1
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Xu T, Zhang T, Xu C, Yang F, Zhang W, Huang C. Notch2 signaling governs activated B cells to form memory B cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114454. [PMID: 38990721 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are essential for humoral immunological memory and can emerge during both the pre-germinal center (GC) and GC phases. However, the transcription regulators governing MBC development remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the transcription regulator Notch2 is highly expressed in MBCs and their precursors at the pre-GC stage and required for MBC development without influencing the fate of GC and plasma cells. Mechanistically, Notch2 signaling promotes the expression of complement receptor CD21 and augments B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Reciprocally, BCR activation up-regulates Notch2 surface expression in activated B cells via a translation-dependent mechanism. Intriguingly, Notch2 is dispensable for GC-derived MBC formation. In summary, our findings establish Notch2 as a pivotal transcription regulator orchestrating MBC development through the reciprocal enforcement of BCR signaling during the pre-GC phase and suggest that the generation of GC-independent and -dependent MBCs is governed by distinct transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuqiao Xu
- Departments of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Babushku T, Lechner M, Ehrenberg S, Rambold U, Schmidt-Supprian M, Yates AJ, Rane S, Zimber-Strobl U, Strobl LJ. Notch2 controls developmental fate choices between germinal center and marginal zone B cells upon immunization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1960. [PMID: 38438375 PMCID: PMC10912316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustained Notch2 signals induce trans-differentiation of Follicular B (FoB) cells into Marginal Zone B (MZB) cells in mice, but the physiology underlying this differentiation pathway is still elusive. Here, we demonstrate that most B cells receive a basal Notch signal, which is intensified in pre-MZB and MZB cells. Ablation or constitutive activation of Notch2 upon T-cell-dependent immunization reveals an interplay between antigen-induced activation and Notch2 signaling, in which FoB cells that turn off Notch2 signaling enter germinal centers (GC), while high Notch2 signaling leads to generation of MZB cells or to initiation of plasmablast differentiation. Notch2 signaling is dispensable for GC dynamics but appears to be re-induced in some centrocytes to govern expansion of IgG1+ GCB cells. Mathematical modelling suggests that antigen-activated FoB cells make a Notch2 dependent binary fate-decision to differentiate into either GCB or MZB cells. This bifurcation might serve as a mechanism to archive antigen-specific clones into functionally and spatially diverse B cell states to generate robust antibody and memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Babushku
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Lechner
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ehrenberg
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Rambold
- Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sanket Rane
- Irving Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Lothar J Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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3
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Stabell SH, Renzi A, Nilsen HR, Antonsen OH, Fosse JH, Haraldsen G, Sundnes O. Detection of native, activated Notch receptors in normal human apocrine-bearing skin and in hidradenitis suppurativa. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14977. [PMID: 38060347 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Notch signalling has generated considerable interest as a pathogenetic factor and a drug target in a range of human diseases. The gamma-secretase complex is crucial in the activation of Notch receptors by cleaving the intracellular domain allowing nuclear translocation. In recent years several mutations in gamma-secretase components have been discovered in patients with familial hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). This has led to hypotheses that impaired Notch signalling could be an important driver for HS in general, not only in the monogenic variants. However, no study has examined in situ Notch activation per se in HS, and some reports with conflicting results have instead been based on expression of Notch receptors or indirect measures of Notch target gene expression. In this study we established immunostaining protocols to identify native, activated Notch receptors in human skin tissue. The ability to detect changes in Notch activation was confirmed with an ex vivo skin organ model in which signal was reduced or obliterated in tissue exposed to a gamma-secretase inhibitor. Using these methods on skin biopsies from healthy volunteers and a general HS cohort we demonstrated for the first time the distribution of active Notch signalling in human apocrine-bearing skin. Quantification of activated NOTCH1 & NOTCH2 revealed similar levels in non-lesional and peri-lesional HS to that of healthy controls, thus ruling out a general defect in Notch activation in HS patients. We did find a variable but significant reduction of activated Notch in epidermis of lesional HS with a distribution that appeared related to the extent of surrounding tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Hansen Stabell
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Sundnes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Ottens K, Schneider J, Satterthwaite AB. B-1a Cells, but Not Marginal Zone B Cells, Are Implicated in the Accumulation of Autoreactive Plasma Cells in Lyn-/- Mice. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:47-56. [PMID: 38189742 PMCID: PMC10835670 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in Lyn, a tyrosine kinase that limits B cell activation, develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease characterized by the accumulation of splenic plasma cells and the production of autoantibodies. Lyn-/- mice have reduced numbers of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, a B cell subset that is enriched in autoreactivity and prone to plasma cell differentiation. We hypothesized that this is due to unchecked terminal differentiation of this potentially pathogenic B cell subpopulation. However, impairing MZ B cell development in Lyn-/- mice did not reduce plasma cell accumulation or autoantibodies, and preventing plasma cell differentiation did not restore MZ B cell numbers. Instead, Lyn-/- mice accumulated B-1a cells when plasma cell differentiation was impaired. Similar to MZ B cells, B-1a cells tend to be polyreactive or weakly autoreactive and are primed for terminal differentiation. Our results implicate B-1a cells, but not MZ B cells, as contributors to the autoreactive plasma cell pool in Lyn-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ottens
