1
|
Zhang X, Zheng PS. Mechanism of chromosomal mosaicism in preimplantation embryos and its effect on embryo development. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024; 41:1127-1141. [PMID: 38386118 PMCID: PMC11143108 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-024-03048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is one of the main causes of miscarriage and in vitro fertilization failure. Mitotic abnormalities in preimplantation embryos are the main cause of mosaicism, which may be influenced by several endogenous factors such as relaxation of cell cycle control mechanisms, defects in chromosome cohesion, centrosome aberrations and abnormal spindle assembly, and DNA replication stress. In addition, incomplete trisomy rescue is a rare cause of mosaicism. However, there may be a self-correcting mechanism in mosaic embryos, which allows some mosaicisms to potentially develop into normal embryos. At present, it is difficult to accurately diagnose mosaicism using preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Therefore, in clinical practice, embryos diagnosed as mosaic should be considered comprehensively based on the specific situation of the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University of Medical School, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University of Medical School, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, P.R. China.
- Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Avidor-Reiss T, Uzbekov R. Revisiting the mystery of centrioles at the beginning of mammalian embryogenesis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:2539-2543. [PMID: 37713143 PMCID: PMC10643695 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevailing assumption has been that the human spermatozoon provides only one centriole to the zygote: the proximal centriole, with a canonical, cylinder-like shape. This overly simplistic view has come under challenge since discovering that the human spermatozoon provides a second, atypical centriole to the zygote. The study of human zygotes is challenging for ethical reasons, and bovine zygotes provide an important model due to a similarity in centrosome embryonic inherence and function. Detailed ultrastructural analyses by Uzbekov and colleagues identify the persistence of atypical centrioles in bovine early embryos, raising questions about the original single-centriole model. Whether the parental origin of nascent atypical centrioles or their wide structural diversity and deviation from the canonical centriolar form in blastomeres constitutes sufficient evidence to warrant a reconsideration of the single-centriole model is discussed herein. Because previous human studies identified only one canonical centriole in the zygote, atypical centrioles are likely present in the early human embryo; therefore, it is time to rethink the role of paternal centrioles in human development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA.
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA.
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37032, Tours, France
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Turner KA, Achinger L, Kong D, Kluczynski DF, Fishman EL, Phillips A, Saltzman B, Loncarek J, Harstine BR, Avidor-Reiss T. Abnormal centriolar biomarker ratios correlate with unexplained bull artificial insemination subfertility: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18338. [PMID: 37884598 PMCID: PMC10603076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying male infertility are poorly understood. Most mammalian spermatozoa have two centrioles: the typical barrel-shaped proximal centriole (PC) and the atypical fan-like distal centriole (DC) connected to the axoneme (Ax). These structures are essential for fertility. However, the relationship between centriole quality and subfertility (reduced fertility) is not well established. Here, we tested the hypothesis that assessing sperm centriole quality can identify cattle subfertility. By comparing sperm from 25 fertile and 6 subfertile bulls, all with normal semen analyses, we found that unexplained subfertility and lower sire conception rates (pregnancy rate from artificial insemination in cattle) correlate with abnormal centriolar biomarker distribution. Fluorescence-based Ratiometric Analysis of Sperm Centrioles (FRAC) found only four fertile bulls (4/25, 16%) had positive FRAC tests (having one or more mean FRAC ratios outside of the distribution range in a group's high-quality sperm population), whereas all of the subfertile bulls (6/6, 100%) had positive FRAC tests (P = 0.00008). The most sensitive biomarker was acetylated tubulin, which had a novel labeling pattern between the DC and Ax. These data suggest that FRAC and acetylated tubulin labeling can identify bull subfertility that remains undetected by current methods and may provide insight into a novel mechanism of subfertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina A Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Blvd, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Luke Achinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Blvd, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Derek F Kluczynski
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Blvd, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Emily Lillian Fishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Blvd, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Audrey Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Blvd, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Barbara Saltzman
- Department of Population Health, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Blvd, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McCoy RC, Summers MC, McCollin A, Ottolini CS, Ahuja K, Handyside AH. Meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies drive arrest of in vitro fertilized human preimplantation embryos. Genome Med 2023; 15:77. [PMID: 37779206 PMCID: PMC10544495 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high incidence of aneuploidy in early human development, arising either from errors in meiosis or postzygotic mitosis, is the primary cause of pregnancy loss, miscarriage, and stillbirth following natural conception as well as in vitro fertilization (IVF). Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) has confirmed the prevalence of meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies among blastocyst-stage IVF embryos that are candidates for transfer. However, only about half of normally fertilized embryos develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro, while the others arrest at cleavage to late morula or early blastocyst stages. METHODS To achieve a more complete view of the impacts of aneuploidy, we applied low-coverage sequencing-based PGT-A to a large series (n = 909) of arrested embryos and trophectoderm biopsies. We then correlated observed aneuploidies with abnormalities of the first two cleavage divisions using time-lapse imaging (n = 843). RESULTS The combined incidence of meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies was strongly associated with blastocyst morphological grading, with the proportion ranging from 20 to 90% for the highest to lowest grades, respectively. In contrast, the incidence of aneuploidy among arrested embryos was exceptionally high (94%), dominated by mitotic aneuploidies affecting multiple chromosomes. In turn, these mitotic aneuploidies were strongly associated with abnormal cleavage divisions, such that 51% of abnormally dividing embryos possessed mitotic aneuploidies compared to only 23% of normally dividing embryos. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the combination of meiotic and mitotic aneuploidies drives arrest of human embryos in vitro, as development increasingly relies on embryonic gene expression at the blastocyst stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv C McCoy
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21212, USA.
