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Shirai T, Myoenzono K, Kawai E, Yamauchi Y, Suzuki K, Maeda S, Takagi H, Takemasa T. Effects of maslinic acid supplementation on exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in water polo athletes: A randomized, double-blind, crossover, and placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2239196. [PMID: 37498159 PMCID: PMC10375926 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2239196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive fruit is rich in bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoids, primarily maslinic acid (MA). Previous studies have demonstrated that MA exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects; however, it is unclear whether MA intake during training inhibits perceptual fatigue and muscle soreness in athletes. This study analyzed the effects of MA supplementation during athletic training on perceptual fatigue and muscle soreness. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, cross-over, and placebo-controlled trial involved 12 young, healthy male water polo athletes. After daily training for seven days, they ingested either olive fruit extract, containing 60 mg/day MA, or a placebo. We measured perceptual fatigue and muscle soreness during the intervention using a visual analog scale and inflammatory and oxidative stress-related proteins. RESULTS Perceptual fatigue and muscle soreness and the area under the curve during the training period were significantly lower (main effect of MA; P < 0.05) following MA supplementation than those for the placebo. MA supplementation during training lowered perceptual fatigue and muscle soreness by decreasing inflammatory factors in water polo athletes. Additionally, we examined the detailed mechanism of MA, added the participant's serum to the culture medium at a 10% concentration to determine inflammation- and oxidative stress-related intracellular signals. Skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) cultured with MA-conditioned serum before and after intervention also suppressed expression of inflammation and oxidative stress-related proteins. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that MA intake not only reduces perceptual fatigue and muscle soreness but also decreases inflammation and oxidative stress in the blood and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanaga Shirai
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanae Myoenzono
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiskue Kawai
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- International Budo University, Faculty of Physical Education, Katsuura, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamauchi
- University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Nippn Corporation, Central Research Laboratory Innovation Center, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keito Suzuki
- Nippn Corporation, Central Research Laboratory Innovation Center, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Waseda University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokosozawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Takagi
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tohru Takemasa
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Wheelock CE, Looney DP, Potter AW, Pryor RR, Pryor JL, Florian J, Hostler D. Diver Underwater Cycling Endurance After Short-Term Warm and Hot Water Acclimation. Mil Med 2023; 188:3071-3078. [PMID: 35822881 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is unclear whether immersion heat acclimation benefits exercise in warm water conditions. This study examined the effects of heat acclimation strategies on heart rate (HR), core temperature, and time to exhaustion (TTE) during cycling exercise in varying warm water conditions. METHODS Twenty male divers completed this study at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two 9-day heat acclimation groups. The first group (WARM; n = 10) cycled for 2 hours at 50 W in 34.4 °C water, while the second group (HOT; n = 10) cycled for 1 hour against minimal resistance in 36.7 °C water. Following acclimation, TTE was tested by underwater cycling (30 W) in 35.8 °C, 37.2 °C, and 38.6 °C water. RESULTS Throughout acclimation, the rate of core temperature rise in the first 30 minutes of exercise increased (P = .02), but the maximum core temperature reached was not different for either group. Time to exhaustion (TTE) was reduced, and the rate of core temperature rise during performance testing increased (both P < .001) with increasing water temperature but was not different between groups. Core temperature and HR increased throughout performance testing in each water condition and were lower in the HOT compared to the WARM acclimation group (all P < .05) with the exception of core temperature in the 37.2 °C condition. CONCLUSIONS Underwater exercise performance did not differ between the two acclimation strategies. This study suggests that passive acclimation to a higher water temperature may improve thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses to exercise in warm water. Hot water immersion adaptations are dependent on exercise intensity and water temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Wheelock
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - David P Looney
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Adam W Potter
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Riana R Pryor
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - J Luke Pryor
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - John Florian
- Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU), Panama City, FL 32407, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Xu X, Rioux TP, Castellani MP. Three dimensional models of human thermoregulation: A review. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103491. [PMID: 36796931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous human thermoregulatory models have been developed and widely used in various applications such as aerospace, medicine, public health, and physiology research. This paper is a review of three dimensional (3D) models for human thermoregulation. This review begins with a short introduction of thermoregulatory model development followed by key principles for mathematical description of human thermoregulation systems. Different representations of 3D human bodies are discussed with respect to their detail and prediction capability. The human body was divided into fifteen layered cylinders in early 3D models (cylinder model). Recent 3D models have utilized medical image datasets to develop geometrically correct human models (realistic geometry model). The finite element method is mostly used to solve the governing equations and get numerical solutions. The realistic geometry models provide a high degree of anatomical realism and predict whole-body thermoregulatory responses at high resolution and at organ and tissue levels. Thus, 3D models extend to a wide range of applications where temperature distribution is critical, such as hypothermia/hyperthermia therapy and physiology research. The development of thermoregulatory models will continue with the growth in computational power, advancement in numerical methods and simulation software, advances in modern imaging techniques, and progress in the basic science of thermal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xu
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, USA.
