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S.S. Lopes C, Scarabino F, Carranza A, González Muñoz R, C. Morandini A, Nagata RM, Nascimento Stampar S. Description and life cycle of a new species of the genus Arachnanthus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Ceriantharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15290. [PMID: 37250714 PMCID: PMC10211362 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ceriantharia is a subclass of the phylum Cnidaria, which comprises tube-dwelling marine invertebrates. This subclass is composed of three families, including Arachnactidae, with two known genera. Currently, the genus Arachnanthus has five valid species recorded from Australia, the Mediterranean Sea and both the Southern and Northern Pacific Ocean. However, at the moment, there is no record of organisms of this family from the South Atlantic Ocean. Besides that, the life cycle of any species of the genus Arachnanthus is known. The present study describes a new species of the genus Arachnanthus and its life cycle, based on specimens from Uruguay and South of Brazil. Methods Larvae were collected by plankton net in Rio Grande-Brazil and the development and external morphology of these specimens were observed in the laboratory during two years, and subsequently described. Additionally, nine adult ceriantharians correspondent to the larvae from Rio Grande were collected in Uruguay and their external and internal anatomies, and cnidome were described. Results Arachnanthus errans sp. nov. exhibited a free-swimming, short-lived cerinula larvae that spent short-time on the plankton. The larva developed into small and translucent polyps with a short actinopharynx, one pair of mesenteries attached to a siphonoglyph, and a medium first pair of metamesenteries. Further, the adult polyp displayed an unprecedented locomotion behavior in Ceriantharia that is first reported here, it can crawl under and in between the sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine S.S. Lopes
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabrizio Scarabino
- Centro Universitario Regional del Este (Universidad de la República), Maldonado/Rocha, Uruguay
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alvar Carranza
- Centro Universitario Regional del Este (Universidad de la República), Maldonado/Rocha, Uruguay
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ricardo González Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - André C. Morandini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Mitsuo Nagata
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Nascimento Stampar
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hogan RI, Hopkins K, Wheeler AJ, Yesson C, Allcock AL. Evolution of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Pennatulacea. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 178:107630. [PMID: 36182053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examine the phylogeny of sea pens using sequences of whole mitochondrial genomes and the nuclear ribosomal cluster generated through low coverage Illumina sequencing. Taxon sampling includes 30 species in 19 genera representing 13 families. Ancestral state reconstruction shows that most sea pen mitochondrial genomes have the ancestral gene order, and that Pennatulacea with diverse gene orders are found in a single clade. The monophyly of Pennatulidae and Protoptilidae are rejected by both the mitochondrial and nuclear dataset, while the mitochondrial dataset further rejects monophyly of Virgulariidae, and the nuclear dataset rejects monophyly of Kophobelemnidae. We show discordance between nuclear ribosomal gene cluster phylogenies and whole mitochondrial genome phylogenies and highlight key Pennatulacea taxa that could be included in cnidarian genome-wide studies to better resolve the sea pen tree of life. We further illustrate how well frequently sequenced markers capture the overall diversity of the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear ribosomal genes in sea pens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa I Hogan
- School of Natural Sciencecs & Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kevin Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Wheeler
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Chris Yesson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - A Louise Allcock
- School of Natural Sciencecs & Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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Kushida Y, Imahara Y, Wee HB, Fernandez-Silva I, Fromont J, Gomez O, Wilson N, Kimura T, Tsuchida S, Fujiwara Y, Higashiji T, Nakano H, Kohtsuka H, Iguchi A, Reimer JD. Exploring the trends of adaptation and evolution of sclerites with regards to habitat depth in sea pens. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13929. [PMID: 36164604 PMCID: PMC9508890 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Octocorals possess sclerites, small elements comprised of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that are important diagnostic characters in octocoral taxonomy. Among octocorals, sea pens comprise a unique order (Pennatulacea) that live in a wide range of depths. Habitat depth is considered to be important in the diversification of octocoral species, but a lack of information on sea pens has limited studies on their adaptation and evolution across depth. Here, we aimed to reveal trends of adaptation and evolution of sclerite shapes in sea pens with regards to habitat depth via phylogenetic analyses and ancestral reconstruction analyses. Colony form of sea pens is suggested to have undergone convergent evolution and the loss of axis has occurred independently across the evolution of sea pens. Divergences of sea pen taxa and of sclerite forms are suggested to depend on habitat depths. In addition, their sclerite forms may be related to evolutionary history of the sclerite and the surrounding chemical environment as well as water temperature. Three-flanged sclerites may possess the tolerance towards the environment of the deep sea, while plate sclerites are suggested to be adapted towards shallower waters, and have evolved independently multiple times. The common ancestor form of sea pens was predicted to be deep-sea and similar to family Pseudumbellulidae in form, possessing sclerites intermediate in form to those of alcyonaceans and modern sea pens such as spindles, rods with spines, and three-flanged sclerites with serrated edges sclerites, as well as having an axis and bilateral traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kushida
- Faculty of Geo-Environmental Science, Rissho University, Kumagaya, Saitama, Japan,Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,International Center for Island Studies Amami Station, Kagoshima University, Amami, Kagoshima, Japan,Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yukimitsu Imahara
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,Kuroshio Biological Research Foundation, Otsuchi, Kochi, Japan,Octocoral Research Laboratory, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hin Boo Wee
- Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Iria Fernandez-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Campus Universitario, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jane Fromont
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Oliver Gomez
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nerida Wilson
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Taeko Kimura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsuchida
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fujiwara
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuo Higashiji
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, Motobu, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakano
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kohtsuka
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Iguchi
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,Research Laboratory on Environmentally-Conscious Developments and Technologies [E-Code], National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan,Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Abstract
A forest of the black coral Antipathella subpinnata was found from 52 to 80 m depth in three different sites at Tremiti Islands Marine Protected Area (MPA; Mediterranean Sea), with two of them hosting a monospecific forest on horizontal and vertical substrates. Colonies of A. subpinnata showed a mean density between 0.22 ± 0.03 and 2.40 ± 0.26 colonies m−2 (maximum local values of 2.4–7.2 colonies m−2). The link between the local distribution of A. subpinnata and the main oceanographic features confirmed the fundamental role of the currents in shaping the distribution of the species in presence of hard substrata. This black coral forest represents the only one known thus far in the Adriatic Sea, but it could be linked with other unseen forests all over the Mediterranean Sea. The associated megafauna highlights the importance of these forests as habitat for species of both conservation and commercial importance but, at the same time, makes such habitat a target for fishing practices, as many lost fishing gears were found within the coral forest. The enlargement of the MPA borders and the enforcement of controls in the area of the A. subpinnata forest is urgently needed for the proper conservation of this protected species.
