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Freeman P, Bellomo G, Ireland L, Abudula M, Luckett T, Oberst M, Stafferton R, Ghaneh P, Halloran C, Schmid MC, Mielgo A. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factors increases production of CXCL9/10 by macrophages and fibroblasts and facilitates CD8 + cytotoxic T cell recruitment to pancreatic tumours. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382538. [PMID: 39165364 PMCID: PMC11334161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy with an urgent unmet clinical need for new therapies. Using a combination of in vitro assays and in vivo preclinical models we demonstrate that therapeutic inhibition of the IGF signalling axis promotes the accumulation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells within the tumour microenvironment of PDAC tumours. Mechanistically, we show that IGF blockade promotes macrophage and fibroblast production of the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 to facilitate CD8+ T cell recruitment and trafficking towards the PDAC tumour. Exploring this pathway further, we show that IGF inhibition leads to increased STAT1 transcriptional activity, correlating with a downregulation of the AKT/STAT3 signalling axis, in turn promoting Cxcl9 and Cxcl10 gene transcription. Using patient derived tumour explants, we also demonstrate that our findings translate into the human setting. PDAC tumours are frequently described as "immunologically cold", therefore bolstering CD8+ T cell recruitment to PDAC tumours through IGF inhibition may serve to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors which rely on the presence of CD8+ T cells in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Freeman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Bellomo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maidinaimu Abudula
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Teifion Luckett
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Oberst
- Department of Oncology Research, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ruth Stafferton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Ghaneh
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Halloran
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Schmid
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ainhoa Mielgo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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2
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Paul S, Mukherjee T, Das K. Coagulation Protease-Driven Cancer Immune Evasion: Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1568. [PMID: 38672649 PMCID: PMC11048528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation and cancer are intrinsically connected, hypercoagulation-associated thrombotic complications are commonly observed in certain types of cancer, often leading to decreased survival in cancer patients. Apart from the common role in coagulation, coagulation proteases often trigger intracellular signaling in various cancers via the activation of a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily protease: protease-activated receptors (PARs). Although the role of PARs is well-established in the development and progression of certain types of cancer, their impact on cancer immune response is only just emerging. The present review highlights how coagulation protease-driven PAR signaling plays a key role in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. This is followed by a detailed discussion on the contribution of coagulation protease-induced signaling in cancer immune evasion, thereby supporting the growth and development of certain tumors. A special section of the review demonstrates the role of coagulation proteases, thrombin, factor VIIa, and factor Xa in cancer immune evasion. Targeting coagulation protease-induced signaling might be a potential therapeutic strategy to boost the immune surveillance mechanism of a host fighting against cancer, thereby augmenting the clinical consequences of targeted immunotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
| | - Kaushik Das
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, West Bengal, India
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Gozzi-Silva SC, Oliveira LDM, Alberca RW, Pereira NZ, Yoshikawa FS, Pietrobon AJ, Yendo TM, de Souza Andrade MM, Ramos YAL, Brito CA, Oliveira EA, Beserra DR, Orfali RL, Aoki V, Duarte AJDS, Sato MN. Generation of Cytotoxic T Cells and Dysfunctional CD8 T Cells in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213359. [PMID: 36359755 PMCID: PMC9659290 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has spread on a pandemic scale. The viral infection can evolve asymptomatically or can generate severe symptoms, influenced by the presence of comorbidities. Lymphopenia based on the severity of symptoms in patients affected with COVID-19 is frequent. However, the profiles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells regarding cytotoxicity and antiviral factor expression have not yet been completely elucidated in acute SARS-CoV-2 infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic and functional profile of T lymphocytes in patients with moderate and severe/critical COVID-19. During the pandemic period, we analyzed a cohort of 62 confirmed patients with SARS-CoV-2 (22 moderate cases and 40 severe/critical cases). Notwithstanding lymphopenia, we observed an increase in the expression of CD28, a co-stimulator molecule, and activation markers (CD38 and HLA-DR) in T lymphocytes as well as an increase in the frequency of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells that express the immunological checkpoint protein PD-1 in patients with a severe/critical condition compared to healthy controls. Regarding the cytotoxic profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, an increase in the response of CD4+ T cells was already observed at the baseline level and scarcely changed upon PMA and Ionomycin stimulation. Meanwhile, CD8+ T lymphocytes decreased the cytotoxic response, evidencing a profile of exhaustion in patients with severe COVID-19. As observed by t-SNE, there were CD4+ T-cytotoxic and CD8+ T with low granzyme production, evidencing their dysfunction in severe/critical conditions. In addition, purified CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients with severe COVID-19 showed increased constitutive expression of differentially expressed genes associated with the caspase pathway, inflammasome, and antiviral factors, and, curiously, had reduced expression of TNF-α. The cytotoxic profile of CD4+ T cells may compensate for the dysfunction/exhaustion of TCD8+ in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings may provide an understanding of the interplay of cytotoxicity between CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the severity of acute COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cristina Gozzi-Silva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.C.G.-S.); (M.N.S.); Tel.: +55-11-3061-7499 (M.N.S.); Fax: +55-11-3081-7190 (M.N.S.)
