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Keezer RD, Leib SI, Scimeca LM, Smith JT, Holbrook LR, Sharp DW, Jennette KJ, Ovsiew GP, Resch ZJ, Soble JR. Masking effect of high IQ on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in an adult sample with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:1-9. [PMID: 34623950 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1983575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High intelligence (IQ) adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often perform better on neuropsychological tests relative to average IQ adults with ADHD, despite commensurate functional impairment. This study compared adults with ADHD and high versus average IQ on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to specifically assess this proposed masking effect of IQ on verbal learning/memory performance among those undergoing neuropsychological evaluation. METHOD RAVLT performance between patients with ADHD and average versus high Test of Premorbid Function-estimated IQ were compared. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) evaluated learning acquisition across trials. RESULTS RAVLT total learning, immediate, and delayed free recall performances were significantly better in the high IQ relative to the average IQ group. LGCM showed similar quadradic growth trajectories for both IQ groups. Both groups reported equivalent symptom severity and functional complaints in childhood and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Adults with ADHD and high IQ performed normally on a verbal learning/memory test compared to adults with average IQ, who scored 0.5-1.0 standard deviations below the mean. These results suggest a masking of performance-based memory deficits in the context of higher IQ in adults with ADHD, supporting growing evidence that higher IQ masks neurocognitive deficits during the assessment of adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Keezer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Deparment of Psychology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, USA
| | - Sophie I Leib
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren M Scimeca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Deparment of Psychology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, USA
| | - Lindsey R Holbrook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dillon W Sharp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle J Jennette
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gabriel P Ovsiew
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zachary J Resch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason R Soble
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Gradwohl BD, Hale AC, Spencer RJ. Cross-Validating the Executive Errors Scale of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:1970-1984. [PMID: 37380620 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231185555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was developed to briefly measure a broad range of cognitive abilities, but it initially lacked a scale to evaluate executive functioning. Robert Spencer and colleagues recently created an Executive Errors scale (RBANS-EE) that quantified executive functioning (EF) errors committed during four RBANS subtests: List Learning, Semantic Fluency, Coding, and List Recall. In the present paper we cross-validated the RBANS-EE with a sample of 234 U.S. military veterans (M AGE = 67.2, SD = 11.5 years; M EDUCATION = 13.3, SD = 2.4 years) who completed the RBANS and various EF criterion measures as part of neuropsychological assessments they underwent during their clinical care. We found the RBANS-EE to be significantly correlated with most of the criterion EF measures. The RBANS-EE scale demonstrated modest ability to classify EF impairment at mild and severe levels; and, similarly, the RBANS-EE was modestly capable of accurately classifying those veteran respondents who were determined to have or to not have a neurocognitive disorder. Overall, the RBANS-EE can be quickly calculated, adds no administration time to an RBANS assessment, and yields useful scores to screen for EF dysfunction without replacing standalone EF tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Gradwohl
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew C Hale
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert J Spencer
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Phillips MS, Bing-Canar H, Shields AN, Cerny B, Chang F, Wisinger AM, Leib SI, Ovsiew GP, Resch ZJ, Jennette KJ, Soble JR. Assessment of learning and memory impairments in adults with predominately inattentive versus combined presentation attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36697387 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2169887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study compared adults diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Inattentive (ADHD-I) and ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) presentations with a non-ADHD group on verbal and visual learning and delayed recall using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), respectively. Data from 380 predominately college student adult outpatients were used, with 155 who met criteria for ADHD-I, 165 who met criteria for ADHD-C, and 60 who did not meet criteria for ADHD but were diagnosed with a primary depressive or anxiety disorder or received no diagnosis. Each patient was administered the RAVLT and BVMT-R as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Significant main effects of study group were found, such that patients with ADHD-C demonstrated worse learning and delayed recall of both verbal and visual information than patients with ADHD-I and the non-ADHD group. Patients with ADHD-I performed comparably to the non-ADHD group, apart from visual learning and delayed recall. Notably, more patients in the ADHD groups had possible or probable learning and memory impairment compared to the non-ADHD group. Findings were consistent with previous research indicating that those with ADHD exhibit poorer verbal and visual learning and delayed recall than those without ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hanaan Bing-Canar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allison N Shields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Cerny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fini Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda M Wisinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie I Leib