| | - Michael C Summers
- London Women's Clinic, 113-115 Harley Street, Marylebone, London, W1G 6AP, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK
- Present Address: London Women's Clinic, The Chesterfield, Nuffield Health Clinic, 3 Clifton Hill, Bristol, BS8 1BN, UK
| | - Abeo McCollin
- London Women's Clinic, 113-115 Harley Street, Marylebone, London, W1G 6AP, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK
| | - Christian S Ottolini
- London Women's Clinic, 113-115 Harley Street, Marylebone, London, W1G 6AP, UK
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- Present Address: Juno Genetics Italia, Via Di Quarto Peperino 22, 00188, Rome, Italy
| | - Kamal Ahuja
- London Women's Clinic, 113-115 Harley Street, Marylebone, London, W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Alan H Handyside
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uzbekov R, Singina GN, Shedova EN, Banliat C, Avidor-Reiss T, Uzbekova S. Centrosome Formation in the Bovine Early Embryo. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091335. [PMID: 37174735 PMCID: PMC10177215 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome formation during early development in mice and rats occurs due to the appearance of centrioles de novo. In contrast, in humans and other non-rodent mammals, centrioles are thought to be derived from spermatozoa. Ultrastructural study of zygotes and early embryos of cattle at full series of ultrathin sections show that the proximal centriole of the spermatozoon disappears by the end of the first cleavage division. Centrioles appear in two to four cell embryos in fertilized oocytes and in parthenogenetic embryos. Centriole formation includes the appearance of atypical centrioles with randomly arranged triplets and centrioles with microtubule triplets of various lengths. After the third cleavage, four centriolar cylinders appear for the first time in the blastomeres while each embryo still has two atypical centrioles. Our results showed that the mechanisms of centriole formation in different groups of mammals are universal, differing only in the stage of development in which they occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Uzbekov
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina N Singina
- Laboratory of Experimental Embryology, L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Moscow Region, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Shedova
- Laboratory of Experimental Embryology, L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Moscow Region, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
| | - Charles Banliat
- Ecole Supérieure d'agricultures (ESA), Unité de Recherche sur les Systèmes D'élevage (URSE), 55 rue Rabelais BP, 30748 Angers, France
| | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Svetlana Uzbekova
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Latham KE. Preimplantation embryo gene expression: 56 years of discovery, and counting. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:169-200. [PMID: 36812478 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The biology of preimplantation embryo gene expression began 56 years ago with studies of the effects of protein synthesis inhibition and discovery of changes in embryo metabolism and related enzyme activities. The field accelerated rapidly with the emergence of embryo culture systems and progressively evolving methodologies that have allowed early questions to be re-addressed in new ways and in greater detail, leading to deeper understanding and progressively more targeted studies to discover ever more fine details. The advent of technologies for assisted reproduction, preimplantation genetic testing, stem cell manipulations, artificial gametes, and genetic manipulation, particularly in experimental animal models and livestock species, has further elevated the desire to understand preimplantation development in greater detail. The questions that drove enquiry from the earliest years of the field remain drivers of enquiry today. Our understanding of the crucial roles of oocyte-expressed RNA and proteins in early embryos, temporal patterns of embryonic gene expression, and mechanisms controlling embryonic gene expression has increased exponentially over the past five and a half decades as new analytical methods emerged. This review combines early and recent discoveries on gene regulation and expression in mature oocytes and preimplantation stage embryos to provide a comprehensive understanding of preimplantation embryo biology and to anticipate exciting future advances that will build upon and extend what has been discovered so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okabe M, Shirasawa H, Ono Y, Goto M, Iwasawa T, Sakaguchi T, Fujishima A, Onodera Y, Makino K, Miura H, Kumazawa Y, Takahashi K, Terada Y. An approach for live imaging of first cleavage in mouse embryos using fluorescent chemical probes for DNA, microtubules, and microfilaments. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12551. [PMID: 38023339 PMCID: PMC10680128 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dynamic morphological changes in the chromosome and cytoskeleton occur in mammals and humans during early embryonic development, and abnormalities such as embryonic chromosomal aneuploidy occur when development does not proceed normally. Visualization of the intracellular organelles and cytoskeleton allows elucidation of the development of early mammalian embryos. The behavior of the DNA and cytoskeleton in early mammalian embryos has conventionally been observed by injecting target molecule mRNAs, incorporating a fluorescent substance-expressing gene, into embryos. In this study, we visualized the chronological behavior of male and female chromosome condensation in mouse embryos, beginning in the two-pronuclear zygote, through the first division to the two-cell stage, using fluorescent chemical probes to visualize the behavior of DNA, microtubules, and microfilaments. Method Mouse two-pronuclear stage embryo were immersed in medium containing fluorescent chemical probes to visualize DNA, microtubules, and microfilaments. Observation was performed with a confocal microscope. Results This method allowed us to observe how chromosome segregation errors in first somatic cell divisions in mouse embryos and enabled dynamic analysis of a phenomenon called lagging chromosomes. Conclusions By applying this method, we can observe any stage of embryonic development, which may provide new insights into embryonic development in other mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Okabe
