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Corbett J, Young JS, Tipton MJ, Costello JT, Williams TB, Walker EF, Lee BJ, Stevens CE. Molecular biomarkers for assessing the heat-adapted phenotype: a narrative scoping review. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:26. [PMID: 37848829 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat acclimation/acclimatisation (HA) mitigates heat-related decrements in physical capacity and heat-illness risk and is a widely advocated countermeasure for individuals operating in hot environments. The efficacy of HA is typically quantified by assessing the thermo-physiological responses to a standard heat acclimation state test (i.e. physiological biomarkers), but this can be logistically challenging, time consuming, and expensive. A valid molecular biomarker of HA would enable evaluation of the heat-adapted state through the sampling and assessment of a biological medium. This narrative review examines candidate molecular biomarkers of HA, highlighting the poor sensitivity and specificity of these candidates and identifying the current lack of a single 'standout' biomarker. It concludes by considering the potential of multivariable approaches that provide information about a range of physiological systems, identifying a number of challenges that must be overcome to develop a valid molecular biomarker of the heat-adapted state, and highlighting future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corbett
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
| | - J S Young
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, UK
| | - M J Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - J T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - T B Williams
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - E F Walker
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - B J Lee
- Occupational and Environmental Physiology Group, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - C E Stevens
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Matias AA, Albin IF, Glickman L, Califano PA, Faller JM, Layec G, Ives SJ. Impact of high intensity interval exercise with and without heat stress on cardiovascular and aerobic performance: a pilot study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:83. [PMID: 37434243 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress during aerobic exercise training may offer an additional stimulus to improve cardiovascular function and performance in a cool-temperate environment. However, there is a paucity of information on the additive effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and acute heat stress. We aimed to determine the effects of HIIE in combination with acute heat stress on cardiovascular function and exercise performance. METHODS Twelve active (peak O2 consumption [VO2peak]: 47 ± 8 ml·O2/min/kg) young adults were counterbalanced to six sessions of HIIE in hot (HIIE-H, 30 ± 1 °C, 50 ± 5% relative humidity [RH]) or temperate conditions (HIIE-T, 20 ± 2 °C, 15 ± 10% RH). Resting heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), central (cBP) and peripheral blood pressure (pBP), peripheral mean arterial pressure (pMAP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), VO2peak, and 5-km treadmill time-trial were measured pre- and post-training. RESULTS Resting HR and HRV were not significantly different between groups. However, expressed as percent change from baseline, cSBP (HIIE-T: + 0.9 ± 3.6 and HIIE-H: -6.6 ± 3.0%, p = 0.03) and pSBP (HIIE-T: -2.0 ± 4.6 and HIIE-H: -8.4 ± 4.7%, p = 0.04) were lower in the heat group. Post-training PWV was also significantly lower in the heat group (HIIE-T: + 0.4% and HIIE-H: -6.3%, p = 0.03). Time-trial performance improved with training when data from both groups were pooled, and estimated VO2peak was not significantly different between groups (HIIE-T: 0.7% and HIIE-H: 6.0%, p = 0.10, Cohen's d = 1.4). CONCLUSIONS The addition of acute heat stress to HIIE elicited additive adaptations in only cardiovascular function compared to HIIE alone in active young adults in temperate conditions, thus providing evidence for its effectiveness as a strategy to amplify exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexs A Matias
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Isabelle F Albin
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Leah Glickman
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Peter A Califano
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Justin M Faller
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Gwenael Layec
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