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jalyn Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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5
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Thouenon R, Chentout L, Moreno-Corona N, Poggi L, Lombardi EP, Hoareau B, Schmitt Y, Lagresle-Peyrou C, Bustamante J, André I, Cavazzana M, Durandy A, Casanova JL, Galicier L, Fadlallah J, Fischer A, Kracker S. A neomorphic mutation in the interferon activation domain of IRF4 causes a dominant primary immunodeficiency. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221292. [PMID: 36917008 PMCID: PMC10037104 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on a heterozygous interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) missense variant identified in three patients from a multigeneration family with hypogammaglobulinemia. Patients' low blood plasmablast/plasma cell and naïve CD4 and CD8 T cell counts contrasted with high terminal effector CD4 and CD8 T cell counts. Expression of the mutant IRF4 protein in control lymphoblastoid B cell lines reduced the expression of BLIMP-1 and XBP1 (key transcription factors in plasma cell differentiation). In B cell lines, the mutant IRF4 protein as wildtype was found to bind to known IRF4 binding motifs. The mutant IRF4 failed to efficiently regulate the transcriptional activity of interferon-stimulated response elements (ISREs). Rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins indicated that the mutant and wildtype IRF4 proteins differed with regard to their respective sets of binding partners. Our findings highlight a novel mechanism for autosomal-dominant primary immunodeficiency through altered protein binding by mutant IRF4 at ISRE, leading to defective plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Thouenon
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Chentout
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Nidia Moreno-Corona
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Poggi
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Emilia Puig Lombardi
- Université de Paris, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Hoareau
- Sorbonne Université, UMS037, PASS, Plateforme de Cytométrie de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Yohann Schmitt
- Plateforme de génomique, Institut Imagine-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERMU1163 et INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Lagresle-Peyrou
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERMU1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Hospital, Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
- Departement de Biotherapie Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Anne Durandy
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERMU1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Necker Hospital, Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lionel Galicier
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Castleman disease, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jehane Fadlallah
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Castleman disease, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
- Necker Hospital, Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Sven Kracker
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
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6
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Hsu ML, Zouali M. Inflammasome is a central player in B cell development and homing. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:6/2/e202201700. [PMID: 36450446 PMCID: PMC9713303 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein (NLRP) 3 pathway in innate immunity has been extensively studied, little attention has been paid to its contribution to adaptive immunity. Studies in animal models and human subjects have shown the contribution of NLRP3 to the T cell compartment, and its role in B lymphocyte functions has been proposed. Here, we report that ablation of nlrp3 in mice led to altered B cell development in the bone marrow, and distorted expression of B cell subsets that play innate-like functions, that is, marginal zone B cells in the spleen and B-1a cells in the peritoneal cavity. Mechanistically, in the absence of NLRP3 expression, the transcription factor IRF4, previously found to interact with NLRP3 in the nucleus of lymphocytes, was up-regulated. NLRP3 ablation reduced the expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 in an IRF4-dependent manner, indicating that the presence of NLRP3 is critical for optimal expression of chemokine receptors on B cells. We conclude that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in B cell development, homing, and retention in lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Lun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Moncef Zouali
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Quotti Tubi L, Mandato E, Canovas Nunes S, Arjomand A, Zaffino F, Manni S, Casellato A, Macaccaro P, Vitulo N, Zumerle S, Filhol O, Boldyreff B, Siebel CW, Viola A, Valle G, Mainoldi F, Casola S, Cancila V, Gulino A, Tripodo C, Pizzi M, Dei Tos AP, Trentin L, Semenzato G, Piazza F. CK2β-regulated signaling controls B cell differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2023; 13:959138. [PMID: 36713383 PMCID: PMC9874936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine-Threonine kinase CK2 supports malignant B-lymphocyte growth but its role in B-cell development and activation is largely unknown. Here, we describe the first B-cell specific knockout (KO) mouse model of the β regulatory subunit of CK2. CK2βKO mice present an increase in marginal zone (MZ) and a reduction in follicular B cells, suggesting a role for CK2 in the regulation of the B cell receptor (BCR) and NOTCH2 signaling pathways. Biochemical analyses demonstrate an increased activation of the NOTCH2 pathway in CK2βKO animals, which sustains MZ B-cell