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wesley Alberca
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Natalli Zanete Pereira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio Seiti Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Anna Julia Pietrobon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Mina Yendo
- Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Milena Mary de Souza Andrade
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Yasmim Alefe Leuzzi Ramos
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Cyro Alves Brito
- Center of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Emily Araujo Oliveira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rosa Beserra
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Raquel Leão Orfali
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Valéria Aoki
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Alberto Jose da Silva Duarte
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.C.G.-S.); (M.N.S.); Tel.: +55-11-3061-7499 (M.N.S.); Fax: +55-11-3081-7190 (M.N.S.)
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Mulens-Arias V, Nicolás-Boluda A, Carn F, Gazeau F. Cationic Polyethyleneimine (PEI)–Gold Nanocomposites Modulate Macrophage Activation and Reprogram Mouse Breast Triple-Negative MET-1 Tumor Immunological Microenvironment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102234. [PMID: 36297669 PMCID: PMC9607133 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicines based on inorganic nanoparticles have grown in the last decades due to the nanosystems’ versatility in the coating, tuneability, and physical and chemical properties. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised regarding the immunotropic profile of nanoparticles and how metallic nanoparticles affect the immune system. Cationic polymer nanoparticles are widely used for cell transfection and proved to exert an adjuvant immunomodulatory effect that improves the efficiency of conventional vaccines against infection or cancer. Likewise, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) also exhibit diverse effects on immune response depending on size or coatings. Photothermal or photodynamic therapy, radiosensitization, and drug or gene delivery systems take advantage of the unique properties of AuNPs to deeply modify the tumoral ecosystem. However, the collective effects that AuNPs combined with cationic polymers might exert on their own in the tumor immunological microenvironment remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to analyze the triple-negative breast tumor immunological microenvironment upon intratumoral injection of polyethyleneimine (PEI)–AuNP nanocomposites (named AuPEI) and elucidate how it might affect future immunotherapeutic approaches based on this nanosystem. AuPEI nanocomposites were synthesized through a one-pot synthesis method with PEI as both a reducing and capping agent, resulting in fractal assemblies of about 10 nm AuNPs. AuPEI induced an inflammatory profile in vitro in the mouse macrophage-like cells RAW264.7 as determined by the secretion of TNF-α and CCL5 while the immunosuppressor IL-10 was not increased. However, in vivo in the mouse breast MET-1 tumor model, AuPEI nanocomposites shifted the immunological tumor microenvironment toward an M2 phenotype with an immunosuppressive profile as determined by the infiltration of PD-1-positive lymphocytes. This dichotomy in AuPEI nanocomposites in vitro and in vivo might be attributed to the highly complex tumor microenvironment and highlights the importance of testing the immunogenicity of nanomaterials in vitro and more importantly in vivo in relevant immunocompetent mouse tumor models to better elucidate any adverse or unexpected effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mulens-Arias
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Integrative Biomedical Materials and Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Pompeu Fabra University, PRBB, Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Nicolás-Boluda
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Florent Carn
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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5
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Alexander ET, Gilmour SK. Immunomodulatory role of thrombin in cancer progression. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:527-536. [PMID: 35338515 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation proteases and the generation of thrombin are increased in tumors. In addition, chemotherapeutic agents commonly used to treat malignant cancers can exacerbate cancer-associated thromboses. Thrombin can modify tumor cell behavior directly through the activation of protease-activated receptors (PAR) or indirectly by generating fibrin matrices. In addition to its role in generating fibrin to promote hemostasis, thrombin acts directly on multiple effector cells of the immune system impacting both acute and chronic inflammatory processes. Thrombin-mediated release of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 leads to the accumulation of multiple tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive cell populations including myeloid derived suppresser cells, M2-like macrophages, and T regulatory cells. Ablation of PAR-1 from the tumor microenvironment, but not the tumor, has been shown to dramatically reduce tumor growth and metastasis in multiple tumor models. Thrombin-activated platelets release immunosuppressive cytokines including transforming growth factor-β that can inhibit natural killer cell activity, helping tumor cells to evade host immunosurveillance. Taken together, there is strong evidence that thrombin influences cancer progression via multiple mechanisms, including the tumor immune response, with thrombin emerging as a target for novel therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Alexander
