Renal trauma: a 6-year retrospective review from a level 1 trauma center in Denmark

Management of Adult Blunt Renal Injury: A 10-Year Retrospective Review at a Single Institution

Purpose: Renal injury occurs in up to 5% of trauma cases and the kidney is the third most wounded abdominal organ. The study objective was to analyze clinical characteristics of patients with blunt renal trauma and review the treatment of high-grade blunt renal injuries.Methods: The medical charts of trauma patients who visited Haeundae Paik Hospital between March 2010 and February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Data on demographics, injury patterns, clinical presentation, management, and outcomes were analyzed.Results: A total of 68 patients with renal trauma were included in this study. The most common renal injury was Grade III (<i>n</i> = 27, 39.7%). Falling was the predominant mechanism of injury (<i>n</i> = 33, 48.5%), and 23.5% (<i>n</i> = 16) of patients sustained isolated renal trauma. Organ damage related to kidney injury included chest injury (57.4%, <i>n</i> = 39) and abdominal or pelvic content injury (48.5%, <i>n</i> = 33). The overall mortality rate was 2.9% (<i>n</i> = 2). There were 45 cases of high-grade renal trauma (AAST Kidney injury scale Grade Ш-V). There was no statistical difference in the outcomes of high-grade (<i>n</i> = 44, 97.8%) and low-grade (<i>n</i> = 23, 100%) renal trauma patients who received nonoperative treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.511). Variables did not differ significantly, except for the injury severity score which was statistically significantly different between low-grade and high-grade renal trauma patients (<i>p</i> = 0.001).Conclusion: Most patients with traumatic renal injury, even those with high-grade injury, can be managed by nonoperative treatment, and have a good prognosis.

[Late complications after blunt renal trauma: A French multicenter study]

INTRODUCTION

Among genitourinary traumas, blunt trauma to the kidney are the most frequent: their initial management has been well studied but their development at a distance is poorly documented. The objective of this study was to assess the late complications of blunt renal trauma, and to investigate their predictive factors for occurrence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective observational study of the TraumAFUF project was conducted, including, between 2005 and 2018, all blunt renal trauma treated in 18 French hospitals and followed for more than 3 months. The characteristics of the initial trauma, as well as any complications occurring after three months, were identified. The patients were divided into two groups: onset of a late complication (LC) or uncomplicated (UC). The groups were compared in univariate and multivariate analyses to identify the risk factors for the occurrence of these complications.

RESULTS

Among the 454 patients included, 50 presented with LC (11%), as symptomatic morphologically altered kidney (2.9%), secondarily impaired biological renal function (2.9%), or secondary arterial hypertension (2.4%). The risk factors identified were, during initial medical care, a high-grade renal trauma≥IV (OR=2.4, P=0.025), active bleeding (OR=2.6, P=0.007), the need for transfusion (OR=2.3, P=0.001), or interventional (R=1.7, P=0.09) or endoscopic treatment (OR=2.0, P=0.035).

CONCLUSION

In this study, late complications occurred in 11% of cases after blunt renal trauma. The risk factors identified make it possible to draw up a patient profile who would benefit from prolonged follow-up to detect these complications.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3.

External validation of a nomogram predicting risk of bleeding control interventions after high-grade renal trauma: The Multi-institutional Genito-Urinary Trauma Study

BACKGROUND

Renal trauma grading has a limited ability to distinguish patients who will need intervention after high-grade renal trauma (HGRT). A nomogram incorporating both clinical and radiologic factors has been previously developed to predict bleeding control interventions after HGRT. We aimed to externally validate this nomogram using multicenter data from level 1 trauma centers.