- Psychology Department, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gabriel P Ovsiew
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zachary J Resch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle J Jennette
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason R Soble
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabiliation, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Levman J, Forgeron C, Shiohama T, MacDonald P, Stewart N, Lim A, Berrigan L, Takahashi E. Cortical Thickness Abnormalities in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Revealed by Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Newborns to Young Adults. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:584-595. [PMID: 35797727 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition for which we have an incomplete understanding, and so brain imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be able to assist in characterizing and understanding the presentation of the brain in an ADHD population. Statistical and computational methods were used to compare participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and neurotypical controls at a variety of developmental stages to assess detectable abnormal neurodevelopment potentially associated with ADHD and to assess our ability to diagnose and characterize the condition from real-world clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. T1-weighted structural MRI examinations (n=993; 0-31 years old [YO]) were obtained from neurotypical controls and 637 examinations were obtained from patients with ADHD (0-26 YO). Measures of average (mean) regional cortical thickness were acquired, alongside the first reporting of regional cortical thickness variability (as assessed with the standard deviation [SD]) in ADHD. A comparison between the inattentive and combined (inattentive and hyperactive) subtypes of ADHD is also provided. A preliminary independent validation was also performed on the publicly available ADHD200 dataset. Relative to controls, subjects with ADHD had, on average, lowered SD of cortical thicknesses and increased mean thicknesses across several key regions potentially linked with known symptoms of ADHD, including the precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Levman
- Department of Computer Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Cynthia Forgeron
- Department of Computer Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Tadashi Shiohama
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Patrick MacDonald
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie Stewart
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley Lim
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay Berrigan
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Emi Takahashi
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Charlestown, MA, USA
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5
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Sharma MJ, Lavoie S, Callahan BL. A Call for Research on the Validity of the Age-of-Onset Criterion Application in Older Adults Being Evaluated for ADHD: A Review of the Literature in Clinical and Cognitive Psychology. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 29:669-678. [PMID: 33191098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Roughly 3% of adults aged 50 years or older experience significant symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They are often diagnosed for the first time in later adulthood, because ADHD is a relatively new diagnosis with only recent awareness of later-life cases, and because many symptomatic adults have high early-life functioning due to supportive environmental and social structures. Current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria require evidence of symptom onset prior to age 12, which rests on self-report in older adults for whom ancillary sources are unavailable or unreliable. In this review, we summarize evidence from several bodies of literature which suggest this criterion may be invalid in older adults. The authors hypothesize that demonstrating childhood symptom onset in older adults is not feasible (i.e., no awareness of ADHD prior to 1970; no good current ancillary sources of childhood behaviors), unreliable (i.e., severely flawed retrospective self-report) and unethical (i.e., unreasonable denial of support to people who need it, with demonstrated poor outcomes associated with untreated ADHD in adults). The authors outline additional research that is needed to establish the validity of self-reported childhood symptom onset in this under-studied demographic, including the identification of contextual factors (perhaps unique to late life) that are associated with the emergence of ADHD symptoms in older adulthood; determining the impact of memory biases on recall of childhood symptoms in older adults with ADHD; quantifying self-perception deficits; and investigating the usefulness of executive functioning rating scales to complement diagnostic assessment in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu J Sharma
- Department of Psychology (MJS, SL, BLC), University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (BLC), Calgary, Canada
| | - Sasha Lavoie
- Department of Psychology (MJS, SL, BLC), University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brandy L Callahan
- Department of Psychology (MJS, SL, BLC), University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (BLC), Calgary, Canada.