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan K Gilmour
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Xu R, Zeng M, Wu Y, Wang S, Zhang B, Zhang J, Kan Y, Li B, Cao B, Zheng X, Feng W. Acetone Extract of Cornus officinalis Leaves Exerts Anti-Melanoma Effects via Inhibiting STAT3 Signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3487-3501. [PMID: 34093025 PMCID: PMC8169088 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s308371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This research aims to investigate the intervention and mechanism of 50% acetone extract of C. officinalis leaves (SZYY) on melanoma xenografts. Patients and Methods Tumor size and cardiac function were measured via ultrasound. The accumulation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in tumor tissue was examined with near-infrared in vivo imaging. Flow cytometry was performed to assess apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in tumor and immune cells in spleen. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum were detected by cytometric bead array. The expression of proliferation-, apoptosis-, and angiogenesis-related proteins in tumor cells was measured to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. Subsequently, the effects of four compounds separated from SZYY on the proliferation and migration of A375 cells and STAT3 signaling were examined. The peak identification and contents of the four components were performed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of STAT3 overexpression on the cytotoxic activity of four constituents in A375 cells. Results SZYY inhibited the growth and glycolysis of melanoma xenograft in mice, improved cardiac function, increased the percentages of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in spleen, reduced the levels of IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in serum, promoted apoptosis and oxidative stress in tumor tissues, and inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and expression of angiogenic factors. Chemical analysis showed that SZYY is rich in loganin, rutin, triohimas C, and triohimas D, which all could restrain the proliferation and migration of A375 cells and inhibit the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3. Moreover, STAT3 overexpression could diminish the cytotoxic activity of four compounds on A375 cells. Conclusion SZYY could exert anti-melanoma effects via inhibiting STAT3 signaling to induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Its active ingredients might be loganin, rutin, triohimas C, and triohimas D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengnan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengchao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingke Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Kan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Benke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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7
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Mardanpour K, Rahbar M, Mardanpour S, Mardanpour N, Rezaei M. CD8+ T-cell lymphocytes infiltration predict clinical outcomes in Wilms' tumor. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320975976. [PMID: 33283684 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320975976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance and location of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes demonstrate important facets of the anticancer immune response. CD8-expressing lymphocytes have been used in immunotherapy for multiple cancers. This study aims to determine the association between the abundance and localization of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and clinical outcomes of Wilms' tumor. This retrospective study employed 42 pediatric patients diagnosed with Wilms' tumor. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte counts were calculated based on the mean percentage of stroma occupied by CD8+ lymphocytes at the center and the invasive border of the tumor using immunohistochemistry. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in the center and the invasive border of the early-stage tumor samples. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the invasive border and tumor center positively correlated with tumor invasion, regional lymph node invasion, histological type, metastasis, and stage of the tumor. A high CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte scores at the invasive margin of the tumor correlated with low tumor recurrence. Low CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte scores in the two tumor regions correlated with poor prognosis and shorter disease-free survival. Overall, these findings show that patients with high CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with better clinical outcomes. Therefore, measuring the abundance of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes may be useful in predicting response to cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahtab Rahbar
- Iran Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of
| | | | | | - Mansour Rezaei
- Kermanshah Medical Science University, Kermanshah, Iran, Islamic Republic of
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8