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Alkhaldi EH, Battar S, Alsuwailem SI, Almutairi KS, Alshamari WK, Alkhaldi AH. Effect of Nighttime Exercise on Sleep Quality Among the General Population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e41638. [PMID: 37565115 PMCID: PMC10411382 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Engaging in physical activity has been proven to have health benefits, with a positive impact on sleep quality. While the timing of exercise plays a significant role in determining its effect on sleep, nighttime exercise still needs to be explored, especially in Saudi Arabia. This study assessed the effect of nighttime exercise on sleep quality among the general population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on people performing physical exercises in the gym, training, and walking places using a self-administered questionnaire evaluating exercising behaviors and sleep quality. Comparisons were performed using the Chi-square test and ANOVA, and p<0.05 was considered for significance. Results We enrolled 385 participants, among whom 53.8% were male, and 47.2% were female. The mean age was 28.2±7.85 years, and mostly aged 25-29 years (24.7%), followed by 20-24 years old (21.3%). Most had university degrees (61.3%) and were also employed (60%). Of all participants, the majority were overweight and obese (61.3%). Most (n=225) participants practiced vigorous physical exercise, and the mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score was 7.37±3.49 points. Evening vigorous (r= 0.25, p=0.038) and moderate (r=0.30, p=0.025) physical exercise sessions lasting > 90 min had a significant positive correlation with poor sleep quality (high PSQL score). There was no statistically significant correlation between sleep quality and other variables (p>0.05). Conclusion This study found that participants had poor sleep quality, and lengthy, intense evening exercises had a negative effect on sleep. Incorporating regular exercise tailored to individual preferences and encouraging people to widen the time interval between exercise and bedtime could improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safar Battar
- Preventive Medicine, King Khalid University Medical City, Abha, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed H Alkhaldi
- Preventive Medicine, Jouf University-College of Medicine, Al-Jouf, SAU
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Jiménez-Martínez P, Alix-Fages C, Janicijevic D, Miras-Moreno S, Chacón-Ventura S, Martín-Olmedo JJ, De La Cruz-Márquez JC, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Jurado-Fasoli L, Amaro-Gahete FJ, García-Ramos A, Colado JC. Effects of phenylcapsaicin on aerobic capacity and physiological parameters in active young males: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1190345. [PMID: 37228817 PMCID: PMC10203624 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1190345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Phenylcapsaicin (PC) is a new capsaicin analog which has exhibited a higher bioavailability. This sudy assessed the effects of a low dose (LD) of 0.625 mg and a high dose (HD) of 2.5 mg of PC on aerobic capacity, substrate oxidation, energy metabolism and exercise physiological variables in young males. Materials and methods: Seventeen active males (age = 24.7 ± 6.0 years) enrolled to this randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Participants attended the laboratory on 4 sessions separated by 72-96 h. A submaximal exercise test [to determine maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity at MFO (FATmax)] followed by a maximal incremental test (to determine VO2max) were performed in a preliminary session. The subsequent sessions only differed in the supplement ingested [LD, HD or placebo (PLA)] and consisted of a steady-state test (60 min at FATmax) followed by a maximal incremental test. Energy metabolism, substrate oxidation, heart rate, general (gRPE) and quadriceps (RPEquad) rate of perceived exertion, skin temperature and thermal perception were tested. Results: Clavicle thermal perception was lower in HD compared to PLA and LD (p = 0.04) across time. HD reduced maximum heart rate in comparison to PLA and LD (p = 0.03). LD reported higher general RPE (RPEg) values during the steady-state test compared to PLA and HD across time (p = 0.02). HD and LD elicited higher peak of fat oxidation during the steady-state test compared with PLA (p = 0.05). Intra-test analyses revealed significant differences for fat oxidation (FATox) in favor of HD and LD compared to PLA (p = 0.002 and 0.002, respectively), and for carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox) (p = 0.05) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (p = 0.03) for PLA. In the incremental test, only general RPE at 60% of the maximal intensity (W) differed favoring HD (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, PC may contribute to increase aerobic capacity through the improvement of fat oxidation, maximum heart rate and perceptual responses during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jiménez-Martínez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Life Pro Nutrition Research Center, INDIEX, Madrid, Spain
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Life Pro Nutrition Research Center, INDIEX, Madrid, Spain
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Danica Janicijevic
- Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Chacón-Ventura
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan J. Martín-Olmedo
- Life Pro Nutrition Research Center, INDIEX, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J. Osuna-Prieto
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research Institute in Health Pere Virgili, University Hospital of Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan C. Colado
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Short-term heat acclimation protocols for an aging population: Systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282038. [PMID: 36862716 PMCID: PMC9980817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elderly and sedentary individuals are particularly vulnerable to heat related illness. Short-term heat acclimation (STHA) can decrease both the physical and mental stress imposed on individuals performing tasks in the heat. However, the feasibility and efficacy of STHA protocols in an older population remains unclear despite this population being particularly vulnerable to heat illness. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of STHA protocols (≤twelve days, ≥four days) undertaken by participants over fifty years of age. METHODS Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE, APA PsycInfo, and SPORTDiscus were searched for peer reviewed articles. The search terms were; (heat* or therm*) N3 (adapt* or acclimati*) AND old* or elder* or senior* or geriatric* or aging or ageing. Only studies using primary empirical data and which included participants ≥50 years of age were eligible. Extracted data includes participant demographics (sample size, gender, age, height, weight, BMI and [Formula: see text]), acclimation protocol details (acclimation activity, frequency, duration and outcome measures taken) and feasibility and efficacy outcomes. RESULTS Twelve eligible studies were included in the systematic review. A total of 179 participants took part in experimentation, 96 of which were over 50 years old. Age ranged from 50 to 76. All twelve of the studies involved exercise on a cycle ergometer. Ten out of twelve protocols used a percentage of [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] to determine the target workload, which ranged from 30% to 70%. One study-controlled workload at 6METs and one implemented an incremental cycling protocol until Tre was reached +0.9°C. Ten studies used an environmental chamber. One study compared hot water immersion (HWI) to an environmental chamber while the remaining study used a hot water perfused suit. Eight studies reported a decrease in core temperature following STHA. Five studies demonstrated post-exercise changes in sweat rates and four studies showed decreases in mean skin temperature. The differences reported in physiological markers suggest that STHA is viable in an older population. CONCLUSION There remains limited data on STHA in the elderly. However, the twelve studies examined suggest that STHA is feasible and efficacious in elderly individuals and may provide preventative protection to heat exposures. Current STHA protocols require specialised equipment and do not cater for individuals unable to exercise. Passive HWI may provide a pragmatic and affordable solution, however further information in this area is required.
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Effects of Elevated Body Temperature on Selected Physiological Indices and Thermal Stress in Athletes and Non-Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2022; 84:112-123. [DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of active and passive overheating. A group of athletes (A) and non-athletic men (N) underwent an exercise stress test at elevated ambient temperature and sauna bathing until an increase in rectal temperature of 1.2°C was observed. It was shown that group A performed physical exercise for a longer period of time, which elicited significantly higher amounts of work performed in the stress test. Both forms of overheating caused a significant decrease in BM and a significant change in plasma volume, while greater dehydration was observed after active overheating. Changes observed in group A were higher than in group N. MCV levels were initially higher in group A. The levels in both groups decreased after sauna bathing, although in non-athletes the decrease was greater. Both forms of overheating increased Hb, HCT, and SBP, while only the non-athletic group showed a decrease in DBP after the exercise stress test. However, a decrease in DBP was observed in both groups after sauna bathing. The PSI increased after both tests, yet to a higher extent after the stress test than after sauna bathing. The PSI was negatively correlated with VO2max in both groups. The increase in cortisol concentration was higher after sauna bathing. There was a correlation between cortisol levels and the work performed during the stress test in group A. Endurance training resulted in more efficient thermoregulatory mechanisms in athletes.