| | - Timothy P Rioux
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, USA
| | - Michael P Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), USA
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Xu X, Rioux TP, Castellani MP. The specific heat of the human body is lower than previously believed: The journal Temperature toolbox. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:235-239. [PMID: 37332308 PMCID: PMC10274559 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2088034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific heat capacity of the human body is an important value for heat balance analysis in thermoregulation and metabolism research. The widely used value of 3.47 kJ · kg-1· °C-1 was originally based on assumptions and was not measured or calculated. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the specific heat of the body, defined as the mass-weighted mean of the tissue specific heat. The masses of 24 body tissue types were derived from high-resolution magnetic resonance images of four virtual human models. The specific heat values of each tissue type were obtained from the published tissue thermal property databases. The specific heat of the entire body was calculated to be approximately 2.98 kJ · kg-1 · °C-1 and ranged from 2.44 to 3.39 kJ · kg-1 · °C-1 depending on whether min or max measured tissue values were used for the calculation. To our knowledge, this is the first time specific heat of the body has been calculated from the measured values of individual tissues. The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%. We believe this new information will improve the accuracy of calculations related to human heat balance in future studies of exercise, thermal stress, and related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xu
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Timothy P. Rioux
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Michael P. Castellani
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
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Favilla AB, Horning M, Costa DP. Advances in thermal physiology of diving marine mammals: The dual role of peripheral perfusion. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:46-66. [PMID: 35655662 PMCID: PMC9154795 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1988817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to maintain a high core body temperature is a defining characteristic of all mammals, yet their diverse habitats present disparate thermal challenges that have led to specialized adaptations. Marine mammals inhabit a highly conductive environment. Their thermoregulatory capabilities far exceed our own despite having limited avenues of heat transfer. Additionally, marine mammals must balance their thermoregulatory demands with those associated with diving (i.e. oxygen conservation), both of which rely on cardiovascular adjustments. This review presents the progress and novel efforts in investigating marine mammal thermoregulation, with a particular focus on the role of peripheral perfusion. Early studies in marine mammal thermal physiology were primarily performed in the laboratory and provided foundational knowledge through in vivo experiments and ex vivo measurements. However, the ecological relevance of these findings remains unknown because comparable efforts on free-ranging animals have been limited. We demonstrate the utility of biologgers for studying their thermal adaptations in the context in which they evolved. Our preliminary results from freely diving northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) reveal blubber’s dynamic nature and the complex interaction between thermoregulation and the dive response due to the dual role of peripheral perfusion. Further exploring the potential use of biologgers for measuring physiological variables relevant to thermal physiology in other marine mammal species will enhance our understanding of the relative importance of morphology, physiology, and behavior for thermoregulation and overall homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina B. Favilla
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Markus Horning
- Wildlife Technology Frontiers, Seward, AK, United States
| | - Daniel P. Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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Application areas and effects of aquatic therapy WATSU - A survey among practitioners. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 46:101513. [PMID: 34844068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION WATSU (WaterShiatsu) is a treatment administered in warm water. The present study investigated if and how frequently scientifically studied application areas and effects of WATSU occur in practice, whether similar effectiveness of WATSU is observed in trials and practice, and whether practitioners can contribute additional application areas and effects of WATSU. METHODS Application areas and effects of WATSU reported in a recent systematic review were extracted verbatim to be assessed in a worldwide multilingual cross section online survey, generating quantitative and qualitative data. A pre-test and retest were conducted to ensure quality and evaluate the questionnaire's psychometric properties. RESULTS Answers of 191 respondents were processed. All proposed 26 application areas and 20 effects were confirmed, each with relatively high ratings of observed effectiveness of WATSU. WATSU was frequently applied in healthy individuals (including during pregnancy), and individuals in various pain- (e.g., low back pain, neck pain, myofascial pain, fibromyalgia) and stress-related (e.g., stress, depression, sleep disorders, fatigue, anxiety disorders) conditions. Frequently confirmed effects were physical relaxation, relief of physical tension, pain relief, increased mobility and flexibility, improved quality of life, spiritual experiences, and increased psychological health. Respondents contributed 73 additional application areas and effects (both, mental and physical) of WATSU. CONCLUSIONS Application areas and effects of WATSU are consistently employed practically and scientifically. Respondents' ratings of effectiveness of WATSU match tentative research efforts. WATSU is cautiously recommended for the use in pain- and stress-related conditions. Short- and long-term effectiveness of WATSU need to be evaluated in high level intervention studies.
