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Boopathi S, Meenatchi R, Brindangnanam P, Sudhakaran G, Coumar MS, Arockiaraj J. Microbiome analysis of Litopenaeus vannamei reveals Vibrio as main risk factor of white faeces syndrome. AQUACULTURE 2023; 576:739829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
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Zheng Z, Liu S, Lin Z, Aweya JJ, Zheng Z, Zhao Y, Chen X, Li S, Zhang Y. Kruppel homolog 1 modulates ROS production and antimicrobial peptides expression in shrimp hemocytes during infection by the Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain that causes AHPND. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1246181. [PMID: 37711612 PMCID: PMC10497957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1246181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp aquaculture has been seriously affected by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by a strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that carries the Pir toxin plasmids (V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND)). In this study, the transcription factor, Kruppel homolog 1-like of Peneaus vannamei (PvKr-h1), was significantly induced in shrimp hemocytes after V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) challenge, suggesting that PvKr-h1 is involved in shrimp immune response. Knockdown of PvKr-h1 followed by V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) challenge increased bacterial abundance in shrimp hemolymph coupled with high shrimp mortality. Moreover, transcriptome and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that PvKr-h1 silencing followed by V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) challenge dysregulated the expression of several antioxidant-related enzyme genes, such as Cu-Zu SOD, GPX, and GST, and antimicrobial peptide genes, i.e., CRUs and PENs, and reduced ROS activity and nuclear translocation of Relish. These data reveal that PvKr-h1 regulates shrimps' immune response to V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) infection by suppressing antioxidant-related enzymes, enhancing ROS production and promoting nuclei import of PvRelish to stimulate antimicrobial peptide genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Department of Reproductive Medicine, Luohu Clinical College of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Shangjie Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Department of Reproductive Medicine, Luohu Clinical College of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Zhongyang Lin
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Wikumpriya GC, Prabhatha MWS, Lee J, Kim CH. Epigenetic Modulations for Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1682. [PMID: 37761822 PMCID: PMC10531180 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture assumes a pivotal role in meeting the escalating global food demand, and shrimp farming, in particular, holds a significant role in the global economy and food security, providing a rich source of nutrients for human consumption. Nonetheless, the industry faces formidable challenges, primarily attributed to disease outbreaks and the diminishing efficacy of conventional disease management approaches, such as antibiotic usage. Consequently, there is an urgent imperative to explore alternative strategies to ensure the sustainability of the industry. In this context, the field of epigenetics emerges as a promising avenue for combating infectious diseases in shrimp aquaculture. Epigenetic modulations entail chemical alterations in DNA and proteins, orchestrating gene expression patterns without modifying the underlying DNA sequence through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA molecules. Utilizing epigenetic mechanisms presents an opportunity to enhance immune gene expression and bolster disease resistance in shrimp, thereby contributing to disease management strategies and optimizing shrimp health and productivity. Additionally, the concept of epigenetic inheritability in marine animals holds immense potential for the future of the shrimp farming industry. To this end, this comprehensive review thoroughly explores the dynamics of epigenetic modulations in shrimp aquaculture, with a particular emphasis on its pivotal role in disease management. It conveys the significance of harnessing advantageous epigenetic changes to ensure the long-term viability of shrimp farming while deliberating on the potential consequences of these interventions. Overall, this appraisal highlights the promising trajectory of epigenetic applications, propelling the field toward strengthening sustainability in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chan-Hee Kim
- Division of Fisheries Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea (M.W.S.P.); (J.L.)
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Wang HC, Lin SJ, Wang HC, Kumar R, Le PT, Leu JH. A bacterial binary toxin system that kills both insects and aquatic crustaceans: Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011330. [PMID: 37141203 PMCID: PMC10159206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B (PirA and PirB) were first recognized as insecticidal toxins from Photorhabdus luminescens. However, subsequent studies showed that their homologs from Vibrio parahaemolyticus also play critical roles in the pathogenesis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimps. Based on the structural features of the PirA/PirB toxins, it was suggested that they might function in the same way as a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry pore-forming toxin. However, unlike Cry toxins, studies on the PirA/PirB toxins are still scarce, and their cytotoxic mechanism remains to be clarified. In this review, based on our studies of V. parahaemolyticus PirAvp/PirBvp, we summarize the current understanding of the gene locations, expression control, activation, and cytotoxic mechanism of this type of toxin. Given the important role these toxins play in aquatic disease and their potential use in pest control applications, we also suggest further topics for research. We hope the information presented here will be helpful for future PirA/PirB studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Wang
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ramya Kumar
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Phuoc Thien Le
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lange MD, Abernathy J, Rawles AA, Zhang D, Shoemaker CA, Bader TJ, Beck BH. Transcriptome analysis of Pacific white shrimp (Liptopenaeus vannamei) after exposure to recombinant Vibrio parahaemolyticus PirA and PirB proteins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108502. [PMID: 36565998 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in marine and estuarine environments and is endemic among the global shrimp aquaculture industry. V. parahaemolyticus proteins PirA and PirB have been determined to be major virulence factors that contribute significantly to the development of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Our previous work had demonstrated the lethality of recombinant PirA and PirB proteins to Pacific white shrimp (Liptopenaeus vannamei). To understand the host response to these proteins, recombinant PirA and PirB proteins were administered using a reverse gavage method and individual shrimp were then sampled over time. Shrimp hepatopancreas libraries were generated and RNA sequencing was performed on the control and recombinant PirA/B-treated samples. Differentially expressed genes were identified among the assayed time points. Differentially expressed genes that were co-expressed at the later time points (2-, 4- and 6-h) were also identified and gene associations were established to predict functional physiological networks. Our analysis reveals that the recombinant PirA and PirB proteins have likely initiated an early host response involving several cell survival signaling and innate immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Jason Abernathy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Anna A Rawles