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6
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Batouli SAH, Sisakhti M, Haghshenas S, Dehghani H, Sachdev P, Ekhtiari H, Kochan N, Wen W, Leemans A, Kohanpour M, Oghabian MA. Iranian Brain Imaging Database: A Neuropsychiatric Database of Healthy Brain. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:115-132. [PMID: 33995934 PMCID: PMC8114860 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.12.1.1774.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Iranian Brain Imaging Database (IBID) was initiated in 2017, with 5 major goals: provide researchers easy access to a neuroimaging database, provide normative quantitative measures of the brain for clinical research purposes, study the aging profile of the brain, examine the association of brain structure and function, and join the ENIGMA consortium. Many prestigious databases with similar goals are available. However, they were not done on an Iranian population, and the battery of their tests (e.g. cognitive tests) is selected based on their specific questions and needs. METHODS The IBID will include 300 participants (50% female) in the age range of 20 to 70 years old, with an equal number of participants (#60) in each age decade. It comprises a battery of cognitive, lifestyle, medical, and mental health tests, in addition to several Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) protocols. Each participant completes the assessments on two referral days. RESULTS The study currently has a cross-sectional design, but longitudinal assessments are considered for the future phases of the study. Here, details of the methodology and the initial results of assessing the first 152 participants of the study are provided. CONCLUSION IBID is established to enable research into human brain function, to aid clinicians in disease diagnosis research, and also to unite the Iranian researchers with interests in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Sisakhti
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Haghshenas
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Dehghani
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Kohanpour
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oghabian
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Leeman-Markowski BA, Adams J, Martin SP, Devinsky O, Meador KJ. Methylphenidate for attention problems in epilepsy patients: Safety and efficacy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 115:107627. [PMID: 33360744 PMCID: PMC7884102 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased risk of seizures, and children with epilepsy have an increased prevalence of ADHD. Adults with epilepsy often have varying degrees of attentional dysfunction due to multiple factors, including anti-seizure medications, frequent seizures, interictal discharges, underlying lesions, and psychiatric comorbidities. Currently, there are no approved medications for the treatment of epilepsy-related attentional dysfunction. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a stimulant, FDA-approved for the treatment of ADHD, and often used for ADHD in the setting of pediatric epilepsy. Large database and registry studies indicate safety of MPH in children with ADHD and epilepsy, with no significant effect on seizure frequency. Small single-dose and open-label studies suggest efficacy of MPH in adults with epilepsy-related attention deficits. Methylphenidate represents a possible treatment for attentional dysfunction due to epilepsy, but large, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Leeman-Markowski
- Research Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, 423 E. 23rd St., New York, NY, US 10010,Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, 223 E. 34th St., New York, NY, US 10016,Corresponding author, Beth A. Leeman-Markowski,
| | - Jesse Adams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5723, United States.
| | - Samantha P. Martin
- Research Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, 423 E. 23rd St., New York, NY, US 10010,Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, 223 E. 34th St., New York, NY, US 10016
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, 223 E. 34th St., New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Health, 660 1st Ave. #5, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, 550 1st Ave., New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Kimford J. Meador
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 213 Quarry Road, MC 5979 (room 2856), Palo Alto, CA, US 94304-5979
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Gehricke JG, Gevorkian J, Stehli A, Alejo SD, Dawson M, Kopelevich A. Discrepancies in the Validity of Self-Reported Cigarette Smoking in Adults With and Without ADHD. J Dual Diagn 2019; 15:177-183. [PMID: 31156069 PMCID: PMC6711780 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2019.1620399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased smoking prevalence and impairments in executive function, which may negatively affect the validity of self-reported smoking rates. This study compares the utility of self-reported smoking with salivary cotinine in adult smokers and nonsmokers with and without ADHD. Methods: Participants (N = 82) were adult smokers and nonsmokers with and without ADHD (n = 35 ADHD and n = 47 controls) from an observational study. Odds ratios (ORs) for accuracy of self-reported smoking compared to salivary cotinine were calculated using diagnosis (ADHD vs. control), gender, age, education, employment, and number of cigarettes per day as predictors. Post-hoc analysis stratified sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of self-reported smoking in individuals with ADHD and without ADHD. Results: The initial analysis identified education as a significant independent predictor of odds of accuracy, OR = 6.22, p = .013, after adjusting for diagnosis, gender, age, employment, and cigarettes per day. Post-hoc analysis revealed that sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of self-reported smoking was 100% for individuals with ADHD who had more than high school education compared to those with high school or less, which was 83.3%, 45.5%, and 65.2%, respectively. Self-reported smoking of control participants with greater than a high school education had a sensitivity of 85.7%, a specificity of 91.7%, and an accuracy of 88.5%. Control participants with a high school or lower education had a sensitivity of 54.6%, a specificity of 90%, and an accuracy of 71.4% for their self-reported smoking. Conclusions: Individuals with ADHD and high school or lower education showed the lowest specificity and accuracy in their self-reported smoking, which may affect documented smoking prevalence rates. This is a secondary analysis of data collected as part of a clinical trial registered as NCT00915798 at www.clinicaltrials.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-G Gehricke
- Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Santa Ana , CA , USA
| | - Jonathan Gevorkian
- Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Santa Ana , CA , USA
| | - Annamarie Stehli
- Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Santa Ana , CA , USA
| | - Sharina Dyan Alejo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Santa Ana , CA , USA
| | - Meghan Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Santa Ana , CA , USA
| | - Alexei Kopelevich
- Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Irvine , Santa Ana , CA , USA
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Han DH, McDuff D, Thompson D, Hitchcock ME, Reardon CL, Hainline B. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in elite athletes: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:741-745. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common brain developmental disorder in the general population that may be even more prevalent in elite athletes in certain sports. General population studies of ADHD are extensive and have reported on prevalence, symptoms, therapeutic and adverse effects of treatment and new clinical and research findings. However, few studies have reported on prevalence, symptoms and treatments of ADHD in elite athletes. This narrative review summarises the literature on symptoms, comorbidities, effects of ADHD on performance and management options for elite athletes with ADHD. The prevalence of ADHD in student athletes and elite athletes may be 7%–8%. The symptoms and characteristics of ADHD play a role in athletes’ choice of a sport career and further achieving elite status. Proper management of ADHD in elite athletes is important for safety and performance, and options include pharmacologic and psychosocial treatments.
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10
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Production Effect in Adults With ADHD With and Without Methylphenidate (MPH): Vocalization Improves Verbal Learning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:230-235. [PMID: 30458897 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617718001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reading aloud (vocal production) enhances memory relative to reading silently, the Production Effect (PE) in memory. Thus, vocalization has been suggested as a mnemonic device. The current study tested the PE in a sample of adults with ADHD and in a control sample, evaluating verbal learning. METHODS Twenty adults with ADHD and 21 controls learned a list of words, half by reading aloud and half by reading silently. Free recall test followed. The participants with ADHD performed the task twice (in two different sessions in a counterbalanced order), before self-administration of a single dose of methylphenidate (MPH) and 60-min after dosage. RESULTS PEs were found for all groups. Memory was better for the controls than for the ADHD group (with or without MPH). In the ADHD group, recall rates and the PE were higher with than without MPH. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that vocalization yields a larger memory gain with MPH. Possibly, MPH enables the ADHD participants to better shift their attention to the aloud words, enhancing their retrieval rates. Theoretically, these findings stress the role of attention in the PE. (JINS, 2019, 25, 230-235).
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Abstract
A previous paper from our lab (Shalom, 2009) presented evidence that the medial part of the prefrontal cortex is involved in the integration of raw, unintegrated information into coherent, wholistic mental representations such as perceptual objects, episodic memories, emotional states, and motor actions. It has used this analysis to classify some challenges encountered by people with Autism Spectrum Disorders, linking different types of difficulties in integration with different subareas of the medial prefrontal cortex. The current paper performs a similar analysis for the corresponding subareas of the lateral prefrontal cortex. It presents evidence that the lateral part of the prefrontal cortex is involved in the selection/inhibition of perceptual, memory, emotion, and motor aspects of processing. It then uses this analysis to classify challenges encountered by people with ADHD, linking different types of difficulties in selection/inhibition to different subareas of the lateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Ronel
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Fuermaier ABM, Fricke JA, de Vries SM, Tucha L, Tucha O. Neuropsychological assessment of adults with ADHD: A Delphi consensus study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2018; 26:340-354. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2018.1429441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anselm B. M. Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Fricke
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie M. de Vries
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficits in explicit learning and memory have consistently been reported in adult ADHD, but it is less clear whether these deficits reflect deficient attentional processes or specific dysfunctions in memory processes. Studies on implicit learning and memory, which are less dependent on the allocation of attention, have rarely been conducted on adult ADHD. METHOD We implemented a modified serial reaction-time task that involves distracting stimuli to investigate implicit sequence learning in 32 adult participants with ADHD and in 32 matched healthy control participants. RESULTS The participants with ADHD revealed unimpaired implicit learning performance, but they made significantly more errors than the control participants. There was no evidence for impaired error monitoring in the participants with ADHD reflected by a comparable degree of double errors and post-error slowing in the two groups. CONCLUSION Reduced efficiency of the inhibition of incorrect responses in implicit sequence learning supports previous findings of impaired behavioral inhibition in adult ADHD.