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Ingestion of carbonated water increases middle cerebral artery blood velocity and improves mood states in resting humans exposed to ambient heat stress. Physiol Behav 2022; 255:113942. [PMID: 35964802 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-free carbonated water is consumed worldwide. The consumption of carbonated water is high in summer, when the heat loss responses of sweating and skin vasodilation are activated, and thermal perceptions (thermal sensation and comfort) and mood states are negatively modulated. However, whether ingesting carbonated water under ambient heat exposure modulates cerebral blood flow index, heat loss responses, thermal perceptions, and mood states remains to be determined. In this study, 17 healthy, habitually active, young adults (eight women) ingested 4 °C noncarbonated or carbonated water under 37 °C ambient heat-stressed resting conditions. Both drinks increased the middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity, an index of cerebral blood flow, and mean arterial pressure, with carbonated water exhibiting higher elevations than noncarbonated water (P < 0.05). However, the heart rate, sweat rate, and skin blood flow during and after drinking remained unchanged between the two conditions (P > 0.05). The thermal sensation and comfort after drinking remained unchanged between the two conditions (P > 0.05); but, a drink-induced reduction in sleepiness was higher, and drink-induced elevations in motivation and exhilaration were higher after ingesting carbonated water than those after ingesting noncarbonated water (P < 0.05). The analyses suggest that in humans under ambient heat-stressed resting conditions, ingestion of cold carbonated water increases the cerebral blood flow index, blood pressure, motivation, and exhilaration, whereas it decreases sleepiness relative to ingestion of noncarbonated cold water. However, ingestion of cold carbonated water fails to modulate thermoregulatory responses and thermal perception as opposed to noncarbonated cold water.
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Alkemade P, Gerrett N, Daanen HAM, Eijsvogels TMH, Janssen TWJ, Keaney LC. Heat acclimation does not negatively affect salivary immunoglobulin-A and self-reported illness symptoms and wellness in recreational athletes. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 9:331-343. [PMID: 36339091 PMCID: PMC9629114 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2088029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat acclimation (HA) protocols repeatedly expose individuals to heat stress. As HA is typically performed close to the pinnacle event, it is essential that the protocol does not compromise immune status, health, or wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of HA on resting salivary immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and salivary cortisol (s-cortisol), self-reported upper-respiratory tract symptoms, and self-reported wellness parameters. Seventeen participants (peak oxygen uptake 53.2 ± 9.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed a 10-day controlled-hyperthermia HA protocol, and a heat stress test both before (HST1) and after (HST2) HA (33°C, 65% relative humidity). Resting saliva samples were collected at HST1, day 3 and 7 of the HA protocol, HST2, and at 5 ± 1 days post-HA. Upper-respiratory tract symptom data were collected weekly from one week prior to HA until three weeks post HA, and wellness ratings were reported daily throughout HA. HA successfully induced physiological adaptations, with a lower end-exercise rectal temperature and heart rate and higher whole-body sweat rate at HST2 compared to HST1. In contrast, resting saliva flow rate, s-IgA concentration, s-cortisol concentration, and s-cortisol secretion rate remained unchanged (n = 11–14, P = 0.10–0.48). Resting s-IgA secretion rate increased by 39% from HST1 to HST2 (n = 14, P = 0.03). No changes were observed in self-reported upper respiratory tract symptoms and wellness ratings. In conclusion, controlled-hyperthermia HA did not negatively affect resting s-IgA and s-cortisol, self-reported upper-respiratory tract symptoms, and self-reported wellness parameters in recreational athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puck Alkemade
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Gerrett
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Gentherm, Northville, MI, USA
| | - Hein A. M. Daanen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. J. Janssen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren C. Keaney
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Defence Technology Agency, New Zealand Defence Force, Auckland, New Zealand
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Effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte dissolved alkaline electrolyzed water on physiological responses during exercise under heat stress in physically active men. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:389-398. [PMID: 36193515 PMCID: PMC9525732 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the effects of 1400 mL intake of alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) or purified water (PW) into which carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) was dissolved on improving physiological responses during exercise under heat stress. Methods This double-blinded, crossover randomized controlled trial included 10 male participants who completed two exercise trials in a hot environment (35 °C, ambient temperature, and 50% relative humidity) after consuming CE-dissolved PW (P-CE) or CE-dissolved AEW (A-CE). The exercise trial consisted of running for 30 min on a treadmill (at an intensity corresponding to 65% of heart rate reserve adjusted for heat stress conditions) and repeated sprint cycling (10 × 7-s maximal sprint cycling), with a 35-min rest interval between the two exercises, followed by a 30-min post-exercise recovery period. Before and after running, and after cycling, the participants drank P-CE (hydrogen concentration of 0 ppm, pH 3.8) or A-CE (0.3 ppm, pH 4.1). Blood samples were obtained before, during (rest interval between running and cycling), and post-exercise. Results Repeated sprint performance and oxidative stress response did not differ between the P-CE and A-CE trials. A-CE consumption significantly attenuated the increase in blood lactate concentration during the running exercise but not during repeated sprint cycling under heat stress conditions. Conclusion Our findings suggested that A-CE did not significantly affect repeated sprint performance; however, the attenuated elevation in blood lactate by A-CE ingestion implies a partial enhancement of endurance performance during submaximal exercise under heat stress. A-CE did not enhance repeated sprint performance in a hot environment. A-CE failed to decrease oxidative damage induced by exercise in a hot environment. Blood lactate response during submaximal running was attenuated by drinking A-CE.