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Dunhua Zhang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Craig A Shoemaker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Troy J Bader
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
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Rattanadilog Na Phuket T, Charoensapsri W, Amparyup P, Imjongjirak C. Antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory role of a proline-rich antimicrobial peptide SpPR-AMP1 against Vibrio campbellii infection in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108479. [PMID: 36513322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute one of the most promising sources of natural molecules used for the design of effective antimicrobial agents alternative to antibiotics. Previously, we have showed that a crab proline-rich AMP designated as SpPR-AMP1 is a potent AMP that exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we demonstrated the importance of SpPR-AMP1 peptide in treating a virulent acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) Vibrio campbellii VH-639 isolate and eliciting the innate immune response to counter the AHPND infection in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. SpPR-AMP1 exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against V. campbellii VH-639 at MIC value of 0.195-0.39 μM. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the membrane disruption potential of SpPR-AMP1 against the V. campbellii VH-639 cells. The in vivo effect of SpPR-AMP1 in shrimp L.vannamei was investigated and the results showed that SpPR-AMP1 was capable of modulating the innate immune response by stimulating the expression levels of AMP transcripts in shrimp hemocytes. Moreover, treatments with SpPR-AMP1 could promote the resistance of shrimp against V. campbellii VH-639 infection as demonstrated by a significant increase in shrimp survival rate and decrease in both the bacterial load and the expression levels of bacterial PirA and PirB toxin gene transcripts in the infected shrimp. These results suggest the potential of SpPR-AMP1 peptide with the combined antimicrobial and immunoenhancing capabilities as promising antimicrobial agent to treat V. campbellii VH-639 causing AHPND infection in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiya Rattanadilog Na Phuket
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chanprapa Imjongjirak
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Wang Z, Aweya JJ, Yao D, Zheng Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Li S, Zhang Y. Taurine metabolism is modulated in Vibrio-infected Penaeus vannamei to shape shrimp antibacterial response and survival. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:213. [PMID: 36464721 PMCID: PMC9721036 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous microorganisms are found in aquaculture ponds, including several pathogenic bacteria. Infection of cultured animals by these pathogens results in diseases and metabolic dysregulation. However, changes in the metabolic profiles that occur at different infection stages in the same ponds and how these metabolic changes can be modulated by exogenous metabolites in Penaeus vannamei remain unknown. RESULTS Here, we collected gastrointestinal tract (GIT) samples from healthy, diseased, and moribund P. vannamei in the same aquaculture pond for histological, metabolic, and transcriptome profiling. We found that diseased and moribund shrimp with empty GITs and atrophied hepatopancreas were mainly infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi. Although significant dysregulation of crucial metabolites and their enzymes were observed in diseased and moribund shrimps, diseased shrimp expressed high levels of taurine and taurine metabolism-related enzymes, while moribund shrimp expressed high levels of hypoxanthine and related metabolism enzymes. Moreover, a strong negative correlation was observed between taurine levels and the relative abundance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi. Besides, exogenous taurine enhanced shrimp survival against V. parahaemolyticus challenge by increasing the expression of key taurine metabolism enzymes, mainly, cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSD). CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that taurine metabolism could be modulated by exogenous supplementation to improve crustacean immune response against pathogenic microbes. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanqi Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Tran NT, Zhou Y, Chen L, Sun Z, Li S. SpBNIP3 regulates apoptosis and autophagy in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) during white spot syndrome virus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104465. [PMID: 35690229 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BNIP3 (BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3), which is a pro-apoptotic protein in the BCL-2 family involves a variety of cell signaling pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial autophagy, and apoptosis in vertebrates. However, the role of BNIP3 in the regulation of apoptosis and/or autophagy in crustaceans suffering virus infection is still limited. In this study, the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) BNIP3 (SpBNIP3) was identified and studied to elucidate its association with the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. SpBNIP3 was widely expressed in all tested tissues and significantly down-regulated in the hemocytes of mud crab after WSSV infection. Knockdown of SpBNIP3 using RNA interference increased the apoptosis rate and Caspase 3 activity but decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and autophagy levels, as well as viral copy number in mud crabs infected with WSSV. Additionally, the relationship between the viral infection and the autophagy of hemocytes was observed. The level of autophagy was reduced upon WSSV infection, and the activation of autophagy enriched the viral copy number. Taken together, the results of this study provide a new finding on the mechanism that SpBNIP3 may participate in the WSSV infection through the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy processes in mud crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yanlian Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Lianjie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zaiqiao Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Shrimp Lipid Droplet Protein Perilipin Involves in the Pathogenesis of AHPND-Causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810520. [PMID: 36142431 PMCID: PMC9501514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by a unique strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp (AHPND)), has become the world’s most severe debilitating disease in cultured shrimp. Thus far, the pathogenesis of AHPND remains largely unknow. Herein, in Litopenaeus vannamei, we found that a Vp (AHPND) infection significantly increased the expression of lipid droplets (LDs) protein LvPerilipin, as well as promoted the formation of LDs. In addition, the knockdown of LvPerilipin increased the shrimp survival rate in response to the Vp (AHPND) infection, and inhibited the proliferation of Vp (AHPND). Furthermore, we demonstrated that LvPerilipin depletion could increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may be responsible for the decreased Vp (AHPND) proliferation. Taken together, our current data for the first time reveal that the shrimp lipid droplets protein Perilipin is involved in the pathogenesis of Vp (AHPND) via promoting LDs accumulation and decreasing ROS production.