development. Transcriptomic analyses indicate alterations in biological processes involved in immune response and B-cell activation. Upon sheep red blood cells (SRBC) immunization CK2βKO mice exhibit enlarged germinal centers (GCs) but display a limited capacity to generate class-switched GC B cells and immunoglobulins. In vitro assays highlight that B cells lacking CK2β have an impaired signaling downstream of BCR, Toll-like receptor, CD40, and IL-4R all crucial for B-cell activation and antigen presenting efficiency. Somatic hypermutations analysis upon 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten conjugated to Chicken Gamma Globulin (NP-CGG) evidences a reduced NP-specific W33L mutation frequency in CK2βKO mice suggesting the importance of the β subunit in sustaining antibody affinity maturation. Lastly, since diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells derive from GC or post-GC B cells and rely on CK2 for their survival, we sought to investigate the consequences of CK2 inhibition on B cell signaling in DLBCL cells. In line with the observations in our murine model, CK2 inactivation leads to signaling defects in pathways that are essential for malignant B-lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quotti Tubi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Mandato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara Canovas Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arash Arjomand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Fortunato Zaffino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Manni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casellato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Macaccaro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biology, Interdepartmental Research Center for Biotechnologies (CRIBI) Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Zumerle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1036, Institute de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Biologie du Cancer et de l’Infection, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Christian W. Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Department of Biology, Interdepartmental Research Center for Biotechnologies (CRIBI) Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Casola
- IFOM-ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Tripodo
- IFOM-ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy,Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Department of Medicine, Cytopathology and Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Department of Medicine, Cytopathology and Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Unit of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Veneto of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy,*Correspondence: Francesco Piazza,
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8
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Maffei R, Fiorcari S, Atene CG, Martinelli S, Mesini N, Pilato F, Lagreca I, Barozzi P, Riva G, Nasillo V, Paolini A, Forghieri F, Potenza L, Trenti T, Tagliafico E, Luppi M, Marasca R. The dynamic functions of IRF4 in B cell malignancies. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00968-0. [PMID: 36495369 PMCID: PMC10390622 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe trajectory of B cell development goes through subsequent steps governed by complex genetic programs, strictly regulated by multiple transcription factors. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) regulates key points from pre-B cell development and receptor editing to germinal center formation, class-switch recombination and plasma cell differentiation. The pleiotropic ability of IRF4 is mediated by its “kinetic control”, allowing different IRF4 expression levels to activate distinct genetic programs due to modulation of IRF4 DNA-binding affinity. IRF4 is implicated in B cell malignancies, acting both as tumor suppressor and as tumor oncogene in different types of precursors and mature B cell neoplasia. Here, we summarize the complexity of IRF4 functions related to different DNA-binding affinity, multiple IRF4-specific target DNA motif, and interactions with transcriptional partners. Moreover, we describe the unique role of IRF4 in acute leukemias and B cell mature neoplasia, focusing on pathogenetic implications and possible therapeutic strategies in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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9
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IRF4 as an Oncogenic Master Transcription Factor. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174314. [PMID: 36077849 PMCID: PMC9454692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Master transcription factors regulate essential developmental processes and cellular maintenance that characterize cell identity. Many of them also serve as oncogenes when aberrantly expressed or activated. IRF4 is one of prime examples of oncogenic master transcription factors that has been implicated in various mature lymphoid neoplasms. IRF4 forms unique regulatory circuits and induces oncogenic transcription programs through the interactions with upstream pathways and binding partners. Abstract IRF4 is a transcription factor in the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family. Since the discovery of this gene, various research fields including immunology and oncology have highlighted the unique characteristics and the importance of IRF4 in several biological processes that distinguish it from other IRF family members. In normal lymphocyte development and immunity, IRF4 mediates critical immune responses via interactions with upstream signaling pathways, such as the T-cell receptor and B-cell receptor pathways, as well as their binding partners, which are uniquely expressed in each cell type. On the other hand, IRF4 acts as an oncogene in various mature lymphoid neoplasms when abnormally expressed. IRF4 induces several oncogenes, such as MYC, as well as genes that characterize each cell type by utilizing its ability as a master regulator of immunity. IRF4 and its upstream factor NF-κB form a transcriptional regulatory circuit, including feedback and feedforward loops, to maintain the oncogenic transcriptional program in malignant lymphoid cells. In this review article, we provide an overview of the molecular functions of IRF4 in mature lymphoid neoplasms and highlight its upstream and downstream pathways, as well as the regulatory circuits mediated by IRF4.
