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Glushkova N, Ivankov A, Trenina V, Oshibayeva A, Kalmatayeva Z, Temirbekova Z, Mamyrbekova S, Davletov K, Khismetova Z, Kauysheva A, Auyezova A, Zhanaspayev M, Pivina L, Koshmaganbetova G, Nurbakyt A, Sarsenbayeva G, Sadibekova Z, Gazaliyeva M, Kulimbet M, Kalmatayeva D, Zhylkybekova A, Nurgaliyeva Z, Sultanbekov K, Semenov D, Izmailovich M, Tsigengagel O, Munir K. Post-conflict acute stress reactions in Kazakhstan in the aftermath of January 2022 unrests: A national survey. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21065. [PMID: 37964844 PMCID: PMC10641126 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In January 2022 Kazakhstan experienced unprecedented nationwide protests that quickly turned to violent riots. Although the number of individuals affected physically by the disturbances were cited, the emotional toll of the events remains undetermined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative rates of acute stress reactions in Kazakhstan in the aftermath of the unrests. Methods A cross-sectional, population-based online survey was conducted one month after the start of the disturbances. The study questionnaire were completed anonymously and included the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), as well as socio-demographic and event exposure information. Results Of the 7021 people who initially agreed to participate, 6510 were able to complete the full survey. For a cut-off of ≥3 on the PC-PTSD-5, 14.8 % of the study participants exhibited symptoms. With a cut-off of ≥4, this percentage reduced to 4.6 %. Participants from Almaty city and Almaty region who experienced the most extensive disturbances showed a doubled prevalence compared to the national level (30.0 % for a cut-off of ≥3, and 10.1 % for a cut-off of ≥4). At the national level, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms, defined as a score of ≥10 on the GAD-7, stood at 10.9 %. This prevalence decreased to 4.2 % when considering a cut-off of ≥15. Conclusion Health authorities of riot-affected areas ought to be aware of the population level mental health impact of the civil conflict and consider provision of targeted interventions to mitigate the long-term consequence of these lifespan disorders, while also seeking for the peaceful resolution of the ensuing conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Glushkova
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Varvara Trenina
- Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainash Oshibayeva
- Rector Office, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanna Kalmatayeva
- Academic Office, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanar Temirbekova
- Rector Office, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan
| | - Saltanat Mamyrbekova
- Academic Office, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kairat Davletov
- Scientific Office, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zaituna Khismetova
- Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Almagul Kauysheva
- Rector Office, Kazakhstan Medical University Higher School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ardak Auyezova
- Rector Office, Kazakhstan Medical University Higher School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Marat Zhanaspayev
- Department of Traumatology, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyudmila Pivina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulbakit Koshmaganbetova
- Department of Master's and Doctoral Studies, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Ardak Nurbakyt
- Department of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulzat Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Social Health Insurance and Public Health, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanat Sadibekova
- Department of Social Health Insurance and Public Health, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Meruert Gazaliyeva
- Dean Office of the School of Medicine, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Mukhtar Kulimbet
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Diana Kalmatayeva
- Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy and Political Science, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Zhylkybekova
- Department of Master's and Doctoral Studies, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhansaya Nurgaliyeva
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kassymkhan Sultanbekov
- Department of Social Health Insurance and Public Health, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Marina Izmailovich
- Department of Internal Diseases, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Oxana Tsigengagel
- Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Kerim Munir
- Developmental Medicine Centre, Boston Children's Hospital and Departments of Psychiatry and Paediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Meyer C, Heinzl L, Kampisiou C, Triliva S, Knaevelsrud C, Stammel N. Do Gender and Country of Residence Matter? A Mixed Methods Study on Lay Causal Beliefs about PTSD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11594. [PMID: 36141867 PMCID: PMC9517544 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laypersons' causal beliefs about mental disorders can differ considerably from medical or psychosocial clinicians' models as they are shaped by social and cultural context and by personal experiences. This study aimed at identifying differences in causal beliefs about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by country and gender. A cross-sectional, vignette-based online survey was conducted with 737 participants from Germany, Greece, Ecuador, Mexico, and Russia. Participants were presented with a short unlabeled case vignette describing a person with symptoms of PTSD. Causal beliefs were assessed using an open-ended question asking for the three most likely causes. Answers were analyzed using thematic analysis. Afterwards, themes were transformed into categorical variables to analyze differences by country and by gender. Qualitative analyses revealed a wide range of different causal beliefs. Themes differed by gender, with women tending to mention more external causal beliefs. Themes also differed between the five countries but the differences between countries were more pronounced for women than for men. In conclusion, causal beliefs were multifaceted among laypersons and shared basic characteristics with empirically derived risk factors. The more pronounced differences for women suggest that potential gender effects should be considered in cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Meyer
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Louisa Heinzl
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Kampisiou
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia Triliva
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymno, Greece
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Stammel
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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