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Hiromitsu Shirasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Yuki Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Mayumi Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Takuya Iwasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Taichi Sakaguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Akiko Fujishima
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Yohei Onodera
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Kenichi Makino
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Yukiyo Kumazawa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Kazumasa Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Yukihiro Terada
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hirai K, Inoue YH, Matsuda M. Mitotic progression and dual spindle formation caused by spindle association of de novo-formed microtubule-organizing centers in parthenogenetic embryos of Drosophila ananassae. Genetics 2022; 223:6896485. [PMID: 36516293 PMCID: PMC9910410 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Facultative parthenogenesis occurs in many animal species that typically undergo sexual reproduction. In Drosophila, such development from unfertilized eggs involves diploidization after completion of meiosis, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Here we used a laboratory stock of Drosophila ananassae that has been maintained parthenogenetically to cytologically examine the initial events of parthenogenesis. Specifically, we determined whether the requirements for centrosomes and diploidization that are essential for developmental success can be overcome. As a primal deviation from sexually reproducing (i.e. sexual) strains of the same species, free asters emerged from the de novo formation of centrosome-like structures in the cytosol of unfertilized eggs. Those microtubule-organizing centers had distinct roles in the earliest cycles of parthenogenetic embryos with respect to mitotic progression and arrangement of mitotic spindles. In the first cycle, an anastral bipolar spindle self-assembled around a haploid set of replicated chromosomes. Participation of at least one microtubule-organizing center in the spindle was necessary for mitotic progression into anaphase. In particular, the first mitosis involving a monastral bipolar spindle resulted in haploid daughter nuclei, one of which was associated with a microtubule-organizing center whereas the other was not. Remarkably, in the following cycle, biastral and anastral bipolar spindles formed that were frequently arranged in tandem by sharing an aster with bidirectional connections at their central poles. We propose that, for diploidization of haploid nuclei, unfertilized parthenogenetic embryos utilize dual spindles during the second mitosis, as occurs for the first mitosis in normal fertilized eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshihiro H Inoue
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Muneo Matsuda
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Currie CE, Ford E, Benham Whyte L, Taylor DM, Mihalas BP, Erent M, Marston AL, Hartshorne GM, McAinsh AD. The first mitotic division of human embryos is highly error prone. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6755. [PMID: 36347869 PMCID: PMC9643329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings are made of ~50 trillion cells which arise from serial mitotic divisions of a single cell - the fertilised egg. Remarkably, the early human embryo is often chromosomally abnormal, and many are mosaic, with the karyotype differing from one cell to another. Mosaicism presumably arises from chromosome segregation errors during the early mitotic divisions, although these events have never been visualised in living human embryos. Here, we establish live cell imaging of chromosome segregation using normally fertilised embryos from an egg-share-to-research programme, as well as embryos deselected during fertility treatment. We reveal that the first mitotic division has an extended prometaphase/metaphase and exhibits phenotypes that can cause nondisjunction. These included multipolar chromosome segregations and lagging chromosomes that lead to formation of micronuclei. Analysis of nuclear number and size provides evidence of equivalent phenotypes in 2-cell human embryos that gave rise to live births. Together this shows that errors in the first mitotic division can be tolerated in human embryos and uncovers cell biological events that contribute to preimplantation mosaicism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cerys E. Currie
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Emma Ford
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Lucy Benham Whyte
- grid.15628.380000 0004 0393 1193University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK ,Present Address: Kings Fertility Ltd, Fetal Medicine Research Institute, 16-20 Windsor Walk, SE5 8SS London, UK
| | - Deborah M. Taylor
- grid.15628.380000 0004 0393 1193University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Bettina P. Mihalas
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Muriel Erent
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Adele L. Marston
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geraldine M. Hartshorne
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.15628.380000 0004 0393 1193University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK ,grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Centre for Early Life, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Andrew D. McAinsh
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Centre for Early Life, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Regin M, Spits C, Sermon K. On the origins and fate of chromosomal abnormalities in human preimplantation embryos: an unsolved riddle. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 28:6566308. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
About 8 out of 10 human embryos obtained in vitro harbour chromosomal abnormalities of either meiotic or mitotic origin. Abnormalities of mitotic origin lead to chromosomal mosaicism, a phenomenon which has sparked much debate lately as it confounds results obtained through preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). PGT-A in itself is still highly debated, not only on the modalities of its execution, but also on whether it should be offered to patients at all.