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10
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A Comprehensive Analysis of Interferon Regulatory Factor Expression: Correlation with Immune Cell Infiltration and Patient Prognosis in Endometrial Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7948898. [PMID: 35993041 PMCID: PMC9381850 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7948898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a family of transcription factors, the correlations between expression pattern of nine interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members, the immune invasion pattern, and the associated patient survival rate in endometrial carcinoma (EC) remain to be elucidated. Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the expression profiles of the high and low IRF mRNA expression groups were analyzed using R (3.6.3) statistical software. Gene annotation and pathway analyses were performed using Metascape. GSEA was performed using the R package clusterProfiler (3.6.3). The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to quantify the relative tumor infiltration levels of immune cell types. Immunohistochemistry data provided by HPA database was used to study the expression of the IRF proteins. Using the GEPIA dataset, the correlation between the expression of IRFs and the tumor stage of EC was analyzed. The correlations between the different IRFs were analyzed using cBioPortal. The expression of IRF2, IRF3, IRF5, IRF6, IRF7, IRF8, and IRF9 was different when comparing EC and normal endometrial samples. IRF2, IRF6, IRF7, and IRF8 were indicated to be potential diagnostic markers for EC. In combination with receiver operating characteristic analysis results, IRF2, IRF6, IRF7, and IRF8 were indicated to be potential diagnostic markers for EC. Levels of individual IRFs were associated with alternate outcomes, with the expression of IRF3 being correlated with the stage of EC and high expression of IRF4 being positively correlated with overall survival (OS); conversely, high expression of IRF5 was negatively correlated with OS. Additionally, high expression levels of both IRF2 and IRF4 were positively correlated with the disease-specific survival rate, and high expression of IRF4 was positively correlated with the progression-free interval. These data suggest a role for IRF2, IRF4, and IRF5 in the prognosis of EC. The expression of IRFs is associated with immune infiltration.
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11
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Amanda S, Tan TK, Iida S, Sanda T. Lineage- and Stage-specific Oncogenicity of IRF4. Exp Hematol 2022; 114:9-17. [PMID: 35908629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.07.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of transcription factor genes represents a unique molecular etiology of hematological malignancies. A number of transcription factors that play a role in hematopoietic cell development, lymphocyte activation or their maintenance have been identified as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Many of them exert oncogenic abilities in a context-dependent manner by governing the key transcriptional program unique to each cell type. IRF4, a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, acts as an essential regulator of the immune system and is a prime example of a stage-specific oncogene. The expression and oncogenicity of IRF4 are restricted to mature lymphoid neoplasms, while IRF4 potentially serves as a tumor suppressor in other cellular contexts. This is in marked contrast to its immediate downstream target, MYC, which can cause cancers in a variety of tissues. In this review article, we provide an overview of the roles of IRF4 in the development of the normal immune system and lymphoid neoplasms and discuss the potential mechanisms of lineage- and stage-specific oncogenicity of IRF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Amanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Tze King Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore..
