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Antunes P, Rodrigues A, Neto A, Cardoso VV, Benoliel MJ, Almeida CMM. In-house Validation of Accelerated Solvent Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Portuguese Sewage Sludge. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1569537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Antunes
- iMed.UL (Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues
- Laboratories and Water Quality Control Department, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A. – EPAL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Neto
- Laboratories and Water Quality Control Department, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A. – EPAL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vale Cardoso
- Laboratories and Water Quality Control Department, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A. – EPAL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Benoliel
- Laboratories and Water Quality Control Department, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A. – EPAL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Maria Martins Almeida
- iMed.UL (Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Toxicological and Bromatological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Yazdanpanah M, Nojavan S. Micro-solid phase extraction of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples using magnetic β-cyclodextrin-carbon nano-tube composite as a sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1585:34-45. [PMID: 30528253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the excellent capability of the cyclodextrins in pre-concentration of the organic pollutants from the aqueous solutions. In this work, β-cyclodextrin- multiwalled carbon nano-tube composite was produced from the reaction of oxidized carbon nano-tube with cyclodextrin in the presence of the hydrazine hydrate, and subsequently attaching this composite to the iron oxide nano-particles. Prepared magnetic nano-composite was characterized by the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and the X-ray diffraction (XRD). This composite was applied to extract seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the environmental water samples as follows: naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. Analytes analysis was performed using the gas chromatography (GC) followed by the flame ionization detection (FID), and the predominant parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated thoroughly. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the enrichment factor (EF) was ranging from 41.3 to 49.3 (EFmax = 50.0), and a suitable linearity was obtained (R2 = 0.992-0.997) within the range of 2.0-1000 ng/mL. The limits of the quantification and detection were 2.0-10.0 and 0.6-3.0 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the synthesized magnetic sorbent and method were successfully utilized for the analysis of rain, well and agricultural water samples. The relative recoveries were ranging from 75.3-107.0% with an acceptable precision (5.5-8.3%) for PAHs extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yazdanpanah
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran.
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3
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Cui XY, Xiang P, He RW, Juhasz A, Ma LQ. Advances in in vitro methods to evaluate oral bioaccessibility of PAHs and PBDEs in environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:378-389. [PMID: 26921590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cleanup goals for sites contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are often established based on total contaminant concentrations. However, mounting evidence suggests that understanding contaminant bioavailability in soils is necessary for accurate assessment of contaminant exposure to humans via oral ingestion pathway. Animal-based in vivo tests have been used to assess contaminant bioavailability in soils; however, due to ethical issues and cost, it is desirable to use in vitro assays as alternatives. Various in vitro methods have been developed, which simulate human gastrointestinal (GI) tract using different digestion fluids. These methods can be used to predict POP bioavailability in soils, foods, and indoor dust after showing good correlation with in vivo animal data. Here, five common in vitro methods are evaluated and compared using PAHs and PBDEs as an example of traditional and emerging POPs. Their applications and limitations are discussed while focusing on method improvements and future challenges to predict POP bioavailability in different matrices. The discussions should shed light for future research to accurately assess human exposure to POPs via oral ingestion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Rui-Wen He
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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4
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Jiang YX, Liu YS, Ying GG, Wang HW, Liang YQ, Chen XW. A new tool for assessing sediment quality based on the Weight of Evidence approach and grey TOPSIS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 537:369-376. [PMID: 26282771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sediment is an important part of an aquatic ecosystem, so it is essential to develop an effective sediment quality assessment tool. This study aims to develop a new sediment quality assessment tool using a Weight of Evidence approach in combination with the grey TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity, a mathematical calculation of multi-criteria decision analysis). This tool can analyze data from chemical analyses, laboratory toxicity tests and benthic community structure analyses to generate individual results from each line of evidence, and integrate data from these three lines of evidence to obtain an overall assessment through an Excel Visual Basic for Application program. The tool can compare the relative magnitude of risks among sites and rate each site with high, moderate, or low ecological risk, thus guiding us to take pertinent measures toward polluted sediment. A case study of the sediment of Dongjiang River basin, south China, demonstrated the successful application of this tool. It proved that this assessment tool can provide a comprehensive and accurate assessment of sediment quality and efficiently discriminate risks among different sites, suggesting it is a powerful tool for environment risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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5
