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Azzman N, Gill MSA, Hassan SS, Christ F, Debyser Z, Mohamed WAS, Ahemad N. Pharmacological advances in anti-retroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: A comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2529. [PMID: 38520650 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs over the past 36 years has introduced various classes, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitor, fusion, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors inhibitors. The introduction of combined highly active anti-retroviral therapies in 1996 was later proven to combat further ARV drug resistance along with enhancing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. As though the development of ARV therapies was continuously expanding, the variation of action caused by ARV drugs, along with its current updates, was not comprehensively discussed, particularly for HIV-1 infection. Thus, a range of HIV-1 ARV medications is covered in this review, including new developments in ARV therapy based on the drug's mechanism of action, the challenges related to HIV-1, and the need for combination therapy. Optimistically, this article will consolidate the overall updates of HIV-1 ARV treatments and conclude the significance of HIV-1-related pharmacotherapy research to combat the global threat of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursyuhada Azzman
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus Bertam, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Ali Gill
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wan Ahmad Syazani Mohamed
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Level 3, Block C, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Complex, Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Cao Z, Chen J, Lin B, Zhang C, Zhong X. Factors Influencing Intention on Condom Use During Sexual Intercourse With Regular Female Partners Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Western China: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2023; 50:782-788. [PMID: 37944160 PMCID: PMC10662588 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the rapid rise in HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China, they may be a potential bridge for HIV transmission to the general female population, and increasing condom use is an important protective measure. This study aimed to explore factors that influence the intention of condom use during sexual intercourse with regular female partners among MSM in Western China, based on the Health Action Process Approach model. METHODS This study used a baseline sample from a cohort study of the National Science and Technology Major Project. A nonprobability sampling method was adopted to recruit MSM from western China. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, HIV-related characteristics, sexual behavior, and constructs of the Health Action Process Approach model was collected through structured questionnaires, and the data were analyzed using a structural equation model. RESULTS Among 232 participants, 62.9% (146 of 232) intended to use condoms every time they had sex with their regular female partners during the following 3 months. The results of the structural equation model showed that self-efficacy had the greatest influence on behavioral intention (β = 0.398, P < 0.001), followed by negative outcome expectancy (β = -0.303, P < 0.05). In addition, risk perception (β = 0.206, P < 0.05) and positive outcome expectancy (β = 0.270, P < 0.01) had indirect effects on intention, whereas self-efficacy played a mediating role in these indirect influencing factors. CONCLUSIONS Risk perception, outcome expectancy, and self-efficacy are predictors of condom use intention, with self-efficacy in particular serving as a significant medium for future interventions. These findings could provide a reference for future targeted interventions to reduce the likelihood of HIV transmission from MSM to the female population.
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Zeng W, Wu H, Jiang L, Li Q, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Han Z. Molecular networks reveal complex interactions with MSM in heterosexual women living with HIV-1 who play peripheral roles in Guangzhou, China. Acta Trop 2023:106953. [PMID: 37224988 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the number of newly diagnosed HIV-positive heterosexual women increasing yearly, it is urgent to understand HIV-1 transmission among heterosexual women in Guangzhou, China. METHODS HIV-1 pol sequences were obtained from people living with HIV-1 during 2008 to 2017 in Guangzhou, China. A molecular network was constructed using HIV-1 TRAnsmission Cluster Engine with 1.5% genetic distance. Potential linkage and centrality metric were measured with Cytoscape. Transmission pathways between heterosexual women and men who have sex with men (MSM) were determined using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS In the network, 1799 (62.6%) MSM, 692 (24.1%) heterosexual men and 141 (4.9%) heterosexual women formed 259 clusters. Molecular clusters including MSM and heterosexuals were more likely to form larger networks (P<0.001). Nearly half of the heterosexual women (45.4%) were linked to heterosexual men and 17.7% to MSM, but only 0.9% of MSM were linked to heterosexual women. Thirty-three (23.4%) heterosexual women linked to at least one MSM node and were in peripheral role. Compared to general heterosexual women, the proportion of heterosexual women linked to MSM infected with CRF55_01B (P<0.001) and CRF07_BC (P<0.001) was higher than that of other subtypes, and the proportion diagnosed between 2012-2017 (P=0.001) was higher than that in 2008-2012. In MCC trees, 63.6% (21/33) of the heterosexual women differentiated from the heterosexual evolutionary branch, while 36.4% (12/33) differentiated from the MSM evolutionary branch. CONCLUSION Heterosexual women living with HIV-1 were mainly linked to heterosexual men and were in peripheral positions in the molecular network. The role of heterosexual women in HIV-1 transmission was limited, but the interaction between MSM and heterosexual women were complex. Awareness of the HIV-1 infection status of sexual partners and active HIV-1 detection are needed for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zeng
- Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Jiang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuteng Zhao
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Han
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China..