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12
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Gómez Atria D, Gaudette BT, Londregan J, Kelly S, Perkey E, Allman A, Srivastava B, Koch U, Radtke F, Ludewig B, Siebel CW, Ryan RJ, Robertson TF, Burkhardt JK, Pear WS, Allman D, Maillard I. Stromal Notch ligands foster lymphopenia-driven functional plasticity and homeostatic proliferation of naïve B cells. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158885. [PMID: 35579963 PMCID: PMC9246379 DOI: 10.1172/jci158885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In lymphopenic environments, secondary lymphoid organs regulate the size of B and T-cell compartments by supporting homeostatic proliferation of mature lymphocytes. The molecular mechanisms underlying these responses and their functional consequences remain incompletely understood. To evaluate homeostasis of the mature B-cell pool during lymphopenia, we turned to an adoptive transfer model of purified follicular B-cells into Rag2-/- mouse recipients. Highly purified follicular B-cells transdifferentiated into marginal zone-like B-cells when transferred into Rag2-/- lymphopenic hosts, but not into wild-type hosts. In lymphopenic spleens, transferred B-cells gradually lost their follicular phenotype and acquired characteristics of marginal zone B-cells, as judged by cell surface phenotype, expression of integrins and chemokine receptors, positioning close to the marginal sinus, and an ability to rapidly generate functional plasma cells. Initiation of follicular to marginal zone B-cell transdifferentiation preceded proliferation. Furthermore, the transdifferentiation process was dependent on Notch2 receptors in B-cells and expression of Delta-like1 Notch ligands by splenic Ccl19-Cre+ fibroblastic stromal cells. Gene expression analysis showed rapid induction of Notch-regulated transcripts followed by upregulated Myc expression and acquisition of broad transcriptional features of marginal zone B-cells. Thus, naïve mature B-cells are endowed with plastic transdifferentiation potential in response to increased stromal Notch ligand availability during lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gómez Atria
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Brian T Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Londregan
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Samantha Kelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Eric Perkey
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Anneka Allman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Ute Koch
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Radtke
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Russell Jh Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Tanner F Robertson
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Warren S Pear
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Ivan Maillard
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Kania AK, Price MJ, George-Alexander LE, Patterson DG, Hicks SL, Scharer CD, Boss JM. H3K27me3 Demethylase UTX Restrains Plasma Cell Formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:1873-1885. [PMID: 35346967 PMCID: PMC9012698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell differentiation is associated with substantial transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic remodeling, including redistribution of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), which is associated with a repressive chromatin state and gene silencing. Although the role of the methyltransferase EZH2 (Enhancer of zeste homolog 2) in B cell fate decisions has been well established, it is not known whether H3K27me3 demethylation is equally important. In this study, we showed that simultaneous genetic deletion of the two H3K27 demethylases UTX and JMJD3 (double-knockout [Utx fl/fl Jmjd3 fl/fl Cd19 cre/+] [dKO]) led to a significant increase in plasma cell (PC) formation after stimulation with the T cell-independent Ags LPS and NP-Ficoll. This phenotype occurred in a UTX-dependent manner as UTX single-knockout mice, but not JMJD3 single-knockout mice, mimicked the dKO. Although UTX- and JMJD3-deficient marginal zone B cells showed increased proliferation, dKO follicular B cells also showed increased PC formation. PCs from dKO mice upregulated genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and exhibited increased spare respiratory capacity. Mechanistically, deletion of Utx and Jmjd3 resulted in higher levels of H3K27me3 at proapoptotic genes and resulted in reduced apoptosis of dKO PCs in vivo. Furthermore, UTX regulated chromatin accessibility at regions containing ETS and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factor family motifs, including motifs of known repressors of PC fate. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the H3K27me3 demethylases restrain B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Madeline J Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Dillon G Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sakeenah L Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Fiorcari S, Maffei R, Atene CG, Mesini N, Maccaferri M, Leonardi G, Martinelli S, Paolini A, Nasillo V, Debbia G, Potenza L, Luppi M, Marasca R. Notch2 Increases the Resistance to Venetoclax-Induced Apoptosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells by Inducing Mcl-1. Front Oncol 2022; 11:777587. [PMID: 35070982 PMCID: PMC8770925 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.777587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has experienced a clinical revolution—thanks to the discovery of crucial pathogenic mechanisms. CLL is still an incurable disease due to intrinsic or acquired resistance of the leukemic clone. Venetoclax is a Bcl-2 inhibitor with a marked activity in CLL, but emerging patterns of resistance are being described. We hypothesize that intrinsic features of CLL cells may contribute to drive mechanisms of resistance to venetoclax. We analyzed the expression of Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4), Notch2, and Mcl-1 in a cohort of CLL patients. We evaluated CLL cell viability after genetic and pharmaceutical modulation of Notch2 expression in patients harboring trisomy 12. We tested venetoclax in trisomy 12 CLL cells either silenced or not for Notch2 expression or in combination with an inhibitor of Mcl-1, AMG-176. Trisomy 12 CLL cells were characterized by low expression of IRF4 associated with high levels of Notch2 and Mcl-1. Notch2 and Mcl-1 expression determined protection of CLL cells from spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis. Considering the involvement of Mcl-1 in venetoclax resistance, our data demonstrated a contribution of high levels of Notch2 and Mcl-1 in a reduced response to venetoclax in CLL cells carrying trisomy 12. Furthermore, reduction of Mcl-1 expression by silencing Notch2 or by treatment with AMG-176 was able to restore the response of CLL cells to venetoclax. The expression of Notch2 identifies a subset of CLL patients, mainly harboring trisomy 12, characterized by high levels of Mcl-1. This biological mechanism may compromise an effective response to venetoclax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fiorcari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Rossana Maffei