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14
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Nikolakaros G, Kurki T, Paju J, Papageorgiou SG, Vataja R, Ilonen T. Korsakoff Syndrome in Non-alcoholic Psychiatric Patients. Variable Cognitive Presentation and Impaired Frontotemporal Connectivity. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:204. [PMID: 29910747 PMCID: PMC5992887 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-alcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome are greatly underdiagnosed. There are very few reported cases of neuropsychologically documented non-alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data are scarce. Methods: We report clinical characteristics and neuropsychological as well as radiological findings from three psychiatric patients (one woman and two men) with a history of probable undiagnosed non-alcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy and subsequent chronic memory problems. Results: All patients had abnormal neuropsychological test results, predominantly in memory. Thus, the neuropsychological findings were compatible with Korsakoff syndrome. However, the neuropsychological findings were not uniform. The impairment of delayed verbal memory of the first patient was evident only when the results of the memory tests were compared to her general cognitive level. In addition, the logical memory test and the verbal working memory test were abnormal, but the word list memory test was normal. The second patient had impaired attention and psychomotor speed in addition to impaired memory. In the third patient, the word list memory test was abnormal, but the logical memory test was normal. All patients had intrusions in the neuropsychological examination. Executive functions were preserved, except for planning and foresight, which were impaired in two patients. Conventional MRI examination was normal. DTI showed reduced fractional anisotropy values in the uncinate fasciculus in two patients, and in the corpus callosum and in the subgenual cingulum in one patient. Conclusions: Non-alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome can have diverse neuropsychological findings. This may partly explain its marked underdiagnosis. Therefore, a strong index of suspicion is needed. The presence of intrusions in the neuropsychological examination supports the diagnosis. Damage in frontotemporal white matter tracts, particularly in the uncinate fasciculus, may be a feature of non-alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome in psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Nikolakaros
- "Specialists in Psychiatry" Medical Center, Turku, Finland.,Satakunta Hospital District, Psychiatric Care Division, General Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, Pori, Finland.,Turku University Central Hospital, Salo Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, Salo, Finland
| | - Timo Kurki
- Terveystalo Pulssi Medical Center, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Janina Paju
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd University Department of Neurology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
| | - Risto Vataja
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Ilonen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Memory problems are a frequently reported symptom in adult ADHD, and it is well-documented that adults with ADHD perform poorly on long-term memory tests. However, the cause of this effect is still controversial. The present meta-analysis examined underlying mechanisms that may lead to long-term memory impairments in adult ADHD. METHOD We performed separate meta-analyses of measures of memory acquisition and long-term memory using both verbal and visual memory tests. In addition, the influence of potential moderator variables was examined. RESULTS Adults with ADHD performed significantly worse than controls on verbal but not on visual long-term memory and memory acquisition subtests. The long-term memory deficit was strongly statistically related to the memory acquisition deficit. In contrast, no retrieval problems were observable. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that memory deficits in adult ADHD reflect a learning deficit induced at the stage of encoding. Implications for clinical and research settings are presented.