We will focus on post-zygotic chromosomal abnormalities leading to mosaicism. First, we will summarize what is known of the rates of chromosomal abnormalities at different developmental stages. Next, based on the current understanding of the origin and cellular consequences of chromosomal abnormalities, which is largely based on studies on cancer cells and model organisms, we will offer a number of hypotheses on which mechanisms may be at work in early human development. Finally, and very briefly, we will touch upon the impact our current knowledge has on the practice of PGT-A. What is the level of abnormal cells that an embryo can tolerate before it loses its potential for full development? And is blastocyst biopsy as harmless as it seems?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Regin
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Claudia Spits
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Karen Sermon
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brooks KE, Daughtry BL, Davis B, Yan MY, Fei SS, Shepherd S, Carbone L, Chavez SL. Molecular contribution to embryonic aneuploidy and karyotypic complexity in initial cleavage divisions of mammalian development. Development 2022; 149:dev198341. [PMID: 35311995 PMCID: PMC9058497 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic aneuploidy is highly complex, often leading to developmental arrest, implantation failure or spontaneous miscarriage in both natural and assisted reproduction. Despite our knowledge of mitotic mis-segregation in somatic cells, the molecular pathways regulating chromosome fidelity during the error-prone cleavage-stage of mammalian embryogenesis remain largely undefined. Using bovine embryos and live-cell fluorescent imaging, we observed frequent micro-/multi-nucleation of mis-segregated chromosomes in initial mitotic divisions that underwent unilateral inheritance, re-fused with the primary nucleus or formed a chromatin bridge with neighboring cells. A correlation between a lack of syngamy, multipolar divisions and asymmetric genome partitioning was also revealed, and single-cell DNA-seq showed propagation of primarily non-reciprocal mitotic errors. Depletion of the mitotic checkpoint protein BUB1B (also known as BUBR1) resulted in similarly abnormal nuclear structures and cell divisions, as well as chaotic aneuploidy and dysregulation of the kinase-substrate network that mediates mitotic progression, all before zygotic genome activation. This demonstrates that embryonic micronuclei sustain multiple fates, provides an explanation for blastomeres with uniparental origins, and substantiates defective checkpoints and likely other maternally derived factors as major contributors to the karyotypic complexity afflicting mammalian preimplantation development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Brooks
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Brittany L. Daughtry
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Brett Davis
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Melissa Y. Yan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Suzanne S. Fei
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Selma Shepherd
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Lucia Carbone
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shawn L. Chavez
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Avidor-Reiss T, Achinger L, Uzbekov R. The Centriole's Role in Miscarriages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864692. [PMID: 35300410 PMCID: PMC8922021 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are subcellular organelles essential for normal cell function and development; they form the cell’s centrosome (a major cytoplasmic microtubule organization center) and cilium (a sensory and motile hair-like cellular extension). Centrioles with evolutionarily conserved characteristics are found in most animal cell types but are absent in egg cells and exhibit unexpectedly high structural, compositional, and functional diversity in sperm cells. As a result, the centriole’s precise role in fertility and early embryo development is unclear. The centrioles are found in the spermatozoan neck, a strategic location connecting two central functional units: the tail, which propels the sperm to the egg and the head, which holds the paternal genetic material. The spermatozoan neck is an ideal site for evolutionary innovation as it can control tail movement pre-fertilization and the male pronucleus’ behavior post-fertilization. We propose that human, bovine, and most other mammals–which exhibit ancestral centriole-dependent reproduction and two spermatozoan centrioles, where one canonical centriole is maintained, and one atypical centriole is formed–adapted extensive species-specific centriolar features. As a result, these centrioles have a high post-fertilization malfunction rate, resulting in aneuploidy, and miscarriages. In contrast, house mice evolved centriole-independent reproduction, losing the spermatozoan centrioles and overcoming a mechanism that causes miscarriages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States.,Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Luke Achinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Atypical Centriolar Composition Correlates with Internal Fertilization in Fish. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050758. [PMID: 35269380 PMCID: PMC8909020 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The sperm competition theory, as proposed by Geoff Parker, predicts that sperm evolve through a cascade of changes. As an example, internal fertilization is followed by sperm morphology diversification. However, little is known about the evolution of internal sperm structures. The centriole has an ancient and evolutionarily conserved canonical structure with signature 9-fold, radially symmetric microtubules that form the cell’s centrosomes, cilia, and flagella. Most animal spermatozoa have two centrioles, one of which forms the spermatozoan flagellum. Both are delivered to the egg and constitute the embryo’s first two centrosomes. The spermatozoa of mammals and insects only have one recognizable centriole with a canonical structure. A second sperm centriole with an atypical structure was recently reported in both animal groups and which, prior to this, eluded discovery by standard techniques and criteria. Because the ancestors of both mammals and insects reproduced by internal fertilization, we hypothesized that the transition from two centrioles with canonical composition in ancestral sperm to an atypical centriolar composition characterized by only one canonical centriole evolved preferentially after internal fertilization. We examined fish because of the diversity of species available to test this hypothesis−as some species reproduce via internal and others via external fertilization−and because their spermatozoan ultrastructure has been extensively studied. Our literature search reports on 277 fish species. Species reported with atypical centriolar composition are specifically enriched among internal fertilizers compared to external fertilizers (7/34, 20.6% versus 2/243, 0.80%; p < 0.00001, odds ratio = 32.4) and represent phylogenetically unrelated fish. Atypical centrioles are present in the internal fertilizers of the subfamily Poeciliinae. Therefore, internally fertilizing fish preferentially and independently evolved spermatozoa with atypical centriolar composition multiple times, agreeing with Parker’s cascade theory.
Collapse
|
14
|
So C, Menelaou K, Uraji J, Harasimov K, Steyer AM, Seres KB, Bucevičius J, Lukinavičius G, Möbius W, Sibold C, Tandler-Schneider A, Eckel H, Moltrecht R, Blayney M, Elder K, Schuh M. Mechanism of spindle pole organization and instability in human oocytes. Science 2022; 375:eabj3944. [PMID: 35143306 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human oocytes are prone to assembling meiotic spindles with unstable poles, which can favor aneuploidy in human eggs. The underlying causes of spindle instability are unknown. We found that NUMA (nuclear mitotic apparatus protein)-mediated clustering of microtubule minus ends focused the spindle poles in human, bovine, and porcine oocytes and in mouse oocytes depleted of acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (aMTOCs). However, unlike human oocytes, bovine, porcine, and aMTOC-free mouse oocytes have stable spindles. We identified the molecular motor KIFC1 (kinesin superfamily protein C1) as a spindle-stabilizing protein that is deficient in human oocytes. Depletion of KIFC1 recapitulated spindle instability in bovine and aMTOC-free mouse oocytes, and the introduction of exogenous KIFC1 rescued spindle instability in human oocytes. Thus, the deficiency of KIFC1 contributes to spindle instability in human oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun So
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Menelaou
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Uraji
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katarina Harasimov
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Bianka Seres
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonas Bucevičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gražvydas Lukinavičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Heike Eckel
- Kinderwunschzentrum Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Melina Schuh
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Albertini DF. Fertilization revisited: more than one way to launch human development. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:1-2. [PMID: 35119552 PMCID: PMC8866606 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
16
|
Hua LL, Casas C, Mikawa T. Mitotic Antipairing of Homologous Chromosomes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:191-220. [PMID: 36348108 PMCID: PMC9731508 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome organization is highly dynamic and plays an essential role during cell function. It was recently found that pairs of the homologous chromosomes are continuously separated at mitosis and display a haploid (1n) chromosome set, or "antipairing," organization in human cells. Here, we provide an introduction to the current knowledge of homologous antipairing in humans and its implications in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Hua
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, San Francisco
| | - Christian Casas
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, San Francisco
| | - Takashi Mikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco,Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|