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Mesagno C, Hammond AA, Goodyear MA. An initial investigation into the mental health difficulties in athletes who experience choking under pressure. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 74:102663. [PMID: 38759822 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the frequency of choking under pressure (i.e., choking) and quantify the prevalence of psychological and behavioural consequences of choking. 165 current and retired athletes (over 18 years old) from various sporting levels completed an online survey that asked about demographics, the frequency of choking, and the psychological (e.g., negative feelings toward sport, passion/enjoyment of sport negatively affected, and suicidal ideation) and behavioural (e.g., missing/skipping sport temporarily, dropping out/quitting sport, and maladaptive, risky behaviour) effects of choking. Descriptive statistics on choking frequency indicated 127 (77%) athletes in this sample experienced choking in the last year of playing their sport, and, on average, "choked" 18.25 times during that year. Of the 65 athletes currently playing sport, 36 (55.4%) experienced choking in the past month. Furthermore, 39.4% and 7.1% of athletes in this sample did not achieve higher levels of competition and had suicidal thoughts due to choking, respectively. High-performance athletes in the current sample were more likely to engage in maladaptive behaviours after choking compared to low-performance athletes. Choking more negatively affected the passion/enjoyment for sport of currently playing (i.e., excluding all retired) high-performance than currently playing low-performance athletes. This seminal study crudely quantifies the frequency of choking in athletes, but more importantly provides crucial evidence of the psychological and behavioural consequences of choking and advocates for further research into choking and athlete mental health.
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Zhang S, Roberts R, Akehurst S, Woodman T. Narcissism and antisocial behaviour in sport: The moderating role of self-compassion. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 70:102528. [PMID: 38065660 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Narcissism, which features the chronic disposition to seek the opportunity to construct and maintain an inflated self, is a known risk for antisocial behaviour. However, knowledge of factors that mitigate the effects of narcissism on antisocial behaviour is lacking. In two studies we explored the hypothesis that self-compassion would protect against the link between narcissism and antisocial behaviour, such that narcissism would be less related to antisocial behaviour when self-compassion was high. Study 1 was a cross-sectional study with a sample of professional footballers (N = 208). Study 2 utilised a sample of competitive athletes from a variety of sports (N = 324) over an eight-month period. The data from both studies supported the hypothesis: Greater self-compassion was associated with a null (Study 1) or significantly attenuated (Study 2) relationship between narcissism and antisocial behaviour. We discuss the implications of the findings, including the benefits of incorporating self-compassion in sport settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuge Zhang
- School of Human Sciences, University of Derby, UK.
| | - Ross Roberts
- School of Human & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, UK
| | - Sally Akehurst
- School of Human Sciences, University of Derby, UK; School of Life & Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, UK
| | - Tim Woodman
- School of Human & Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, UK
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Tremblay MI, Bennett EV, Mosewich AD, Norman ME, Crocker PRE. "I think the best athletes use it": Masculinities and self-compassion among men varsity athletes. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 69:102486. [PMID: 37665921 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined how men varsity athletes' embodiments of masculinities shaped their perceptions and experiences of self-compassion to manage sport-related challenges. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 men varsity athletes (20 interviews total). Vignettes depiciting athletes low and high in self-compassion were used as talk elicitation tools during interviews. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and four themes were identified from the mens' accounts. Participants utilized self-compassion as a coping strategy in sport and other life-domains to maintain well-being. Self-compassion was used to balance self-criticism to support achievement striving efforts. The experience of contrasting masculine ideologies (hegemonic and inclusive) promoted and constrained the men's implementation of self-compassion. Traditional masculine narratives created tensions for participants who at times embodied the (mis)belief that self-compassion promotes complacency in the pursuit of athletic achievement. Findings contribute to understandings of men athletes' experiences of self-compassion and masculinities in relation to sport-related challenges and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam I Tremblay
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Erica V Bennett
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Amber D Mosewich
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, 1-105 University Hall, 8840 - 114 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J9, Canada
| | - Moss E Norman
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Peter R E Crocker