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Giacinto Atene
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mesini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Maccaferri
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Leonardi
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Martinelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ambra Paolini
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nasillo
- Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Modena (AUSL)/Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena (AOU) Policlinico, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Debbia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
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15
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Ottens K, Satterthwaite AB. IRF4 Has a Unique Role in Early B Cell Development and Acts Prior to CD21 Expression to Control Marginal Zone B Cell Numbers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779085. [PMID: 34880871 PMCID: PMC8645892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Strict control of B lymphocyte development is required for the ability to mount humoral immune responses to diverse foreign antigens while remaining self-tolerant. In the bone marrow, B lineage cells transit through several developmental stages in which they assemble a functional B cell receptor in a stepwise manner. The immunoglobulin heavy chain gene is rearranged at the pro-B stage. At the large pre-B stage, cells with a functional heavy chain expand in response to signals from IL-7 and the pre-BCR. Cells then cease proliferation at the small pre-B stage and rearrange the immunoglobulin light chain gene. The fully formed BCR is subsequently expressed on the surface of immature B cells and autoreactive cells are culled by central tolerance mechanisms. Once in the periphery, transitional B cells develop into mature B cell subsets such as marginal zone and follicular B cells. These developmental processes are controlled by transcription factor networks, central to which are IRF4 and IRF8. These were thought to act redundantly during B cell development in the bone marrow, with their functions diverging in the periphery where IRF4 limits the number of marginal zone B cells and is required for germinal center responses and plasma cell differentiation. Because of IRF4's unique role in mature B cells, we hypothesized that it may also have functions earlier in B cell development that cannot be compensated for by IRF8. Indeed, we find that IRF4 has a unique role in upregulating the pre-B cell marker CD25, limiting IL-7 responsiveness, and promoting migration to CXCR4 such that IRF4-deficient mice have a partial block at the pre-B cell stage. We also find that IRF4 acts in early transitional B cells to restrict marginal zone B cell development, as deletion of IRF4 in mature B cells with CD21-cre impairs plasma cell differentiation but has no effect on marginal zone B cell numbers. These studies highlight IRF4 as the dominant IRF family member in early B lymphopoiesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL12/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Lymphopoiesis/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/drug effects
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement 3d/genetics
- Receptors, Complement 3d/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ottens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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16
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Gaudette BT, Roman CJ, Ochoa TA, Gómez Atria D, Jones DD, Siebel CW, Maillard I, Allman D. Resting innate-like B cells leverage sustained Notch2/mTORC1 signaling to achieve rapid and mitosis-independent plasma cell differentiation. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e151975. [PMID: 34473651 DOI: 10.1172/jci151975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how cells regulate and integrate distinct biosynthetic pathways governing differentiation and cell division. For B lineage cells it is widely accepted that activated cells must complete several rounds of mitosis before yielding antibody-secreting plasma cells. However, we report that marginal zone (MZ) B cells, innate-like naive B cells known to generate plasma cells rapidly in response to blood-borne bacteria, generate functional plasma cells despite cell-cycle arrest. Further, short-term Notch2 blockade in vivo reversed division-independent differentiation potential and decreased transcript abundance for numerous mTORC1- and Myc-regulated genes. Myc loss compromised plasma cell differentiation for MZ B cells, and reciprocally induced ectopic mTORC1 signaling in follicular B cells enabled division-independent differentiation and plasma cell-affiliated gene expression. We conclude that ongoing in situ Notch2/mTORC1 signaling in MZ B cells establishes a unique cellular state that enables rapid division-independent plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carly J Roman
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Trini A Ochoa
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Daniela Gómez Atria
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek D Jones
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Allman
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
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17
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Pasqualucci L, Klein U. Mouse Models in the Study of Mature B-Cell Malignancies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a034827. [PMID: 32398289 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, genomic analyses of several B-cell lymphoma entities have identified a large number of genes that are recurrently mutated, suggesting that their aberrant function promotes lymphomagenesis. For many of those genes, the specific role in normal B-cell development is unknown; moreover, whether and how their deregulated activity contributes to lymphoma initiation and/or maintenance is often difficult to determine. Genetically engineered mouse models that faithfully mimic lymphoma-associated genetic alterations represent valuable tools for elucidating the pathogenic roles of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors in vivo, as well as for the preclinical testing of novel therapeutic principles in an intact microenvironment. Here we summarize what has been learned about the mechanisms of oncogenic transformation from accurately modeling the most common and well-characterized genetic alterations identified in mature B-cell malignancies. This information is expected to guide the design of improved molecular diagnostics and mechanism-based therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology & Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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18
