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Martschenko DO, Granucci A, Cho MK. "Ethical Responsibility Very Often Gets Drowned Out": A Qualitative Interview Study of Genome Scientists' and ELSI Scholars' Perspectives on the Role and Relevance of ELSI Expertise. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38916600 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2024.2370769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome scientists and Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of genetics (ELSI) scholars commonly inhabit distinct research cultures - utilizing different research methods, asking different research questions, and valuing different types of knowledge. Collaborations between these two communities are frequently called for to enhance the ethical conduct of genomics research. Yet, little has been done to qualitatively compare genome scientists' and ELSI scholars' perspectives on collaborations with each other and the factors that may affect these collaborations. METHODS 20 semi-structured interviews with US-based genome scientists and ELSI scholars were conducted between June-September 2021. Interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Genome scientists and ELSI scholars provided different understandings of the value and goals of their collaborations with each other. Genome scientists largely perceived ELSI expertise to be relevant for human subjects research; they described ELSI scholars as communicators who help the public and/or study participants better understand genomics research. In comparison, ELSI scholars viewed themselves as developing and implementing policies; they expressed frustration at how scientists can misunderstand their research methods or negatively perceive them. A combination of factors - both structural (e.g., criteria for promotion) and cultural (e.g., perceptions of what colleagues value and respect) - seemed to shape these diverging perspectives. CONCLUSION Academic institutions, funders, and researchers commonly call for collaborations between genome scientists and ELSI scholars, but under-consider how their different conceptual frameworks, research methods, goals, norms, and values, conjoin to affect such partnerships. Acknowledging, exploring, and addressing the complex interplay between these factors could help to more effectively facilitate collaborations between genome scientists and ELSI scholars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne O Martschenko
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anna Granucci
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mildred K Cho
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Rajagopalan RM, Cakici J, Bloss CS. A Vision for Empirical ELSI along the R&D Pipeline. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2024; 15:81-86. [PMID: 38214924 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2023.2297931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya M Rajagopalan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Center for Empathy and Technology, T. Denny Sanford Institute for Empathy and Compassion, UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Julie Cakici
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, La Jolla, USA
| | - Cinnamon S Bloss
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Center for Empathy and Technology, T. Denny Sanford Institute for Empathy and Compassion, UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Dolan DD, Lee SSJ, Cho MK. Three decades of ethical, legal, and social implications research: Looking back to chart a path forward. CELL GENOMICS 2022; 2:100150. [PMID: 35935917 PMCID: PMC9352173 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
More than thirty years ago in the United States, the National Center for Human Genome Research (NCHGR) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and its partner in the Human Genome Project (HGP), the Department of Energy (DOE), called for proposals from social scientists, ethicists, lawyers, and others to explore the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of mapping and sequencing the human genome. Today, nearly twenty years after the completion of the HGP, the ELSI Research Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) continues this support. It has fostered the growth of ELSI research into a global field of study, uniquely positioned at the nexus of many academic disciplines and in proximity to basic and applied scientific research. We examine the formation of the first ELSI program and consider whether science policy in the public interest can exist within the confines of a set-aside from the NHGRI budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne Dunbar Dolan
- Center for ELSI Resources and Analysis (CERA), Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandra Soo-Jin Lee
- Division of Ethics, Department of Medical Humanities & Ethics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mildred K. Cho
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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Tschigg K, Consoli L, Biasiotto R, Mascalzoni D. Ethical, legal and social/societal implications (ELSI) of recall-by-genotype (RbG) and genotype-driven-research (GDR) approaches: a scoping review. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 30:1000-1010. [PMID: 35705790 PMCID: PMC9437022 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recall by Genotype (RbG), Genotype-driven-recall (GDR), and Genotype-based-recall (GBR) strategies are increasingly used to conduct genomic or biobanking sub-studies that single out participants as eligible because of their specific individual genotypic information. However, existing regulatory and governance frameworks do not apply to all aspects of genotype-driven research approaches. The recall strategies disclose or withhold personal genotypic information with uncertain clinical utility. Accordingly, this scoping review aims to identify peculiar, explicit and implicit ethical, legal, and societal/social implications (ELSI) of RbG study designs. We conducted a systematic literature search of three electronic databases from November 2020 to February 2021. We investigated qualitative and quantitative research methods used to report ELSI aspects in RbG research. Congruent with other research findings, we identified a lack of qualitative research investigating the particular ELSI challenges with RbG. We included and analysed the content of twenty-five publications. We found a consensus on RbG posing significant ethical issues, dilemmas, barriers, concerns and societal challenges. However, we found that the approaches to disclosure and study-specific recall and communication strategies employed consent models and Return of Research Results (RoRR) policies varied considerably. Furthermore, we identified a high heterogeneity in perspectives of participants and experts about ELSI of study-specific RbG policies. Therefore, further fine-mapping through qualitative and empirical research is needed to draw conclusions and re-fine ELSI frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Tschigg
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy. .,Institute for Biomedicine & Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy, Bozen, Italy.