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Expression of the AHPND Toxins PirA vp and PirB vp Is Regulated by Components of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus Quorum Sensing (QS) System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052889. [PMID: 35270031 PMCID: PMC8911003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp is caused by Vibrio strains that harbor a pVA1-like plasmid containing the pirA and pirB genes. It is also known that the production of the PirA and PirB proteins, which are the key factors that drive the observed symptoms of AHPND, can be influenced by environmental conditions and that this leads to changes in the virulence of the bacteria. However, to our knowledge, the mechanisms involved in regulating the expression of the pirA/pirB genes have not previously been investigated. In this study, we show that in the AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus 3HP strain, the pirAvp and pirBvp genes are highly expressed in the early log phase of the growth curve. Subsequently, the expression of the PirAvp and PirBvp proteins continues throughout the log phase. When we compared mutant strains with a deletion or substitution in two of the quorum sensing (QS) master regulators, luxO and/or opaR (luxOD47E, ΔopaR, ΔluxO, and ΔopaRΔluxO), our results suggested that expression of the pirAvp and pirBvp genes was related to the QS system, with luxO acting as a negative regulator of pirAvp and pirBvp without any mediation by opaRvp. In the promoter region of the pirAvp/pirBvp operon, we also identified a putative consensus binding site for the QS transcriptional regulator AphB. Real-time PCR further showed that aphBvp was negatively controlled by LuxOvp, and that its expression paralleled the expression patterns of pirAvp and pirBvp. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that AphBvp could bind to this predicted region, even though another QS transcriptional regulator, AphAvp, could not. Taken together, these findings suggest that the QS system may regulate pirAvp/pirBvp expression through AphBvp.
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11
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Characterization of GefA, a GGEEF domain-containing protein that modulates Vibrio parahaemolyticus motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0223921. [PMID: 35108083 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02239-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a significant food-borne pathogen that causes economic and public health problems worldwide and has the high capacity to adapt to diverse environments and hosts. The second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) allows bacteria to shift from a planktonic form to a communal multicellular lifestyle and plays an important role in bacterial survival and transmission. Here we characterized single-domain c-di-GMP synthetases in V. parahaemolyticus and identified a novel GGEEF domain-containing protein designated GefA that modulates bacterial swarming motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. GefA inhibits swarming motility by regulating the expression of lateral flagella, while it enhances biofilm formation by controlling exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Under high-c-di-GMP conditions caused by scrABC knock-out, we found that GefA is bifunctional, as it has no effect on swarming motility but retains the ability to regulate biofilm formation. Subsequent studies suggested that GefA regulates the expression of type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1), which is an important virulence factor in V. parahaemolyticus. Here, we also revealed that the flagella participate in the infection of V. parahaemolyticus. We found that both the T3SS1 and flagella contribute to the GefA-mediated virulence of V. parahaemolyticus in the zebrafish model. Our results expand the knowledge of the V. parahaemolyticus c-di-GMP synthetases and their roles in social behaviors and pathogenicity. Importance The c-di-GMP metabolic enzymes constitute one of the largest clusters of potential orthologues in V. parahaemolyticus. However, the specific roles that these individual c-di-GMP metabolic enzymes play are largely unknown. Here, we identified a GGEEF domain-containing protein designated GefA that regulates bacterial behaviors and virulence. We also demonstrated that flagella participate in the infection of this bacterium, through which GefA regulates the bacterial virulence. To our knowledge, the roles that c-di-GMP and flagella play in V. parahaemolyticus virulence have never been revealed before. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the function of c-di-GMP and its synthetases in V. parahaemolyticus.
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