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Sharland PB, Haroun J, Safi A. Exploring the Impact of a Global Pandemic (COVID-19) on Factors Impacting the Resilience of Top-Tier London Hockey Players. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION) 2023; 2023:5346846. [PMID: 37457364 PMCID: PMC10348855 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5346846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The cessation of all professional and amateur sport due to the COVID-19 pandemic had a dramatic effect on the mental and physical capacity of the United Kingdom populace, but its impact was arguably felt more deeply by the athletic population. Thus, this research explored which limiting factors were experienced by team hockey players during the national lockdowns (1.0-3.0) with the objective of enabling coaches and team management to better support and protect players' physiological and psychological resilience in return to play. Methods Data were collected over 12 weeks during the 3rd UK lockdown (March 2021) from two top-tier London clubs. Hockey players (n = 63) completed an online questionnaire that included validated tests for self-compassion, sport motivation, and a custom open-ended style qualitative questionnaire on nutrition and lifestyle behaviour. Mean self-compassion, motivation scores, and common indicative limiting factors were evaluated and ranked according to significance. Results High "rebound resilience" was found with low amotivation scores (m = 8.33) and strong affinity for their sport identifying with the statement "because participation in my sport is an integral part of my life" with correspondingly high integrated regulation scores (m = 21.43). Participants' self-compassion showed the highest scores in mindfulness (m = 3.66) and lowest in self-kindness (m = 2.84) indicating a common trait in athletes for self-criticism. The highest limiting factor was cited as "no social outlets, social interactions, or seeing friends and family". Conclusion This study revealed the critical role that social connectedness plays in promoting resilience and enhancing motivation in return to play during extremely challenging circumstances. When the social outlet is absent, enhancing resilience factors with mindfulness, self-compassion, and the creation of a more facilitative environment where player welfare takes priority are potential strategies to support players when they are unable to participate in their sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Haroun
- Centre for Resilience, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Ayazullah Safi
- Department of Public Health, Centre for Life and Sport Science (C-LaSS) Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Zhang S, McEwan K. The Fears of Compassion in Sport Scale: a short, context-specific measure of fear of self-compassion and receiving compassion from others validated in UK athletes. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2023.2183108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuge Zhang
- School of Human Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Kirsten McEwan
- School of Psychology, College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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Kosirnik C, Antonini Philippe R, Pomini V. Investigating the Links Between Performers' Self-Compassion, Mental Toughness and Their Social Environment: A Semi-Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:887099. [PMID: 35910958 PMCID: PMC9331924 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.887099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Being mentally tough while evaluating oneself in a compassionate way is still a difficult path for performers. Self-compassion, characterized by the ability to be kind to oneself, to see one's experiences as part of the larger human experience and have a balanced awareness to one's emotions and thoughts, was recently studied as a stepping stone to performance optimization and personal development. Despite a mistrust of this concept in the sports world, various studies show its benefits within athletes. A major question remains the environment that fosters or hinders the development of self-compassion: when role models extend compassionate attitudes, does it allow performers to respond in more self-compassionate ways? The relationship between self-compassion, mental toughness, and social environment is still unclear and is an important direction for future research within performers. This semi-systematic literature review aims at proposing an overview of the state of the art regarding self-compassion, mental toughness, and the influence of performer's, and social environments. Sixteen studies were retrieved. We conclude that the number of multi-day intervention programs and longitudinal studies should be increased. The studies should also consider assessing the specific aspects of performance culture and settings. In addition, overall performance-specific measures could be developed to assess general levels of self-compassion. The development of a theoretical framework explaining how self-compassion affects a performer, the role of their entourage and its link to other psychological resources, such as mental toughness, could help to better understand this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Kosirnik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Valentino Pomini
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Walton CC, Osborne MS, Gilbert P, Kirby J. Nurturing self-compassionate performers. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2022.2033952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C. Walton
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margaret S. Osborne
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Conservatorium of Music, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Gilbert
- Centre for Compassion Research and Training, College of Health and Social Care Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - James Kirby
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Adam MEK, Eke AO, Ferguson LJ. "Know That You're Not Just Settling": Exploring Women Athletes' Self-Compassion, Sport Performance Perceptions, and Well-Being Around Important Competitive Events. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 43:268-278. [PMID: 33894692 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-compassion, an adaptive self-attitude, is a resource that women athletes use during emotionally difficult times and as a way to reach their potential. The relationship between self-compassion and sport performance, however, is complex. The role and experience of self-compassion within perceived important competitive events are important to explore, as athletes face unique pressures and stressors in these meaningful sport experiences. This collective case study describes women athletes' self-compassion, sport performance perceptions, and well-being around a self-identified important competitive event. Competitive women athletes (N = 9) participated in two one-on-one interviews, before and after their important competitive event. Results from the holistic, functional, and thematic analyses are represented by holistic case descriptions and an overarching theme, Continuing to Excel in Sport, and subthemes, Reframing Criticism and A Determined Approach. In important competitive events, women athletes utilize self-compassion to promote performance perceptions and well-being when preparing, competing, and reflecting to excel in sport.