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Fuermaier ABM, Tucha L, Koerts J, Weisbrod M, Lange KW, Aschenbrenner S, Tucha O. Effects of methylphenidate on memory functions of adults with ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2016; 24:199-211. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2015.1124108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anselm B. M. Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus W. Lange
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Aschenbrenner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Fuermaier AB, Tucha L, Koerts J, Aschenbrenner S, Weisbrod M, Lange KW, Tucha O. Cognitive Complaints of Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Clin Neuropsychol 2014; 28:1104-22. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2014.964325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Utility of cognitive neuropsychological assessment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:241-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-014-0132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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MacDonald AA, Seergobin KN, Owen AM, Tamjeedi R, Monchi O, Ganjavi H, MacDonald PA. Differential effects of Parkinson's disease and dopamine replacement on memory encoding and retrieval. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74044. [PMID: 24086309 PMCID: PMC3784427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly memory deficits are recognized in Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD, the dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra (SN) are significantly degenerated whereas those in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are relatively spared. Dopamine-replacement medication improves cognitive processes that implicate the SN-innervated dorsal striatum but is thought to impair those that depend upon the VTA-supplied ventral striatum, limbic and prefrontal cortices. Our aim was to examine memory encoding and retrieval in PD and how they are affected by dopamine replacement. Twenty-nine PD patients performed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and a non-verbal analogue, the Aggie Figures Learning Test (AFLT), both on and off dopaminergic medications. Twenty-seven, age-matched controls also performed these memory tests twice and their data were analyzed to correspond to the ON-OFF order of the PD patients to whom they were matched. We contrasted measures that emphasized with those that accentuated retrieval and investigated the effect of PD and dopamine-replacement on these processes separately. For PD patients relative to controls, encoding performance was normal in the off state and was impaired on dopaminergic medication. Retrieval was impaired off medication and improved by dopamine repletion. This pattern of findings suggests that VTA-innervated brain regions such as ventral striatum, limbic and prefrontal cortices are implicated in encoding, whereas the SN-supplied dorsal striatum mediates retrieval. Understanding this pattern of spared functions and deficits in PD, and the effect of dopamine replacement on these distinct memory processes, should prompt closer scrutiny of patients' cognitive complaints to inform titration of dopamine replacement dosages along with motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A MacDonald
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Fuermaier ABM, Tucha L, Koerts J, Aschenbrenner S, Weisbrod M, Lange KW, Tucha O. Source discrimination in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65134. [PMID: 23741472 PMCID: PMC3669259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The context of memory experiences is referred to as source memory and can be distinguished from the content of episodic item memory. Source memory represents a crucial part of biographic events and elaborate memory experiences. Whereas individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were shown to have inefficient item memory, little is known about the context of memory experiences. Methods The present study compared 37 adult patients with a diagnosed ADHD with 40 matched healthy participants on a word list paradigm. Memory functions of encoding, retention and source discrimination were assessed. Furthermore, standardized measures of memory and executive control were applied in order to explore a qualitative differentiation of memory components. Results Adult patients with ADHD showed impaired performance in encoding of new information whereas the retention of encoded items was found to be preserved. The most pronounced impairment of patients with ADHD was observed in source discrimination. Regression models of cognitive functions on memory components supported some qualitative differentiation. Conclusions Data analysis suggests a differential pattern of memory impairment in adults suffering from ADHD with a particular deficit in source discrimination. Inefficient source discrimination in adults with ADHD can affect daily functioning by limiting biographic awareness and disturbing general cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm B. M. Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Aschenbrenner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus W. Lange
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Torralva T, Gleichgerrcht E, Lischinsky A, Roca M, Manes F. "Ecological" and highly demanding executive tasks detect real-life deficits in high-functioning adult ADHD patients. J Atten Disord 2013; 17:11-9. [PMID: 22826512 DOI: 10.1177/1087054710389988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many adult ADHD patients with a convincing history of real-life executive deficits perform entirely within normal limits or with minimally impaired performance in classical executive tests. The authors assessed a group of high cognitive functioning adult ADHD participants on "ecological" and "highly demanding" executive tasks. METHOD A total of 117 adult ADHD participants were classified as showing either a high-functioning (Hi-ADHD) or a low-functioning (Lo-ADHD) neuropsychological profile based on standard assessment. Their performance was compared with healthy controls (n = 21) on an ecological task of executive function (the hotel task) and computerized tasks of high cognitive demand. RESULTS Lo-ADHD significantly differed from controls on multiple standard neuropsychological variables as well as on the experimental tasks. Hi-ADHD and healthy controls did not differ significantly on any of the standard neuropsychological variables, but a significant difference was found between the groups on measures of the experimental tasks. CONCLUSION Real-life executive dysfunction of patients with ADHD who perform within normal range on standard assessment can be detected with the use of more ecological and highly demanding tasks.