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Gao L, Jiao YM, Ma P, Sun L, Zhao H, Guo AL, Fan X, Zhang C, Song JW, Zhang JY, Lu F, Wang FS. Characterization and distribution of HIV-infected cells in semen. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:860-872. [PMID: 35253610 PMCID: PMC8942556 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2049982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Semen is a known vector for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and transmission. However, the distribution and characteristics of HIV-infected cells in semen remain unclear. Investigating the possibility of transmission through the spermatozoon in semen is of great clinical significance to improve the strategies for exposure prevention and assisted reproduction for HIV-infected partners. Twenty-six HIV-infected patients, including twelve treatment-naïve (TN) patients and fourteen antiretroviral treated (ART) patients, were enrolled in this study. HIV p24 protein in spermatozoa was detected using imaging flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, and HIV RNA was identified using next-generation RNAscope in situ hybridization. Additionally, we described the rates of HIV-positive spermatozoon and CD4+ T lymphocytes in semen, and found that p24+ spermatozoon were mainly CD4 negative regardless of whether the patients received ART. Of note, p24-positive cells in semen are predominantly spermatozoa, and we confirmed that motile spermatozoa carried HIV into peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy men in vitro. Our findings provide evidence regarding the risk of HIV-infected spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Ma
- Nankai University Second People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Liang Guo
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Fan
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Zhuoma L, Zhang Y, Yan T, Kang F, Hou X, Chen J, Huang M, Zeng Y, Wang Q, Zhou C, Liang S, Su L. Non-disclosed men who have sex with men within local MSM HIV-1 genetic transmission networks in Guangyuan, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:956217. [PMID: 36117593 PMCID: PMC9472546 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.956217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most men who have sex with men (MSM), especially those with HIV infection, do not disclose their same-sex behaviors in China due to Chinese family values and fear of stigmatization, rejection, or prejudice. However, disclosure of same-sex behaviors to healthcare providers (HCPs) can be beneficial for reducing viral transmission and promoting their physical and mental health. In this study, by combining phylogenetic analysis with traditional epidemiological approaches, we tried to identify the MSM who do not disclose to HCPs in transmission networks and explored the factors related to the non-disclosed behaviors. Method Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using HIV pol sequences obtained from the drug-resistant surveillance program, which was collected as part of routine clinical care since 2012. Sequences were linked to the demographic data collected in the Chinese HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System (CRIMS). First, male patients in whom genetic sequences were within the molecular transmission clusters involving self-reported MSM were identified as potential MSM (pMSM). Then, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to supplement behavioral information and attitudes toward MSM. Results Our sample consisted of 190 pMSM patients. In total, 43.16% of the patients were likely to conceal same-sex behaviors during the first-self-report, and 14.73% of patients might continue to conceal a history of same-sex behaviors even after receiving medical care. The pMSM who concealed their same-sex behaviors were reluctant to accept medical services such as Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) and had a lower likelihood of condom use. In addition, the related factors for non-disclosed behavior were associated with current address, income before diagnosis, and attitudes toward MSM. Conclusion Non-disclosure of same-sex behaviors to HCPs may be a major obstacle for certain medical services for MSM who exhibit risky sexual behaviors. The pMSM from developing areas, with high monthly income, and with neutral or un-supportive attitudes toward MSM may represent non-disclosure of their same-sex behaviors. Thus, policies facilitating MSM to disclose their same-sex behaviors are recommended, such as legislations protecting homosexual rights on employment, education, marriage, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacuo Zhuoma
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Tu Yan
- Guangyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangyuan, China
| | - Fayang Kang
- Guangyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangyuan, China
| | - Xueqin Hou
- Guangyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangyuan, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Guangyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangyuan, China
| | - Min Huang
- Lizhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangyuan, China
| | - Yali Zeng
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Liang
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Su
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Ling Su
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