Alexis D J Makin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Marco Bertamini
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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Wearden JH, Williams EA, Jones LA. What speeds up the internal clock? Effects of clicks and flicker on duration judgements and reaction time. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:488-503. [PMID: 26811017 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1135971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments investigated the effect of pre-stimulus events on judgements of the subjective duration of tones that they preceded. Experiments 1 to 4 used click trains, flickering squares, expanding circles, and white noise as pre-stimulus events and showed that (a) periodic clicks appeared to "speed up" the pacemaker of an internal clock but that the effect wore off over a click-free delay, (b) aperiodic click trains, and visual stimuli in the form of flickering squares and expanding circles, also produced similar increases in estimated tone duration, as did white noise, although its effect was weaker. A fifth experiment examined the effects of periodic flicker on reaction time and showed that, as with periodic clicks in a previous experiment, reaction times were shorter when preceded by flicker than without.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Wearden
- a School of Psychology, Keele University, Keele , UK
| | - Emily A Williams
- b School of Psychological Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Luke A Jones
- b School of Psychological Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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