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Gao H, Liu Y, Guan W, Li Q, Liu N, Gao Z, Fan J. Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of organic contaminants in wastewater-irrigated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:3748-3755. [PMID: 25263415 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of organic contaminants in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vivo and in vitro experiments on mice and rat. Soil samples were collected from a wastewater-irrigated area and groundwater-irrigated area, i.e. clean water-irrigated area as control group. The organic contaminants were extracted using an ultrasonic oscillator. In vivo experiment was performed by contamination of hepatocytes of rat using the organic extract, and comet assay was used to analyse the DNA damage of hepatocytes. For in vitro experiment, mice were first gavaged with extracts, and then the indicators for kidney functions, liver functions and oxidative damage of tissues were investigated. The result shows, for in vitro experiments, compared with clean water-irrigated area groups, the average DNA tailing length for the wastewater-irrigated area group is larger, and for the wastewater-irrigated area groups with extract concentration 0.6 g/ml and 0.9 g/ml, the tailing rate increases significantly (P < 0.05). For in vivo experiments, the change of weight across each group shows no significant difference (P < 0.05). Compared with clean water-irrigated groups, the liver indices have decreased for all groups of the wastewater-irrigated area, while both kidney and liver indices decreased for wastewater-irrigated area high-dose group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The total proteins for wastewater-irrigated low-dose group and Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, creatinine for high-dose group all increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the reagent control group, total superoxide dismutase activity of liver for wastewater-irrigated groups and glutathione peroxidase activity for high-dose group, malondialdehyde content all decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); glutathione peroxidase activity of kidney tissue for wastewater-irrigated high-dose group decreased (P < 0.01). The result shows that the joint toxicity in extracts of wastewater-irrigated soil is able to cause DNA damage of hepatocytes in rats, changes of liver functions in mice and lead to oxidative damage of liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Gao
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety/School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Lubei, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China,
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Ruslan MSH, Ganeson T, Hasan M, Idham Z, Mohd Setapar SH, Zaini MAA, Morad NA, Che Yunus MA. Kinetic study of catechin extracted fromAreca catechuseeds using green extraction method. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Syafiq Hazwan Ruslan
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research, CLEAR; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 UTM Johor Malaysia
| | - Theivanan Ganeson
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research, CLEAR; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 UTM Johor Malaysia
| | - Manzurudin Hasan
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research, CLEAR; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 UTM Johor Malaysia
| | - Zuhaili Idham
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research, CLEAR; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 UTM Johor Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research, CLEAR; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 UTM Johor Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research, CLEAR; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 UTM Johor Malaysia
| | - Noor Azian Morad
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT); Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus; Jalan Semarak 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research, CLEAR; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur; Jalan Semarak 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azizi Che Yunus
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research, CLEAR; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru 81310 UTM Johor Malaysia
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Chen F, Ying GG, Ma YB, Chen ZF, Lai HJ, Peng FJ. Field dissipation and risk assessment of typical personal care products TCC, TCS, AHTN and HHCB in biosolid-amended soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1078-1086. [PMID: 24239829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial agents triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) and synthetic musks AHTN (Tonalide) and HHCB (Galaxolide) are widely used in many personal care products. These compounds may release into the soil environment through biosolid application to agricultural land and potentially affect soil organisms. This paper aimed to investigate accumulation, dissipation and potential risks of TCC, TCS, AHTN and HHCB in biosolid-amended soils of the three field trial sites (Zhejiang, Hunan and Shandong) with three treatments (CK: control without biosolid application, T1: single biosolid application, T2: repeated biosolid application every year). The one-year monitoring results showed that biosolids application could lead to accumulation of these four chemicals in the biosolid-amended soils, with the residual concentrations in the following order: TCC>TCS>AHTN>HHCB. Dissipation of TCC, TCS, AHTN and HHCB in the biosolid-amended soils followed the first-order kinetics model. Half-lives for TCC, TCS, AHTN and HHCB under the field conditions of Shandong site were 191, 258, 336 and 900 days for T1, and 51, 106, 159 and 83 days for T2, respectively. Repeated applications of biosolid led to accumulation of these personal care products and result in higher ecological risks. Based on the residual levels in the trial sites and limited toxicity data, high risks to soil organisms are expected for TCC and TCS, while low-medium risks for AHTN and HHCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guizhou Academy of Environmental Science and Designing, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi-Bing Ma
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Cycling, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hua-Jie Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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8