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High Endothelial Venule with Concomitant High CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Is Associated with a Favorable Prognosis in Resected Gastric Cancer. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082628. [PMID: 32823631 PMCID: PMC7464373 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play a major role in antitumor immunity. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are related to diverse immune cells in solid tumors. We analyzed CD8+ and Foxp3+ TILs in combination with HEVs to determine their prognostic role in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). We enrolled 157 patients with AGC in this study. The densities of CD8+ TILs and Foxp3+ TILs were calculated using immunohistochemical staining. HEVs were evaluated by MECA-79 expression. HEVs were identified in 60 (38.2%) cases and was significantly associated with an increased number of CD8+ TILs (p = 0.027) but not of Foxp3+ TILs (p = 0.455) and CD20+ TILs (p = 0.163). A high CD8+/HEV+ level was significantly associated with nodal metastasis (p = 0.048). In survival analysis, patients with high CD8+/HEV+ levels demonstrated the longest overall survival (OS) (p = 0.015). Furthermore, a high CD8+/HEV+ level was an independent prognostic factor in AGC (p = 0.011; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.435; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.245–0.837). HEVs were found to play an important role in antitumor immunity associated with CD8+ TILs in AGC. This analysis of HEVs and CD8+ TILs helps stratify patients with AGC and sheds light on tumor immunity.
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9
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Vlaykova T, Kurzawski M, Tacheva T, Dimov D, Anastasov A, Vlaykova D, Miteva A, O'donoghue N, Drozdzik M. Effects of the IL6 -174G>C promoter polymorphism and IL-6 serum levels on the progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1781-1791. [PMID: 32724421 PMCID: PMC7377025 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is one of the most immunogenic types of cancer, with a 6-fold higher rate of spontaneous regression than any other malignancy. In addition to responsiveness to different immunotherapies, the immunogenicity of CMM highlights the important role of the host immune system in the response to CMM. The present study aimed to explore the role of two functional promoter polymorphisms [IL6 -174G>C (rs1800785) and TNFA -308G>A (rs1800629)] in the regulation of the genes encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, specifically in patients with CMM. A total of 76 patients with CMM and 200 control subjects were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The genotype frequencies for both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) did not differ significantly between the patients and controls (P=0.358 and P=0.810 for IL6 and TNFA, respectively). However, compared with carriers of C-allele genotypes (CG+CC), patients with the IL6 -174GG genotype exhibited more advanced melanoma (Clark scale ≥3; P=0.037) and shorter survival times, particularly those who worked outdoors (in conditions with increased sunlight exposure; P=0.016). Furthermore, the serum IL-6 levels of patients with CMM were significantly higher than those of the control subjects, which were associated with unfavorable blood and serum characteristics and tumor progression (development of new distant metastases; P=0.004), and with a shorter overall survival time (P=0.042). Using a Cox proportional hazard model, the IL6 -174GG genotype was found to be an independent prognostic factor for reduced survival time (P=0.030), together with sex (being male; P=0.004) and occupations with higher exposure to sunlight (P=0.047). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the promoter polymorphisms IL6 -174G>C and TNFA -308G>A are not predisposing factors for CMM. However, the IL6 -174G>C SNP and IL-6 serum concentrations are likely to influence the progression of the disease, and the GG genotype and higher IL-6 serum levels may indicate shorter survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Vlaykova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Mateuzh Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-204, Poland
| | - Tanya Tacheva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Dimo Dimov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Asen Anastasov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Denitsa Vlaykova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Ani Miteva
- Department of Medical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Niamh O'donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-204, Poland
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Wen Y, Rudemiller NP, Zhang J, Robinette T, Lu X, Ren J, Privratsky JR, Nedospasov SA, Crowley SD. TNF-α in T lymphocytes attenuates renal injury and fibrosis during nephrotoxic nephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F107-F116. [PMID: 31736350 PMCID: PMC6985827 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00347.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) models immune-mediated human glomerulonephritis and culminates in kidney inflammation and fibrosis, a process regulated by T lymphocytes. TNF-α is a key proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to diverse forms of renal injury. Therefore, we posited that TNF-α from T lymphocytes may contribute to NTN pathogenesis. Here, mice with T cell-specific deletion of TNF-α (TNF TKO) and wild-type (WT) control mice were subjected to the NTN model. At 14 days after NTN, kidney injury and fibrosis were increased in kidneys from TNF TKO mice compared with WT mice. PD1+CD4+ T cell numbers and mRNA levels of IL-17A were elevated in NTN kidneys of TNF TKO mice, suggesting that augmented local T helper 17 lymphocyte responses in the TNF TKO kidney may exaggerate renal injury and fibrosis. In turn, we found increased accumulation of neutrophils in TNF TKO kidneys during NTN. We conclude that TNF-α production in T lymphocytes mitigates NTN-induced kidney injury and fibrosis by inhibiting renal T helper 17 lymphocyte responses and infiltration of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nathan P Rudemiller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Taylor Robinette
