Thoracic ultrasound-guided real-time pleural biopsy in the diagnosis of pleural diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Efficacy of CEUS-guided biopsy for thoracic and pulmonary lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

This study compares the success rate, diagnostic accuracy, and safety of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)-guided biopsy versus conventional ultrasound (US)-guided biopsy for thoracic and pulmonary lesions.

METHODS

A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted. The primary outcomes included success rate and diagnostic accuracy, and the secondary outcome was the odds ratio of adverse effects. A random-effects meta-analysis pooled the data, with heterogeneity assessed by I² and publication bias evaluated using Egger's test and funnel plot analysis. Sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm result robustness. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were conducted to explore the sources of heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Sixteen studies with 3,459 patients were included. CEUS-guided biopsy demonstrated higher success rate (99.18%, 95% CI: 98.00-99.90%) and diagnostic accuracy (95.96%, 95% CI: 94.84-96.96%) than US-guided biopsy (success rate: 97.26%, 95% CI: 95.45-98.68%; diagnostic accuracy: 85.87%, 95% CI: 82.05-89.31%). Complications were more frequent in the US-guided group, with an odds ratio of 1.65 (95% CI: 1.15-2.37). Heterogeneity was low, and publication bias was minimal, except for diagnostic accuracy in the US group. Sensitivity analysis confirmed result robustness.

CONCLUSION

Compared with conventional ultrasound, CEUS-guided biopsy demonstrates a comparable success rate, superior diagnostic accuracy, and a lower incidence of complications, underscoring its clinical value as a preferred approach for thoracic and pulmonary lesion assessment.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

This study was registered with PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42024608627.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Advanced imaging techniques and artificial intelligence in pleural diseases: a narrative review

BACKGROUND

Pleural diseases represent a significant healthcare burden, affecting over 350 000 patients annually in the US alone and requiring accurate diagnostic approaches for optimal management. Traditional imaging techniques have limitations in differentiating various pleural disorders and invasive procedures are usually required for definitive diagnosis.

METHODS

We conducted a nonsystematic, narrative literature review aimed at describing the latest advances in imaging techniques and artificial intelligence (AI) applications in pleural diseases.

RESULTS

Novel ultrasound-based techniques, such as elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, are described for their promising diagnostic accuracy in differentiating malignant from benign pleural lesions. Quantitative imaging techniques utilising pixel-density measurements to noninvasively distinguish exudative from transudative effusions are highlighted. AI algorithms, which have shown remarkable performance in pleural abnormality detection, malignant effusion characterisation and automated pleural fluid volume quantification, are also described. Finally, the role of deep-learning models in early complication detection and automated analysis of follow-up imaging studies is examined.

CONCLUSIONS

Advanced imaging techniques and AI applications show promise in the management and follow-up of pleural diseases, improving diagnostic accuracy and reducing the need for invasive procedures. However, larger prospective studies are needed for validation. The integration of AI-driven imaging analysis with molecular and genomic data offers potential for personalised therapeutic strategies, although challenges in data privacy, algorithm transparency and clinical validation persist. This comprehensive approach may revolutionise pleural disease management, enhancing patient outcomes through more accurate, noninvasive diagnostic strategies.

[Management of Malignant Pleural Effusion]

Malignant pleural effusion is a common diagnosis in metastasized cancers. It is always of palliative character. Main symptoms are dyspnoea and reduced quality of life. Diagnosis is made by ultrasound-guided puncture of the pleural effusion (cytology) and often video-assisted thoracic surgery with biopsy of the pleural surface (histology). The goal of treatment is a fast, sustainable, minimally invasive, patient-centred therapy that increases quality of life. Besides systemic therapy and best supportive care the patient can be treated with local therapy including either pleurodesis (via drainage or VATS) or an indwelling-pleural catheter (IPC). Decision for one of these procedures is made upon performance index (ECOG), expandability of the lung, prognosis and the patient's wish. For the first technique, the lung must be expandable. The latter one (IPC) can be implanted both with expandable and trapped lung. Both are similarly effective in symptom control.

Malignant Pleural Effusion: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) has become an increasingly prevalent complication in oncological patients, negatively impacting their quality of life and casting a shadow over their prognosis. Owing to the pathophysiological mechanisms involved and the heterogeneous nature of the underlying disease, this entity is both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Advances in the understanding of MPE have led to a shift in the treatment paradigm towards a more personalized approach. This article provides a comprehensive review and update on the pathophysiology of MPE and describes the diagnostic tools and the latest advances in the treatment of this complex clinical entity.

[Management of Malignant Pleural Effusion]

Malignant pleural effusion is a common diagnosis in metastasized cancers. It is always of palliative character. Main symptoms are dyspnoea and reduced quality of life. Diagnosis is made by ultrasound-guided puncture of the pleural effusion (cytology) and often video-assisted thoracic surgery with biopsy of the pleural surface (histology). The goal of treatment is a fast, sustainable, minimally invasive, patient-centred therapy that increases quality of life. Besides systemic therapy and best supportive care the patient can be treated with local therapy including either pleurodesis (via drainage or VATS) or an indwelling-pleural catheter (IPC). Decision for one of these procedures is made upon performance index (ECOG), expandability of the lung, prognosis and the patient's wish. For the first technique, the lung must be expandable. The latter one (IPC) can be implanted both with expandable and trapped lung. Both are similarly effective in symptom control.