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Dobosz E, Lorenz G, Ribeiro A, Würf V, Wadowska M, Kotlinowski J, Schmaderer C, Potempa J, Fu M, Koziel J, Lech M. Murine myeloid cell MCPIP1 suppresses autoimmunity by regulating B-cell expansion and differentiation. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047589. [PMID: 33737335 PMCID: PMC7988765 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived cells, in particular macrophages, are increasingly recognized as critical regulators of the balance of immunity and tolerance. However, whether they initiate autoimmune disease or perpetuate disease progression in terms of epiphenomena remains undefined.Here, we show that depletion of MCPIP1 in macrophages and granulocytes (Mcpip1fl/fl-LysMcre+ C57BL/6 mice) is sufficient to trigger severe autoimmune disease. This was evidenced by the expansion of B cells and plasma cells and spontaneous production of autoantibodies, including anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith and anti-histone antibodies. Consequently, we document evidence of severe skin inflammation, pneumonitis and histopathologic evidence of glomerular IgG deposits alongside mesangioproliferative nephritis in 6-month-old mice. These phenomena are related to systemic autoinflammation, which secondarily induces a set of cytokines such as Baff, Il5, Il9 and Cd40L, affecting adaptive immune responses. Therefore, abnormal macrophage activation is a key factor involved in the loss of immune tolerance.Overall, we demonstrate that deficiency of MCPIP1 solely in myeloid cells triggers systemic lupus-like autoimmunity and that the control of myeloid cell activation is a crucial checkpoint in the development of systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Georg Lorenz
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nephrology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Andrea Ribeiro
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Vivian Würf
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Marta Wadowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kotlinowski
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nephrology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Shock, Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Maciej Lech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
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19
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Lechner M, Engleitner T, Babushku T, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rad R, Strobl LJ, Zimber-Strobl U. Notch2-mediated plasticity between marginal zone and follicular B cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1111. [PMID: 33597542 PMCID: PMC7889629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular B (FoB) and marginal zone B (MZB) cells are functionally and spatially distinct mature B cell populations in the spleen, originating from a Notch2-dependent fate decision after splenic influx of immature transitional B cells. In the B cell follicle, a Notch2-signal is provided by DLL-1-expressing fibroblasts. However, it is unclear whether FoB cells, which are in close contact with these DLL-1 expressing fibroblasts, can also differentiate to MZB cells if they receive a Notch2-signal. Here, we show induced Notch2IC-expression in FoB cells re-programs mature FoB cells into bona fide MZB cells as is evident from the surface phenotype, localization, immunological function and transcriptome of these cells. Furthermore, the lineage conversion from FoB to MZB cells occurs in immunocompetent wildtype mice. These findings demonstrate plasticity between mature FoB and MZB cells that can be driven by a singular signaling event, the activation of Notch2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lechner
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tea Babushku
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lothar J Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany.
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20
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Garis M, Garrett-Sinha LA. Notch Signaling in B Cell Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609324. [PMID: 33613531 PMCID: PMC7892449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is highly evolutionarily conserved, dictating cell fate decisions and influencing the survival and growth of progenitor cells that give rise to the cells of the immune system. The roles of Notch signaling in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and in specification of T lineage cells have been well-described. Notch signaling also plays important roles in B cells. In particular, it is required for specification of marginal zone type B cells, but Notch signaling is also important in other stages of B cell development and activation. This review will focus on established and new roles of Notch signaling during B lymphocyte lineage commitment and describe the function of Notch within mature B cells involved in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Garis
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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21
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H3K27 demethylase KDM6B aggravates ischemic brain injury through demethylation of IRF4 and Notch2-dependent SOX9 activation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:622-633. [PMID: 33981480 PMCID: PMC8076647 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysine demethylase 6B (KDM6B) is a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase that serves as a key mediator of gene transcription. Although KDM6B has been reported to modulate neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke, its role in ischemic brain injury is yet to be well elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to thoroughly demonstrate the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of KDM6B on neurological function and astrocyte response in post-ischemic brain injury. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO) mouse models were constructed, while the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model was developed in astrocytes to mimic injury conditions. KDM6B was upregulated post-MCAO in mice and in astrocytes following the induction of OGD/R. Silencing of KDM6B resulted in suppressed neurological deficit, reduced cerebral infarction volume, attenuated neuronal cell apoptosis, and disrupted inflammation. Dual-luciferase reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays revealed that KDM6B inhibited H3K27 trimethylation in the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) promoter region, resulting in the upregulation of IRF4 expression, which in turn bound to the Notch2 promoter region to induce its downstream factor SRY-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9). SOX9 knockdown reversed the effects of KDM6B overexpression on ischemia-triggered brain damage. Based on these findings, we concluded that KDM6B-mediated demethylation of IRF4 contributes to aggravation of ischemic brain injury through SOX9 activation.