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Vakil E, Blachstein H, Wertman-Elad R, Greenstein Y. Verbal learning and memory as measured by the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test: ADHD with and without learning disabilities. Child Neuropsychol 2012; 18:449-66. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2011.613816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Thome J, Ehlis AC, Fallgatter AJ, Krauel K, Lange KW, Riederer P, Romanos M, Taurines R, Tucha O, Uzbekov M, Gerlach M. Biomarkers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A consensus report of the WFSBP task force on biological markers and the World Federation of ADHD. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:379-400. [PMID: 22834452 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2012.690535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychiatric "nosology" is largely based on clinical phenomenology using convention-based diagnostic systems not necessarily reflecting neurobiological pathomechanisms. While progress has been made regarding its molecular biology and neuropathology, the phenotypic characterization of ADHD has not improved. Thus, validated biomarkers, more directly linked to the underlying pathology, could constitute an objective measure for the condition. METHOD The task force on biological markers of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and the World Federation of ADHD commissioned this paper to develop a consensus report on potential biomarkers of ADHD. The criteria for biomarker-candidate evaluation were: (1) sensitivity >80%, (2) specificity >80%, (3) the candidate is reliable, reproducible, inexpensive, non-invasive, easy to use, and (4) confirmed by at least two independent studies in peer-reviewed journals conducted by qualified investigators. RESULTS No reliable ADHD biomarker has been described to date, but some promising candidates (e.g., olfactory sensitivity, substantial echogenicity) exist. A problem in the development of ADHD markers is sample heterogeneity due to aetiological and phenotypic complexity and age-dependent co-morbidities. CONCLUSIONS Most likely, no single ADHD biomarker can be identified. However, the use of a combination of markers may help to reduce heterogeneity and to identify homogeneous subtypes of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Chess AC, Raymond BE, Gardner-Morse IG, Stefani MR, Green JT. Set shifting in a rodent model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Neurosci 2011; 125:372-82. [PMID: 21500882 DOI: 10.1037/a0023571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments compared spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs; a rodent model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and Wistar rats (a normoactive control strain), on the acquisition of a set-shifting strategy. In Experiment 1, SHRs and Wistar rats were equivalent in trials to criterion to learn a brightness or a texture discrimination but SHRs were faster than Wistar rats in shifting to the opposite discrimination when there was 1 or 2 days between the initial discrimination and the shift. In Experiment 2, SHRs and Wistar rats were equivalent in shifting when the shift between discriminations occurred immediately after a criterion had been met in the first discrimination. The results are discussed in terms of a failure of SHRs to store or retrieve an initial discrimination and/or latent inhibition over a delay, leading to faster acquisition of a set-shift. This failure in storage or retrieval may be the result of a hypoactive dopamine system in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell as well as abnormalities in entorhinal cortex in SHRs.
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Larochette AC, Harrison AG, Rosenblum Y, Bowie CR. Additive Neurocognitive Deficits in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Depressive Symptoms. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 26:385-95. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acr033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Taylor A, Deb S, Unwin G. Scales for the identification of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:924-938. [PMID: 21316190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is prevalent in the adult population. The associated co-morbidities and impairments can be relieved with treatment. Therefore, several rating scales have been developed to identify adults with ADHD who may benefit from treatment. No systematic review has yet sought to evaluate these scales in more detail. The present systematic review was undertaken to describe the properties, including psychometric statistics, of the currently available adult ADHD rating scales and their scoring methods, along with the procedure for development. Descriptive synthesis of the data is presented and study quality has been assessed by an objective quality assessment tool. The properties of each scale are discussed to make judgements about their validity and usefulness. The literature search retrieved 35 validation studies of adult ADHD rating scales and 14 separate scales were identified. The majority of studies were of poor quality and reported insufficient detail. Of the 14 scales, the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating scale and the Wender Utah Rating Scale (short version) had more robust psychometric statistics and content validity. More research into these scales, with good quality studies, is needed to confirm the findings of this review. Future studies of ADHD rating scales should be reported in more detail so that further reviews have more support for their findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Taylor
- Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Standing Way, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes MK6 5LD, UK.
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Tsai CF, Wang SJ, Fuh JL. Moderate chronic kidney disease is associated with reduced cognitive performance in midlife women. Kidney Int 2010; 78:605-10. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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