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Al Riachy R, Strub C, Durand N, Chochois V, Lopez-Lauri F, Fontana A, Schorr-Galindo S. The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on Penicillium expansum Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:102. [PMID: 38393181 PMCID: PMC10891703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Patulin is a secondary metabolite primarily synthesized by the fungus Penicillium expansum, which is responsible for blue mold disease on apples. The latter are highly susceptible to fungal infection in the postharvest stages. Apples destined to produce compotes are processed throughout the year, which implies that long periods of storage are required under controlled atmospheres. P. expansum is capable of infecting apples throughout the whole process, and patulin can be detected in the end-product. In the present study, 455 apples (organically and conventionally grown), destined to produce compotes, of the variety "Golden Delicious" were sampled at multiple postharvest steps. The apple samples were analyzed for their patulin content and P. expansum was quantified using real-time PCR. The patulin results showed no significant differences between the two cultivation techniques; however, two critical control points were identified: the long-term storage and the deck storage of apples at ambient temperature before transport. Additionally, alterations in the epiphytic microbiota of both fungi and bacteria throughout various steps were investigated through the application of a metabarcoding approach. The alpha and beta diversity analysis highlighted the effect of long-term storage, causing an increase in the bacterial and fungal diversity on apples, and showed significant differences in the microbial communities during the different postharvest steps. The different network analyses demonstrated intra-species relationships. Multiple pairs of fungal and bacterial competitive relationships were observed. Positive interactions were also observed between P. expansum and multiple fungal and bacterial species. These network analyses provide a basis for further fungal and bacterial interaction analyses for fruit disease biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Al Riachy
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France; (R.A.R.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.)
| | - Caroline Strub
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France; (R.A.R.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.)
| | - Noël Durand
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France; (R.A.R.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Chochois
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France; (R.A.R.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Félicie Lopez-Lauri
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France; (R.A.R.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.)
| | - Angélique Fontana
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France; (R.A.R.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.)
| | - Sabine Schorr-Galindo
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France; (R.A.R.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (V.C.); (F.L.-L.); (A.F.)
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Guo HG, Han CY, Zhang AH, Yang AZ, Qin XC, Zhang MZ, Du YL. Penicillium fungi mediate behavioral responses of the yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) to apple fruits via altering the emissions of host plant VOCs. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 110:e21895. [PMID: 35373383 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated microbes have been reported as important but overlooked drivers of plant-herbivorous insect interactions. Influence of plant-associated microbes on plant-insect interactions is diverse, including beneficial, detrimental, and neutral. Here, we determined the effects of three Penicillium fungi, including Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium sumatrense, and Penicillium digitatum, on the oviposition selection and behavior of the yellow peach moth (YPM), Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée). Compared with fungi noninfected apples (NIA), mechanically damaged apples (MDA), and P. citrinum in potato dextrose agar medium (PC), the oviposition selection and four-arm olfactometer experiments both showed that mated YPM females preferred to P. citrinum-infected apples (PCA). For P. sumatrense or P. digitatum, we also found that mated YPM females preferred to P. sumatrense-infected apples (PSA) or P. digitatum-infected apples (PDA), respectively. Among three Penicillium fungi-infected apples, the selection rates including oviposition and olfactometer behavior of mated YPM females on PDA were both higher than those on PSA and PCA. Further analyses of host plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by GC-MS showed that the absolute contents of ethyl hexanoate and (Z, E)-α-farnesene in PCA, PSA, and PDA were all higher than those in NIA, and a total of 16 novel VOCs were detected in fungi-infected apples (PCA, PSA, and PDA), indicating that fungi infection changed the components and proportions of apple VOCs. Taken together, three Penicillium fungi play significant roles in mediating the host selection of YPMs via altering the emissions of VOCs. These findings will be beneficial for developing formulations for field trapping of YPMs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gang Guo
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yu Han
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Huan Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Zhen Yang
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Qin
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Zhao Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Li Du
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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