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Casali N, Ghisi M, Jansen P, Feraco T, Meneghetti C. What Can Affect Competition Anxiety in Athletes? The Role of Self-Compassion and Repetitive Negative Thinking. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:2009-2028. [PMID: 34037483 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211017258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the correlates of competition anxiety is fundamental to athletes' well-being and performance. Self-compassion is gaining attention in sport psychology because of its associations with positive outcomes, while repetitive negative thinking (i.e. worry and rumination) is associated with negative conditions, such as anxiety. Building on previous evidence in the general population of associations between self-compassion, repetitive negative thinking, and trait anxiety, we investigated these relations in athletes of different sports. A total of 263 athletes (Mage = 23.72, SD = 6.97, 141 males) completed scales measuring self-compassion, repetitive negative thinking, and trait competition anxiety. Regression models showed the effects of self-compassion and worry on concern (the cognitive component of anxiety), and of worry on somatic anxiety. Gender, number of competitions a year, and years of practice were also associated with trait competition anxiety. A subsequent mediation model revealed significant direct and indirect effects of self-compassion on anxiety, mediated by worry. Results are discussed theoretically and considering their practical implications for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Casali
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Petra Jansen
- Faculty of Human Sciences, 9147University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tommaso Feraco
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Pentathlon S.r.l., Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Meneghetti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Rice SM, Treeby MS, Olive L, Saw AE, Kountouris A, Lloyd M, Macleod G, Orchard JW, Clarke P, Gwyther K, Purcell R. Athlete Experiences of Shame and Guilt: Initial Psychometric Properties of the Athletic Perceptions of Performance Scale Within Junior Elite Cricketers. Front Psychol 2021; 12:581914. [PMID: 33995169 PMCID: PMC8116891 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.581914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Guilt and shame are self-conscious emotions with implications for mental health, social and occupational functioning, and the effectiveness of sports practice. To date, the assessment and role of athlete-specific guilt and shame has been under-researched. Reporting data from 174 junior elite cricketers (M = 17.34 years; females n = 85), the present study utilized exploratory factor analysis in validating the Athletic Perceptions of Performance Scale (APPS), assessing three distinct and statistically reliable factors: athletic shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and no-concern. Conditional process analysis indicated that APPS shame-proneness mediated the relationship between general and athlete-specific distress (p < 0.01), with this pathway non-contingent on sex or past 12-month help-seeking for mental health concerns (p's > 0.05). While APPS domains of guilt-proneness and no-concern were not significant mediators, they exhibited correlations in the expected direction with indices of psychological distress and well-being. The APPS may assist coaches and support staff identify players who may benefit from targeted interventions to reduce the likelihood of experiencing shame-prone states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M. Rice
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matt S. Treeby
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna E. Saw
- Cricket Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Kountouris
- Cricket Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Greg Macleod
- Specialist Sports Medicine Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John W. Orchard
- Cricket Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kate Gwyther
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Jansen P, Hoja S, Meneghetti C. Does repetitive thinking mediate the relationship between self-compassion and competition anxiety in athletes? COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2021.1909243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Jansen
- Faculty of Human Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg Germany
| | - Sabine Hoja
- Faculty of Human Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg Germany
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Walton CC, Rice S, Gao CX, Butterworth M, Clements M, Purcell R. Gender differences in mental health symptoms and risk factors in Australian elite athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000984. [PMID: 33754081 PMCID: PMC7939008 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine gender differences in the reporting of, and contributors to, mental health symptoms. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study of adult athletes within a national elite sporting system (n=523; women=292;56%), who completed a battery of assessments including measures of mental health and adverse life events. Group differences across a range of scores were examined, followed by gender-stratified bootstrapped linear regression and meta-regression on measures where gender differences were observed. Results Women athletes reported higher rates of mental health symptoms, and lower rates of mental well-being, although there were no differences in general psychological distress or life satisfaction. Women reported experiencing several adverse life events at higher rates than men; particularly interpersonal conflict, financial hardship and discrimination. Low self-esteem was consistently associated with poorer mental health outcomes for all athletes. While a range of factors were associated with poor mental health in men or women athletes, meta-regression suggested that experiencing financial difficulty and social media abuse were more uniquely associated with mental health symptoms in men. Conclusion Gender differences in mental health in elite athletes are apparent. Approaches to increasing well-being are required in elite sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Walton
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Rice
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline X Gao
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matt Butterworth
- Athlete Wellbeing and Engagement, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matti Clements
- Athlete Wellbeing and Engagement, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Reis NA, Kowalski KC, Mosewich AD, Ferguson LJ. Exploring Self-Compassion and Versions of Masculinity in Men Athletes. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 41:368-379. [PMID: 31825891 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing emphasis on self-compassion in sport, little research has focused exclusively on men athletes. The purpose of this research was to explore the interaction of self-compassion and diverse versions of masculinity on the psychosocial well-being of men athletes. The authors sampled 172 men athletes (Mage = 22.8 yr) from a variety of sports, using descriptive methodology with self-report questionnaires. Self-compassion was related to most variables (e.g., psychological well-being, fear of negative evaluation, state self-criticism, internalized shame, reactions to a hypothetical sport-specific scenario) in hypothesized directions and predicted unique variance beyond self-esteem across most of those variables, as well as moderated relationships between masculinity and both autonomy and attitudes toward gay men. In addition, self-compassion was differentially related to inclusive and hegemonic masculinity. Our findings support self-compassion as a promising resource for men athletes to buffer emotionally difficult sport experiences.
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Zhang CQ, Baltzell A. Towards a contextual approach to athletic performance enhancement: Reflections, perspectives, and applications. JOURNAL OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21520704.2019.1643613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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