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James CA, Willmott AG, Dhawan A, Stewart C, Gibson OR. Increased air temperature decreases high-speed, but not total distance, in international field hockey. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:357-372. [PMCID: PMC9629124 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1997535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of heat stress on locomotor activity within international field hockey at team, positional and playing-quarter levels. Analysis was conducted on 71 matches played by the Malaysia national men’s team against 24 opponents. Fixtures were assigned to match conditions, based on air temperature [COOL (14 ± 3°C), WARM (24 ± 1°C), HOT (27 ± 1°C), or VHOT (32 ± 2°C), p < 0.001]. Relationships between locomotor metrics and air temperature (AIR), absolute and relative humidity, and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) were investigated further using correlation and regression analyses. Increased AIR and WBGT revealed similar correlations (p < 0.01) with intensity metrics; high-speed running (AIR r = −0.51, WBGT r = −0.45), average speed (AIR r = −0.48, WBGT r = −0.46), decelerations (AIR r = −0.41, WBGT r = −0.41), sprinting efforts (AIR r = −0.40, WBGT r = −0.36), and sprinting distance (AIR r = −0.37, WBGT r = −0.29). In comparison to COOL, HOT, and VHOT matches demonstrated reduced high-speed running intensity (−14–17%; p < 0.001), average speed (−5-6%; p < 0.001), sprinting efforts (−17%; p = 0.010) and decelerations per min (−12%; p = 0.008). Interactions were found between match conditions and playing quarter for average speed (+4-7%; p = 0.002) and sprinting distance (+16-36%; p < 0.001), both of which were higher in the fourth quarter in COOL versus WARM, HOT and VHOT. There was an interaction for “low-speed” (p < 0.001), but not for “high-speed” running (p = 0.076) demonstrating the modulating effect of air temperature (particularly >25°C) on pacing within international hockey. These are the first data demonstrating the effect of air temperature on locomotor activity within international men’s hockey, notably that increased air temperature impairs high-intensity activities by 5–15%. Higher air temperatures compromise high-speed running distances between matches in hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A James
- Institut Sukan Negara (National Sports Institute), National Sports Complex, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Ashley G.B. Willmott
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Craig Stewart
- CS Performance, Clontarf Hockey Club, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliver R Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation (CHPER), Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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Adams WM, Hosokawa Y, Casa DJ, Périard JD, Racinais S, Wingo JE, Yeargin SW, Scarneo-Miller SE, Kerr ZY, Belval LN, Alosa D, Csillan D, LaBella C, Walker L. Roundtable on Preseason Heat Safety in Secondary School Athletics: Heat Acclimatization. J Athl Train 2021; 56:352-361. [PMID: 33878177 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-596-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide best-practice recommendations for developing and implementing heat-acclimatization strategies in secondary school athletics. DATA SOURCES An extensive literature review on topics related to heat acclimatization and heat acclimation was conducted by a group of content experts. Using the Delphi method, action-oriented recommendations were developed. CONCLUSIONS A period of heat acclimatization consisting of ≥14 consecutive days should be implemented at the start of fall preseason training or practices for all secondary school athletes to mitigate the risk of exertional heat illness. The heat-acclimatization guidelines should outline specific actions for secondary school athletics personnel to use, including the duration of training, the number of training sessions permitted per day, and adequate rest periods in a cool environment. Further, these guidelines should include sport-specific and athlete-specific recommendations, such as phasing in protective equipment and reintroducing heat acclimatization after periods of inactivity. Heat-acclimatization guidelines should be clearly detailed in the secondary school's policy and procedures manual and disseminated to all stakeholders. Heat-acclimatization guidelines, when used in conjunction with current best practices surrounding the prevention, management, and care of secondary school student-athletes with exertional heat stroke, will optimize their health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Adams