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Cerrano C, Bastari A, Calcinai B, Di Camillo C, Pica D, Puce S, Valisano L, Torsani F. Temperate mesophotic ecosystems: gaps and perspectives of an emerging conservation challenge for the Mediterranean Sea. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1677790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Cerrano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Bastari
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - B. Calcinai
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - C. Di Camillo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - D. Pica
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - S. Puce
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - L. Valisano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Torsani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Mastrototaro F, Chimienti G, Montesanto F, Perry AL, García S, Alvarez H, Blanco J, Aguilar R. Finding of the macrophagous deep-sea ascidian Dicopia antirrhinum Monniot, 1972 (Chordata: Tunicata) in the Tyrrhenian Sea and updating of its distribution. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1616838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Mastrototaro
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- CoNISMa, Roma, Italy
| | - G. Chimienti
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- CoNISMa, Roma, Italy
| | - F. Montesanto
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- CoNISMa, Roma, Italy
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Towards Non-Invasive Methods to Assess Population Structure and Biomass in Vulnerable Sea Pen Fields. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19102255. [PMID: 31096711 PMCID: PMC6567336 DOI: 10.3390/s19102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Colonies of the endangered red sea pen Pennatula rubra (Cnidaria: Pennatulacea) sampled by trawling in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea were analyzed. Biometric parameters, such as total length, peduncle length, number of polyp leaves, fresh weight, and dry weight, were measured and related to each other by means of regression analysis. Ad hoc models for future inferencing of colonies size and biomass through visual techniques were individuated in order to allow a non-invasive study of the population structure and dynamics of P. rubra.
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Hamel JF, Sun J, Gianasi BL, Montgomery EM, Kenchington EL, Burel B, Rowe S, Winger PD, Mercier A. Active buoyancy adjustment increases dispersal potential in benthic marine animals. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:820-832. [PMID: 30636040 PMCID: PMC6850204 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the study of dispersal and connectivity in the ocean typically centres on pelagic species and planktonic larval stages of benthic species, the present work explores an overlooked locomotor means in post‐settlement benthic stages that redefines their dispersal potential. Members of the echinoderm class Holothuroidea colonize a diversity of marine environments world‐wide, where they play key ecological and economical roles, making their conservation a priority. Holothuroids are commonly called sea cucumbers or sea slugs to reflect their slow movements and are assumed to disperse chiefly through pelagic larvae. The present study documents and explores their unexpected ability to actively modify their buoyancy, leading them to tumble or float at speeds orders of magnitudes faster than through benthic crawling. Two focal species representing different taxonomic orders, geographic distributions and reproductive strategies were studied over several years. Active buoyancy adjustment (ABA) was achieved through a rapid increase in water‐to‐flesh ratio by up to 740%, leading to bloating, and simultaneously detachment from the substrate. It occurred as early as 6 months post settlement in juveniles and was recorded in wild adult populations. In experimental trials, ABA was triggered by high conspecific density, decreasing salinity and increasing water turbidity. Based on field video footage, ABA‐assisted movements generated speeds of up to 90 km/day. These findings imply that displacement during planktonic larval stages may not supersede the locomotor capacity of benthic stages, challenging the notion of sedentarity. Combining the present results and anecdotal reports, ABA emerges as a generalized means of dispersal among benthic animals, with critical implications for world‐wide management and conservation of commercially and ecologically significant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment (SEVE), St. Philips, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Jiamin Sun
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Bruno L Gianasi
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Emaline M Montgomery
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Ellen L Kenchington
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO), Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Sherrylynn Rowe
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Paul D Winger
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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19 Occurrence and Biogeography of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals. MEDITERRANEAN COLD-WATER CORALS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91608-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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