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jiafa Ren
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jamie R Privratsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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11
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Investigating Macrophages Plasticity Following Tumour-Immune Interactions During Oncolytic Therapies. Acta Biotheor 2019; 67:321-359. [PMID: 31410657 PMCID: PMC6825040 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-019-09357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, oncolytic virus therapy has been recognised as a promising approach in cancer treatment, due to the potential of these viruses to induce systemic anti-tumour immunity and selectively killing tumour cells. However, the effectiveness of these viruses depends significantly on their interactions with the host immune responses, both innate (e.g., macrophages, which accumulate in high numbers inside solid tumours) and adaptive (e.g., \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {CD8}^{+}$$\end{document}CD8+ T cells). In this article, we consider a mathematical approach to investigate the possible outcomes of the complex interactions between two extreme types of macrophages (M1 and M2 cells), effector \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {CD8}^{+}$$\end{document}CD8+ T cells and an oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), on the growth/elimination of B16F10 melanoma. We discuss, in terms of VSV, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {CD8}^{+}$$\end{document}CD8+ and macrophages levels, two different types of immune responses which could ensure tumour control and eventual elimination. We show that both innate and adaptive anti-tumour immune responses, as well as the oncolytic virus, could be very important in delaying tumour relapse and eventually eliminating the tumour. Overall this study supports the use mathematical modelling to increase our understanding of the complex immune interaction following oncolytic virotherapies. However, the complexity of the model combined with a lack of sufficient data for model parametrisation has an impact on the possibility of making quantitative predictions.
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12
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Chen J, He Q, Liu J, Xiao Y, Xiao C, Chen K, Xie D, Zhang X. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as a novel prognostic biomarker in lung sarcomatoid carcinoma, a rare subtype of lung cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3505-3511. [PMID: 30271199 PMCID: PMC6145683 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s169074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of infiltration of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) including high and low density in lung sarcomatoid carcinoma (LSC) and their clinicopathological significance. Patients and methods The density of CD8+ TILs in paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 100 LSC patients was detected by immunohistochemical staining, and the relationship of CD8+ TILs with clinicopathological features and prognosis was analyzed. Results The chi-squared test showed that the degree of infiltration of CD8+ TILs was significantly correlated with the clinicopathological stage and T stage of LSC (P<0.05). The univariate analysis demonstrated that tumor size, clinicopathological stage, T stage, N stage, M stage, and CD8+ TILs are risk factors that affect prognosis of the patients (P<0.05). The mean overall survival (OS) of LSC patients with a high density of CD8+ TILs was 92.3 months, which was significantly higher than 31.2 months in patients with a low density of CD8+ TILs (P<0.05). Cox regression multivariate analysis confirmed that the density of CD8+ TILs was an independent prognostic factor for OS time of LSC patients (hazard ratio=0.455, P<0.05). Conclusion CD8+ TILs could be used as an effective prognostic index for LSC patients, and a high density of CD8+ TILs in tumor tissue may predict a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ; .,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Qingmei He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ; .,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yongbo Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Canhua Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511581, People's Republic of China
| | - Keming Chen
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ; .,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ; .,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China, ;
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13