METHODS

We gathered data from seven level 1 trauma centers. Patients with available initial computed tomography (CT) scans were included. Each CT scan was reviewed by two radiologists blinded to the intervention data. Nomogram variables included trauma mechanism, hypotension/shock, concomitant injuries, vascular contrast extravasation (VCE), pararenal hematoma extension, and hematoma rim distance (HRD). Mixed-effect logistic regression was used to assess the associations between the predictors and bleeding intervention. The prediction accuracy of the nomogram was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and its 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

Overall, 569 HGRT patients were included for external validation. Injury mechanism was blunt in 89%. Using initial CT scans, 14% had VCE and median HRD was 1.7 (0.9-2.6) cm. Overall, 12% underwent bleeding control interventions including 34 angioembolizations and 24 nephrectomies. In the multivariable analysis, presence of VCE was associated with a threefold increase in the odds of bleeding interventions (odds ratio, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.44-6.50). Every centimeter increase in HRD was associated with 66% increase in odds of bleeding interventions. External validation of the model provided excellent discrimination in predicting bleeding interventions with an area under the curve of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84-0.92).

CONCLUSION

Our results reinforce the importance of radiologic findings such as VCE and hematoma characteristics in predicting bleeding control interventions after renal trauma. The prediction accuracy of the proposed nomogram remains high using external data. These variables can help to better risk stratify high-grade renal injuries.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic and epidemiological study, level III.

Renal trauma: a 5-year retrospective review in single institution

Background

Renal trauma occurs in up to 5% of all trauma cases and accounts for 24% of abdominal solid organ injuries. Renal trauma management has evolved over the past decades, and current management is transitioning toward more conservative approaches for the majority of hemodynamically stable patients. The objective of this study was to analyze the mechanism of injury, management, and outcome in renal trauma.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with renal trauma in Makassar, Indonesia, from January 2014 to December 2018 were identified retrospectively by the ICD-10 code. Data were collected from medical records. Imaging was classified by radiologists. Variables analyzed included age, sex, mechanism of injury, degree of renal trauma, related organ injury, management, and outcome.

Results

Out of the 68 patients identified, the average age was 23.9 ± 0.6 years, and most were male (83.8%). Blunt trauma accounted for 89.7% of all cases. The most common renal injuries were grade IV (42.6%), and 14% of the cases had no hematuria. Most patients were treated with non-operative management (NOM). Nephrectomy was performed in 16.2% of cases, and 5.9% of cases underwent renorrhaphy. It was found that 58.8% of cases had isolated renal trauma, and the overall mortality rate (2.9%) was due to related injuries.

Conclusions

The majority of blunt and penetrating renal trauma cases that are hemodynamically stable have a good outcome when treated with NOM. The presence of injury in other important organs both intra- and extra-abdominally aggravates the patient’s condition and affects the prognosis.

Traumatic Kidney Injury: An Observational Descriptive Study

BACKGROUND

Trauma is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Renal injuries account for 8-10% of abdominal trauma. We aimed to describe the incidence, presentation, and management of traumatic kidney injury in our institution.

METHODS

This is a retrospective analysis of all patients admitted with traumatic kidney injury at a level 1 trauma center between January 2014 and December 2017.

RESULTS

During a period of 3 years, a total of 152 patients with blunt renal trauma were admitted to a level 1 trauma center; 91% of these were males, with a mean age of 32.8 ± 13.7 years. Motor vehicle crashes accounted for 68% of cases, followed by fall from height (23%). Seventy-one percent of patients had associated chest injuries, 38% had pelvis injuries, and 32% had head injury. Associated abdominal injuries included the liver (35%) and spleen (26%). The mean abdominal abbreviated injury scale was 2.8 ± 1.0; and for those with severe renal injury, it was 3.9 ± 0.9. The mean injury severity score was 24.9 ± 13.7 (31.8 ± 14.2 with renal vs. 21.9 ± 12.9 without renal injury, p = 0.004). Most of the patients were treated conservatively (93%), including severe renal injuries (grades IV and V), and 7% had surgical exploration, mainly those with severe injuries (grades IV and V). The mortality rate was 11%.

CONCLUSIONS

High-grade renal injuries in hemodynamically stable patients can be managed conservatively. A multidisciplinary approach coordinated by trauma, urology, and radiology services facilitates the care of these patients in our trauma center.