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Evaluation of Physiological Stress Experienced by Divers Maintaining an Upright Position on the Water Surface Depending on the Buoyancy Control Device. POLISH HYPERBARIC RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/phr-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The knowledge of physiological reactions enabling a diver increasing the functional reserve in a life-threatening situation is not yet complete. It is suggested that the ability to adapt to prolonged stress experienced by divers maintaining an upright position on the water surface is associated with the diver’s individual characteristics and the type of the buoyancy control device. The purpose of this study was to perform a preliminary evaluation of physiological variables in divers wearing two different types of buoyancy control device and floating upright at the surface to determine the level of safety offered by each of them. The physiological variables were measured while participants wearing a classical dive vest and a wing dive vest. The oxygen uptake and heart rate measured after 30 minutes of experiment were significantly greater in participants using wing dive vest than classical dive vest. The results confirm the possibility of using physiological indicators to compare the fatigue and rescue function in divers depending on the buoyancy control device type.
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Potter AW, Yermakova II, Hunt AP, Hancock JW, Oliveira AVM, Looney DP, Montgomery LD. Comparison of two mathematical models for predicted human thermal responses to hot and humid environments. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102902. [PMID: 33863455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the accuracy and design of two thermoregulatory models, the US Army's empirically designed Heat Strain Decision Aid (HSDA) and the rationally based Health Risk Prediction (HRP) for predicting human thermal responses during exercise in hot and humid conditions and wearing chemical protective clothing. METHODS Accuracy of the HSDA and HRP model predictions of core body and skin temperature (Tc, Ts) were compared to each other and relative to measured outcomes from eight male volunteers (age 24 ± 6 years; height 178 ± 5 cm; body mass 76.6 ± 8.4 kg) during intermittent treadmill marching in an environmental chamber (air temperature 29.3 ± 0.1 °C; relative humidity 56 ± 1%; wind speed 0.4 ± 0.1 m∙s-1) wearing three separate chemical protective ensembles. Model accuracies and precisions were evaluated by the bias, mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE) compared to observed data mean ± SD and the calculated limits of agreement (LoA). RESULTS Average predictions of Tc were comparable and acceptable for each method, HSDA (Bias 0.02 °C; MAE 0.18 °C; RMSE 0.21 °C) and HRP (Bias 0.10 °C; MAE 0.25 °C; RMSE 0.34 °C). The HRP averaged predictions for Ts were within an acceptable agreement to observed values (Bias 1.01 °C; MAE 1.01 °C; RMSE 1.11 °C). CONCLUSION Both HSDA and HRP acceptably predict Tc and HRP acceptably predicts Ts when wearing chemical protective clothing during exercise in hot and humid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Potter
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg 42 Natick, Massachusetts, 01760-5007, USA.
| | - Irena I Yermakova
- International Research-Training Centre for Information Technologies and Systems, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine.
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Jason W Hancock
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - A Virgilio M Oliveira
- ADAI, LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pólo II, 3030 - 788, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Polytechnic - ISEC, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - David P Looney
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
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