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Peng T, Zhou C, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lin X, Ye Y, Zhong Y, Wang P, Jia Y. Review on bile dynamics and microfluidic-based component detection: Advancing the understanding of bilestone pathogenesis in the biliary tract. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:014105. [PMID: 38370511 PMCID: PMC10869170 DOI: 10.1063/5.0186602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Bilestones are solid masses found in the gallbladder or biliary tract, which block the normal bile flow and eventually result in severe life-threatening complications. Studies have shown that bilestone formation may be related to bile flow dynamics and the concentration level of bile components. The bile flow dynamics in the biliary tract play a critical role in disclosing the mechanism of bile stasis and transportation. The concentration of bile composition is closely associated with processes such as nucleation and crystallization. Recently, microfluidic-based biosensors have been favored for multiple advantages over traditional benchtop detection assays for their less sample consumption, portability, low cost, and high sensitivity for real-time detection. Here, we reviewed the developments in bile dynamics study and microfluidics-based bile component detection methods. These studies may provide valuable insights into the bilestone formation mechanisms and better treatment, alongside our opinions on the future development of in vitro lithotriptic drug screening of bilestones and bile characterization tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhou
- Li Po Chun United World College of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Xiaodong Lin
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yongqing Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Kuchumov AG, Vedeneev V, Samartsev V, Khairulin A, Ivanov O. Patient-specific fluid-structure interaction model of bile flow: comparison between 1-way and 2-way algorithms. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1693-1717. [PMID: 34176396 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1910942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder disease is one of the most spread pathologies in the world. Despite the number of operations dealing with biliary surgery increases, the number of postoperative complications is also high. The aim of this study is to show the influence of the biliary system pathology on bile flow character and to numerically assess the effect of surgical operation (cholecystectomy) on the fluid dynamics in the extrahepatic biliary tree, and also to reveal the difference between 1-way and 2-way FSI algorithms on the results. Moreover, the bile viscosity and biliary tree geometry influence on the choledynamics were evaluated. Bile velocity, pressure, wall shear stress (WSS), displacements and von Mises stress distributions in the extrahepatic biliary tree are presented, and comparison is made between a healthy and a lithogenic bile. The patient-specific biliary tree model is created using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and imported in a commercial finite element analysis software. It is found that in the case of lithogenic bile, velocities have lower magnitude while pressures are higher. Furthermore, stress analysis of the bile ducts shows that the WSS distribution is found mostly prevailing in the common hepatic duct and common bile duct areas. It is shown that when it is necessary to evaluate the bile flow dynamics in urgent medical situations, 1-way analysis is acceptable. Nevertheless, 2-way FSI provides more accurate data, if necessary to evaluate the stress-strain state of bile ducts. The proposed model can be applied to medical practice to reduce the number of post-operative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Kuchumov
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Mechanics, and Biomechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation.,Mathematical Center, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily Vedeneev
- Steklov Mathematical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Mechanics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Samartsev
- Department of General Surgery, Perm State Medical University, Perm, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr Khairulin
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Mechanics, and Biomechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg Ivanov
- Institute of Mechanics of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The gallbladder filling and emptying cycle controls bile flow into the duodenum. Disruption of this emptying and refilling cycle leads to bile stasis and subsequent gallstone formation. The bile flow rate is inversely proportional to its viscosity. Moreover, bile is a complex material with varying density in different people because of its diverse components. These density changes alter the viscosity. Prediction of shear viscosity from density measurements may thus contribute to medical assessment and treatment of the patient. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the shear viscosity and density of bile. METHODS Natural and filtered bile samples were prepared for density, viscosity and pressure drop measurements. The density and shear viscosity were measured by a density meter and viscometer, respectively, and a relationship was established between them. Measurements of the pressure drop in a glass tube were used to estimate the apparent viscosity and compared with shear viscosity obtained with the viscometer. RESULTS The natural bile with higher density showed a greater shear viscosity than the filtered bile, especially at low shear rates. Bile viscosity was proportional to density. In addition, the pressure drop of the natural samples was greater than that of the filtered sample. The viscosity measured by the viscometer deviated from the results obtained using Poiseuille's law and the tube pressure drop measurements. The density difference between the natural and filtered bile samples was smaller than 1%. However, the viscosities of the natural and filtered bile samples varied by up to >30%. CONCLUSIONS Porcine bile viscosity is proportional to density. Based on the bile density, one can easily evaluate the shear viscosity using a linear relationship. The density considerably influences the bile viscosity, with small density increases greatly increasing the shear viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngoc Minh
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Obara
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Minh NN, Obara H, Shimokasa K, Zhu J. Tensile behavior and extensional viscosity of bile. Biorheology 2019; 56:237-252. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-190216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenji Shimokasa
- , National University Corporation of Tsukuba University of Technology, , , Japan
| | - Junfang Zhu
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, , , Japan
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Li WG. Ultrasound Image Based Human Gallbladder 3D Modelling along with Volume and Stress Level Assessment. J Med Biol Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-019-00493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Three-dimensional (3D) gallbladder (GB) geometrical models are essential to GB motor function evaluation and GB wall biomechanical property identification by employing finite element analysis (FEA) in GB disease diagnosis with ultrasound systems. Methods for establishing such 3D geometrical models based on static two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound images scanned along the long-axis/sagittal and short-axis/transverse cross-sections in routine GB disease diagnosis at the beginning of emptying phase have not been documented in the literature so far.