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Zhong Y, Zhu L. Distribution, input pathway and soil-air exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Banshan Industry Park, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 444:177-182. [PMID: 23268144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Given the steel industry park-city paired structure commonly found across China and it associated environmental pollution, the objective of this study was to examine the spatial-temporal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as the relative contributions of the main influx pathways in Banshan steel industry park, China. We analyzed the concentrations of 16 PAHs in soil, air, water and dry/wet deposition samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of ∑(16)-PAHs ranged from 572 to 4,654 μg/kg in April 2010; and the average concentration is 12.7% and 26.1% higher than that of April 2009 and April 2008, respectively, mainly due to the rapid increase of highly toxic high molecular weight (MW) PAHs. The principal input pathway for high and low MW PAHs was determined to be dry deposition (e.g., 69.73% for Benzo[a]pyrene) and wet deposition (e.g., 78.87% for Naphthalene), respectively. Together, 54.79% of total PAHs found in this region are via dry deposition, whereas wet deposition and river water irrigation contribute to 25.46% and 19.76% (corrected with toxic equivalency factors). The approach to the soil-air equilibrium was assessed by calculating fugacity quotients between soil and air samples, and the results indicate that the soil acted as a secondary source for light MW atmospheric PAHs and a sink for higher MW PAHs. It was also determined that the soil acted as a source for median MW PAHs, particularly PY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zhong
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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9
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He J, Balasubramanian R. Determination of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710902993886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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He J, Balasubramanian R, Karthikeyan S, Joshi UM. Determination of semi-volatile organochlorine compounds in the atmosphere of Singapore using accelerated solvent extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:640-648. [PMID: 19200569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) has been applied to the quantitative extraction of organochlorine compounds (OCs), including organochlorine pesticides (HCHs, DDXs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present in both atmospheric particulate and gaseous phase. Extraction parameters such as the combination of solvents, extraction temperature, and static extraction time were investigated and optimized. Effective extraction can be carried out using a 3:1 mixture of n-hexane and acetone as extraction solvents at 100 degrees C in 20min for all the compounds studied. The entire analytical procedure developed in this study proves to be reliable as evident from the analysis of specific surrogate standards with the mean recoveries per sample being greater than 82%. The optimized method was validated using NIST-certified SRM 1649a. Semi-volatile OCs, in the atmosphere of Singapore were quantified using the optimized ASE method together with GC-MS. Total average concentrations of SigmaHCHs, SigmaDDXs, and SigmaPCBs in air samples were 244.9+/-88.5pgm(-3), 7.7+/-4.1pgm(-3), and 34.1+/-19.7pgm(-3), respectively. The distribution of these compounds between the gas and particulate phase is discussed. Possible sources of atmospheric OCs are evaluated based on the molecular ratio of specific compounds and backward air trajectory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Sathrugnan Karthikeyan
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Umid Man Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Application of spatial analysis and multivariate analysis techniques in distribution and source study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the topsoil of Beijing, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00254-008-1204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Zuo Q, Duan YH, Yang Y, Wang XJ, Tao S. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 147:303-10. [PMID: 16828945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression were applied to apportion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils of Tianjin, China based on the measured PAH concentrations of 188 surface soil samples. Four principal components were identified representing coal combustion, petroleum, coke oven plus biomass burning, and chemical industry discharge, respectively. The contributions of major sources were quantified as 41% from coal, 20% from petroleum, and 39% from coking and biomass, which are compatible with PAH emissions estimated based on fuel consumption and emission factors. When the study area was divided into three zones with distinctive differences in soil PAH concentration and profile, different source features were unveiled. For the industrialized Tanggu-Hangu zone, the major contributors were cooking (43%), coal (37%) and vehicle exhaust (20%). In rural area, however, in addition to the three main sources, biomass burning was also important (13%). In urban-suburban zone, incineration accounted for one fourth of the total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zuo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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13
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Chapter 5 Pollution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in China. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN ASIA: SOURCES, DISTRIBUTIONS, TRANSPORT AND FATE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(07)07005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Song YF, Wilke BM, Song XY, Gong P, Zhou QX, Yang GF. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals (HMs) as well as their genotoxicity in soil after long-term wastewater irrigation. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:1859-68. [PMID: 16707147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out on the residue level of major concern pollutants (PAHs, PCBs and HMs) and the assessment of their genotoxicity in soils obtained from Shenyang, northeast of China which had been subjected to wastewater irrigation for more than 40 years. Topsoils (0-20cm) in paddy fields were sampled along the upper, middle and lower reaches of the wastewater disposal channel. Sixteen USEPA PAHs were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector, eight PCBs were detected by Gas Chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector, and six heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr) were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The genotoxicity effect of soils was examined by Vicia faba micronucleus (MN) test. Archived soils that had undergone a similar history of wastewater irrigation provided by Technical University of Berlin, Germany were subjected to analysis of the above pollutants and Vicia faba/MN test for comparison. Results indicated elevated residues of the studied pollutants (PAHs, especially benzo (a) pyrene, the eight PCB congeners and heavy metals) in both tested and archived soils. The MN frequencies were 2.2-48.4 times higher compared with the control. However, there was no correlation between the MN frequencies and the concentration of pollutants detected. This investigation suggested a potential ecological risk even with a lower level of residual pollutants in soil matrix after long-term wastewater irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Song
- Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Processes, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Tao S, Jiao XC, Chen SH, Liu WX, Coveney RM, Zhu LZ, Luo YM. Accumulation and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rice (Oryza sativa). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 140:406-15. [PMID: 16198033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Various tissues of rice plants were sampled from a PAH contaminated site in Tianjin, China at different growth stages of the ripening period and analyzed for PAHs. PAHs were much higher in roots than in the exposed tissues. Grains and internodes accumulated much smaller amounts of PAHs than leaves, hulls or ear axes. No specific gradient trends along roots, stem, ear axes, and grains were observed, suggesting that systematic translocation among them is unlikely. Over the ripening period, PAH concentrations were increased in rice roots and decreased in most above-ground tissues. Significant correlations between PAH and lipid contents can only be observed during full mature stage. The spectra of individual PAH compounds in rice organs including roots were similar to those in air, rather than those in soil. There was also a significant correlation between bioconcentration factor (BCF, plant over air) and octanol/air partitioning coefficient (Koa).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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16
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Jánská M, Tomaniová M, Hajslová J, Kocourek V. Optimization of the procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in fish tissue: Estimation of measurements uncertainty. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:309-25. [PMID: 16517533 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500401207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three alternative procedures were employed for the isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 15 of 16 US EPA priority pollutants and benzo[e]pyrene), their methyl-derivatives and sulphur analogues from fish tissue: (1) Soxhlet extraction, (2) batch extraction enhanced by sonication, and (3) saponification of the sample followed by re-extraction of analytes into hexane. Soxhlet extraction using hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) was the most efficient extraction technique, with analyte recoveries in the range 70-108%. Within optimization of the clean-up step, several types of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) systems were tested: two types of polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer gels (PSDVB), both 'soft' gel type (Bio-Beads S-X3) and 'rigid' gels type (PL gel and Envirogel) in combination with various mobile phases were compared. Bio-Beads S-X3 and mobile phase chloroform were the most appropriate for purifying of crude extracts before the final determinative step. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection (HPLC/FLD) was used for identification and quantification of PAHs in purified fish extracts. The uncertainties of PAHs measurements were estimated by employing two alternative approaches. Both provided similar results: the expanded uncertainties obtained for individual PAHs by the 'top-down' approach were in the range 9-53%, their values resulting from application of the 'bottom-up' approach were in the range 16-52%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jánská
- Technická 3, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Olivella MA. Trace analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matter by accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:107-14. [PMID: 16041602 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure based on extraction by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis has been developed for the determination of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from large-volume water samples (20 L). The effect of temperature and number of cycles on the efficiency of ASE was investigated: the best results were obtained by using a temperature of 100 degrees C and one static cycle. A mixture of hexane/acetone 1:1 (v/v) was used as extraction solvent. Mean total method recovery under optimized conditions was 85%. The developed methodology was applied to the analysis of suspended particulate matter from Lake Maggiore waters (north of Italy). Mean PAH concentrations in suspended particulate matter from Lake Maggiore ranged from 0.2 ng L(-1) for anthracene to 18.7 ng L(-1) for naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Olivella
- Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Inland and Marine Waters Unit, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
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18
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Wang XJ, Zheng Y, Liu RM, Li BG, Cao J, Tao S. Medium scale spatial structures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the topsoil of Tianjin area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2003; 38:327-335. [PMID: 12716050 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-120019899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution patterns of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil are important to regional environmental assessment. In this paper, the spatial structural features of sixteen prior PAH compounds in the topsoil of Tianjin area, as well as soil properties, were studied. Results shown that medium scale spatial autocorrelations were well revealed. Spherical models with sills could be used to fit all experimental variograms. The spatial structures of PAHs contents demonstrated significant anisotropy. Air precipitation caused by the combustion of coal was the key factor in the formation of the spatial structural patterns of PAHs in the topsoil of Tianjin area.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Wang
- Department of Urban & Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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