- Hydration, Environment, and Thermal Stress Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | - Julien D Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support Department, ASPETAR Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Susan W Yeargin
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | | | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Luke N Belval
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Denise Alosa
- Athletic Medicine, South Burlington School District, Burlington, VT.,College of Nursing and Health Science, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - David Csillan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Princeton Orthopedic Associates, NJ
| | - Cynthia LaBella
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Institute for Sports Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, IL
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Hosokawa Y, Vanos J. Extreme heat and health at Tokyo-2020ne: The need for scientific coalition across sectors. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 7:111-113. [PMID: 33015239 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1796241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Gibson OR, James CA, Mee JA, Willmott AG, Turner G, Hayes M, Maxwell NS. Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines. Temperature (Austin) 2019; 7:3-36. [PMID: 32166103 PMCID: PMC7053966 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1666624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
International competition inevitably presents logistical challenges for athletes. Events such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games require further consideration given historical climate data suggest athletes will experience significant heat stress. Given the expected climate, athletes face major challenges to health and performance. With this in mind, heat alleviation strategies should be a fundamental consideration. This review provides a focused perspective of the relevant literature describing how practitioners can structure male and female athlete preparations for performance in hot, humid conditions. Whilst scientific literature commonly describes experimental work, with a primary focus on maximizing magnitudes of adaptive responses, this may sacrifice ecological validity, particularly for athletes whom must balance logistical considerations aligned with integrating environmental preparation around training, tapering and travel plans. Additionally, opportunities for sophisticated interventions may not be possible in the constrained environment of the athlete village or event arenas. This review therefore takes knowledge gained from robust experimental work, interprets it and provides direction on how practitioners/coaches can optimize their athletes' heat alleviation strategies. This review identifies two distinct heat alleviation themes that should be considered to form an individualized strategy for the athlete to enhance thermoregulatory/performance physiology. First, chronic heat alleviation techniques are outlined, these describe interventions such as heat acclimation, which are implemented pre, during and post-training to prepare for the increased heat stress. Second, acute heat alleviation techniques that are implemented immediately prior to, and sometimes during the event are discussed. Abbreviations: CWI: Cold water immersion; HA: Heat acclimation; HR: Heart rate; HSP: Heat shock protein; HWI: Hot water immersion; LTHA: Long-term heat acclimation; MTHA: Medium-term heat acclimation; ODHA: Once-daily heat acclimation; RH: Relative humidity; RPE: Rating of perceived exertion; STHA: Short-term heat acclimation; TCORE: Core temperature; TDHA: Twice-daily heat acclimation; TS: Thermal sensation; TSKIN: Skin temperature; V̇O2max: Maximal oxygen uptake; WGBT: Wet bulb globe temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation (CHPER), Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Carl A. James
- Institut Sukan Negara (National Sports Institute), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jessica A. Mee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Ashley G.B. Willmott
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gareth Turner
- Bisham Abbey National High-Performance Centre, English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Marlow, UK
| | - Mark Hayes
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Neil S. Maxwell
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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