Methods
Based on two custom MATLAB codes composed, two images were segmented manually to secure two sets of the scattered points for the long- and short-axis GB cross-section edges; and the points were best fitted with a piecewise cubic spline function, and the short-axis cross-section edges were lofted along the long-axis to yield a 3D geometrical model, then GB volume of the model was figured out. The model was read into SolidWorks for real surface generation and involved in ABAQUS for FEA.
Results
3D geometrical models of seven typical GB samples were established. Their GB volumes are with 15.5% and − 4.4% mean errors in comparison with those estimated with the ellipsoid model and sum-of-cylinders method but can be correlated to the latter very well. The maximum first principal in-plane stress in the 3D models is higher than in the ellipsoid model by a factor of 1.76.
Conclusions
A numerical method was put forward here to create 3D GB geometrical models and can be applied to GB disease diagnosis and GB shape analysis with principal component method potentially in the future.
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Thanoon D, Garbey M, Bass B. Deriving indicators for breast conserving surgery using finite element analysis. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2013; 18:533-44. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.820716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Li W, Hill N, Ogden R, Smythe A, Majeed A, Bird N, Luo X. Anisotropic behaviour of human gallbladder walls. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 20:363-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li WG, Luo XY, Hill NA, Ogden RW, Smythe A, Majeed AW, Bird N. A Quasi-Nonlinear Analysis of the Anisotropic Behaviour of Human Gallbladder Wall. J Biomech Eng 2012; 134:101009. [PMID: 23083200 DOI: 10.1115/1.4007633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of biomechanical parameters of soft tissues from noninvasive measurements has clinical significance in patient-specific modeling and disease diagnosis. In this work, we present a quasi-nonlinear method that is used to estimate the elastic moduli of the human gallbladder wall. A forward approach based on a transversely isotropic membrane material model is used, and an inverse iteration is carried out to determine the elastic moduli in the circumferential and longitudinal directions between two successive ultrasound images of gallbladder. The results demonstrate that the human gallbladder behaves in an anisotropic manner, and constitutive models need to incorporate this. The estimated moduli are also nonlinear and patient dependent. Importantly, the peak stress predicted here differs from the earlier estimate from linear membrane theory. As the peak stress inside the gallbladder wall has been found to strongly correlate with acalculous gallbladder pain, reliable mechanical modeling for gallbladder tissue is crucial if this information is to be used in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. G. Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QW, UK
| | - X. Y. Luo
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QW, UK
| | - N. A. Hill
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QW, UK
| | - R. W. Ogden
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QW, UK; School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - A. Smythe
- Academic Surgical Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - A. W. Majeed
- Academic Surgical Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - N. Bird
- Academic Surgical Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
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Cross-bridge apparent rate constants of human gallbladder smooth muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2011; 32:209-20. [PMID: 21948190 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper studies human gallbladder (GB) smooth muscle contractions. A two-state cross-bridge model was used to estimate the apparent attachment and detachment rate constants, as well as increased Ca2+ concentration from the peak active stress during the isometric contraction. The active stress was computed from a mechanical model based entirely on non-invasive routine ultrasound scans. In the two-state cross-bridge model, the two apparent rate constants, representing the total attached/detached cross-bridges, respectively, were estimated using active stress prediction for 51 subjects undergoing cholecystokinin-provocation test, together with estimates from the four-state cross-bridge model for a swine carotid, bovine tracheal and guinea pig GB smooth muscles. The study suggests that the apparent rate constants should be patient-specific, i.e. patients with a lower stress level are characterized by smaller apparent rate constants. In other words, the diseased GB may need to develop fast cycling cross-bridges to compensate in the emptying process. This is a first step towards more quantitative and non-invasive measures of GB pain, and may provide useful insight in understanding GB motility and developing effective drug treatments.
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Li WG, Luo XY, Hill NA, Ogden RW, Smythe A, Majeed A, Bird N. A Mechanical Model for CCK-Induced Acalculous Gallbladder Pain. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 39:786-800. [PMID: 21108005 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W G Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Al-Atabi M, Chin SB, Luo XY. Experimental Investigation of the Flow of Bile in Patient Specific Cystic Duct Models. J Biomech Eng 2010; 132:041003. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional scaled-up transparent models of three human cystic ducts were prepared on the basis of anatomical specimens. The measurement of pressure drop across the cystic duct models and visualization of the flow structures within these ducts were performed at conditions replicating the physiological state. The flow visualization study confirmed the laminar nature of the flow of bile inside the cystic duct and values of pressure drop coefficient (Cp) decreased as the Reynolds number (Re) increased. The three tested models showed comparable behavior for the curve of Reynolds number versus the pressure drop coefficient. The results show that the tested cystic ducts have both increased pressure drop and complicated flow structures when compared with straight conduits. High resistance in a cystic duct may indicate that the gallbladder has to exert large force in expelling bile to the cystic duct. For patients with diseased gallbladder, and even in healthy persons, gallbladder is known to stiffen with age and it may lose its compliance or flexibility. A high resistance cystic duct coupled with a stiffened gallbladder may result in prolonged stasis of bile in the gallbladder, which is assumed to encourage the formation of gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtak Al-Atabi
- School of Engineering, Taylor’s University College, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - S. B. Chin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - X. Y. Luo
- Department of Mathematics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QW, UK
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Non-Newtonian Bile Flow in Elastic Cystic Duct: One- and Three-Dimensional Modeling. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36:1893-908. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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