Anversa L, Romani CD, Caria ES, Saeki EK, Nascentes GAN, Garbelotti M, Stancari RCA, Dantas STA, Rall VLM, Ruiz LS, Camargo CH, Richini-Pereira VB. Quality of dialysis water and dialysate in hemodialysis centers: highlight for occurrence of non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli.
J Appl Microbiol 2022;
132:3416-3429. [PMID:
35108426 DOI:
10.1111/jam.15470]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS
To evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological quality of dialysis water and dialysate samples from hemodialysis centers.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Samples were fortnightly collected from three hemodialysis centers in Bauru City, Brazil, between July/2017 and June/2018, at the stages of post-reverse osmosis, reuse and dialysate. Analyses included determination of conductivity, fluoride, nitrate and sulfate; test for total coliform bacteria; count of heterotrophic bacteria; count and identification of non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB); drug susceptibility test; biofilm formation capacity, and genetic similarity among some isolated NFGNB. Of the analyzed samples, only 4/72 (5.6%) had conductivity values ≥ 10 mS/cm, 4/216 (1.9%) presented total coliforms, and 1/216 (0.5%) had heterotrophic bacteria count > 100 CFU/mL. NFGNB were isolated from 99/216 (45.8%) samples, and the major identified microorganisms included Herbaspirillum aquaticum/huttiense, Brevundimonas aurantiaca, Cupriavidus metallidurans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ralstonia insidiosa. Isolates of P. aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex were sensitive to most antimicrobials and, together with isolates of Ralstonia insidiosa and Ralstonia pickettii, showed strong biofilm formation capacity. Some isolates expressed the same electrophoretic profile on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, indicating persistence of bacterial clones in the systems over time.
CONCLUSIONS
NFGNB were observed in several dialysis water and dialysate samples from all investigated centers, which may represent a risk to the health of patients.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Regular inclusion of actions for NFGNB control and monitoring in hemodialysis fluids are suggested for greater safety of the dialytic process.
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