| | - Luca Consoli
- Institute for Science in Society, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roberta Biasiotto
- Institute for Biomedicine & Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy, Bozen, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Deborah Mascalzoni
- Institute for Biomedicine & Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy, Bozen, Italy.,Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Center for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Morain SR, Mathews DJH, Geller G, Bollinger J, Weinfurt K, Jarvik JG, May E, Sugarman J. Identification and management of pragmatic clinical trial collateral findings: A current understanding and directions for future research. HEALTHCARE-THE JOURNAL OF DELIVERY SCIENCE AND INNOVATION 2021; 9:100586. [PMID: 34600345 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2021.100586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the embedded nature of pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) can improve the efficiency and relevance of research for multiple stakeholders, embedding research into ongoing clinical care can also involve ethical and regulatory challenges. An emergent challenge is the management of pragmatic clinical trial collateral findings (PCT-CFs). While PCT-CFs share some features with incidental or secondary findings that are encountered in conventional clinical trials and clinical care, the PCT context differs in ethically relevant ways that complicate PCT-CF identification and management. We report on the results of a two-year multi-method investigation of PCT-CFs. Overall, five core themes emerged: 1) the liminal nature of PCTs and the implications of this for PCT-CFs; 2) the context-specific nature of PCT-CF management; 3) the centrality of institutions; 4) the importance of prospective planning; and 5) patient expectations. Among the central lessons of this work are that prior ethics guidance from other settings cannot easily be adapted to address PCT-CFs, nor can a single approach readily accommodate all PCT-CFs. Moving forward, stakeholders, including researchers, institutions, ethics oversight bodies, and funders, should anticipate and plan for PCT-CFs in the design, conduct, and analysis of PCTs. Future scholarship is needed to examine experiences with PCT-CFs, and the practical and conceptual issues they raise for the future conduct of PCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Morain
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 310D, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Debra J H Mathews
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Gail Geller
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Juli Bollinger
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kevin Weinfurt
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, 215 Morris Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Jarvik
- Departments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery and the Clinical Learning, Evidence and Research Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 359728, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Elizabeth May
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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Juengst ET. Anticipating the ethical, legal, and social implications of human genome research: An ongoing experiment. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3369-3376. [PMID: 34155808 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Victor McKusick was a founding member of the joint NIH-DOE working group that designed the federal effort to address the ethical, legal, and social implications of the US Human Genome Project in 1989. A key feature of this effort was its commitment to anticipating genomics-driven questions before they became urgent practical dilemmas, by complementing the scientific effort to map and sequence the human genome with projects by a wide range of social scientists, humanities scholars, legal experts, and public educators designed to equip society with the foresight required to optimize the public welfare benefits of new genomic information. This article describes the origins of that experiment and the model of anticipatory science policy that it produced, as one piece of Dr. McKusick's extraordinary intellectual legacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Juengst
- UNC Center for Bioethics, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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