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Xu C, Lu X, Liu W, Chen A, Meng G, Zhang H, Li B, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wei J. CD8 + T cells mediate the antitumor activity of frankincense and myrrh in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2018; 16:132. [PMID: 29784005 PMCID: PMC5963062 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-promoting inflammation is an emerging hallmark of cancer, which participates in both cancer progression and immune escape. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical inflammation-related cancer with an extremely poor prognosis. Frankincense and myrrh are anti-inflammation agents commonly used in clinic. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether extract of frankincense and myrrh (FM) downregulates inflammatory microenvironment of HCC and thereby restores antitumor immune responses. Methods The water-decocting FM was obtained and quantified. HCC cell lines HCCLM3 and Hepa1-6 were used to evaluate the efficacy of FM targeting NF-κB and STAT3 signaling with western blot and qRT-PCR analysis. CD8+NKG2D+ cells were derived from human peripheral blood and were used for evaluation of immune cells-mediated inflammation and oncolysis on HCCLM3 cells. The antitumor efficacy of FM was investigated both in immune compromised and immune competent mice bearing subcutaneous HCC. Mice received daily oral gavage of FM at 60 mg/kg. Immune activity within tumor microenvironment (TME) was assessed by ELISpot assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Depletion of CD8+ T cells or NK cells was achieved by intraperitoneal injection of respective neutralizing antibody. Results FM significantly inhibited the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling in HCC cells induced by cytokines (TNF-α or IL-6) and in co-culture system with CD8+NKG2D+ cells. Furthermore, FM sensitized HCC cells to CD8+NKG2D+ cells-mediated oncolysis. In HCC-bearing mice, FM at a non-toxic dose failed to reduce tumor growth in immune compromised mice, whereas it significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged life span in immune competent mice. While the number of IFN-γ-producing cells within TME was increased in mice treated with FM, the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and NK cells was not increased. Finally, we identified that depletion of CD8+ T cells rather than NK cells abrogated the antitumor activity of FM. Conclusions Our results show for the first time that CD8+ T cells mediate the antitumor activity of FM at a non-toxic dose. This may provide new insights to this ancient mysterious prescription in cancer therapy, which offers a novel and practical therapeutic strategy and the possibilities of combined immunotherapy for HCC as well as other inflammation-related cancers in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Anxian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Binghua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Junhua Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Jiwu Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. .,Nanjing University Hightech Institute at Suzhou, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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14
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Bertrand F, Montfort A, Marcheteau E, Imbert C, Gilhodes J, Filleron T, Rochaix P, Andrieu-Abadie N, Levade T, Meyer N, Colacios C, Ségui B. TNFα blockade overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 in experimental melanoma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2256. [PMID: 29273790 PMCID: PMC5741628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have considerably changed the treatment for melanoma. However, many patients do not display therapeutic response or eventually relapse. Moreover, patients treated with anti-PD-1 develop immune-related adverse events that can be cured with anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) antibodies. Whether anti-TNF antibodies affect the anti-cancer immune response remains unknown. Our recent work has highlighted that TNFR1-dependent TNF signalling impairs the accumulation of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (CD8+ TILs) in mouse melanoma. Herein, our results indicate that TNF or TNFR1 blockade synergizes with anti-PD-1 on anti-cancer immune responses towards solid cancers. Mechanistically, TNF blockade prevents anti-PD-1-induced TIL cell death as well as PD-L1 and TIM-3 expression. TNF expression positively correlates with expression of PD-L1 and TIM-3 in human melanoma specimens. This study provides a strong rationale to develop a combination therapy based on the use of anti-PD-1 and anti-TNF in cancer patients. Most melanoma patients do not respond to anti-PD1 therapy. Here, the authors show that TNFα blockade synergizes with anti-PD-1 by preventing anti-PD-1-induced CD8+ T cell death and TIM-3 expression on such cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florie Bertrand
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Montfort
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Elie Marcheteau
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Imbert
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Julia Gilhodes
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Levade
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Toulouse, Hôpital Larrey et Oncopôle, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Colacios
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Ségui
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, 31037, Toulouse, France. .,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 31037, Toulouse, France. .,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France. .,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, 41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.
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