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22
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Ye J, Shi M, Chen W, Zhu F, Duan Q. Research Advances in the Molecular Functions and Relevant Diseases of TAOKs, Novel STE20 Kinase Family Members. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3122-3133. [PMID: 32013821 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200203115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As serine/threonine-protein kinases, Thousand and One Kinases(TAOKs) are members of the GCKlike superfamily, one of two well-known branches of the Ste20 kinase family. Within the last two decades, three functionally similar kinases, namely TAOK1-3, were identified. TAOKs are involved in many molecular and cellular events. Scholars widely believe that TAOKs act as kinases upstream of the MAPK cascade and as factors that interact with MST family kinases, the cytoskeleton, and apoptosis-associated proteins. Therefore, TAOKs are thought to function in tumorigenesis. Additionally, TAOKs participate in signal transduction induced by Notch, TCR, and IL-17. Recent studies found that TAOKs play roles in a series of diseases and conditions, such as the central nervous system dysfunction, herpes viral infection, immune system imbalance, urogenital system malformation during development, cardiovascular events, and childhood obesity. Therefore, inhibitory chemicals targeting TAOKs may be of great significance as potential drugs for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mingjun Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541000, China
| | - Qiuhong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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23
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Ballotti R, Cheli Y, Bertolotto C. The complex relationship between MITF and the immune system: a Melanoma ImmunoTherapy (response) Factor? Mol Cancer 2020; 19:170. [PMID: 33276788 PMCID: PMC7718690 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitory therapy (ICT) in advanced melanomas is limited by primary and acquired resistance. The molecular determinants of the resistance have been extensively studied, but these discoveries have not yet been translated into therapeutic benefits. As such, a paradigm shift in melanoma treatment, to surmount the therapeutic impasses linked to the resistance, is an important ongoing challenge.This review outlines the multifaceted interplay between microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a major determinant of the biology of melanoma cells, and the immune system. In melanomas, MITF functions downstream oncogenic pathways and microenvironment stimuli that restrain the immune responses. We highlight how MITF, by controlling differentiation and genome integrity, may regulate melanoma-specific antigen expression by interfering with the endolysosomal pathway, KARS1, and antigen processing and presentation. MITF also modulates the expression of coinhibitory receptors, i.e., PD-L1 and HVEM, and the production of an inflammatory secretome, which directly affects the infiltration and/or activation of the immune cells.Furthermore, MITF is also a key determinant of melanoma cell plasticity and tumor heterogeneity, which are undoubtedly one of the major hurdles for an effective immunotherapy. Finally, we briefly discuss the role of MITF in kidney cancer, where it also plays a key role, and in immune cells, establishing MITF as a central mediator in the regulation of immune responses in melanoma and other cancers.We propose that a better understanding of MITF and immune system intersections could help in the tailoring of current ICT in melanomas and pave the way for clinical benefits and long-lasting responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ballotti
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, team1, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2019, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Yann Cheli
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, team1, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2019, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, team1, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2019, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France.
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24
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Ng HL, Taylor RL, Cheng J, Abraham LJ, Quail E, Cruickshank MN, Ulgiati D. Notch signaling induces a transcriptionally permissive state at the Complement C3d Receptor 2 (CR2) promoter in a pre-B cell model. Mol Immunol 2020; 128:150-164. [PMID: 33129017 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian lymphoid development, Notch signaling is necessary at multiple stages of T lymphopoiesis, including lineage commitment, and later stages of T cell effector differentiation. In contrast, outside of a defined role in the development of splenic marginal zone B cells, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether Notch signaling plays functional roles in other B cell sub-populations. Complement receptor 2 (CR2) modulates BCR-signaling and is tightly regulated throughout differentiation. During B lymphopoiesis, CR2 is detected on immature and mature B cells with high surface expression on marginal zone B cells. Here, we have explored the possibility that Notch regulates human CR2 transcriptional activity using in vitro models including a co-culture system, co-transfection gene reporters and chromatin accessibility assays. We provide evidence that Notch signaling regulates CR2 promoter activity in a mature B cell line, as well as the induction of endogenous CR2 mRNA in a non-expressing pre-B cell line. The dynamics of endogenous gene activation suggests additional unidentified factors are required to mediate surface CR2 expression on immature and mature B lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Leng Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rhonda L Taylor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Abraham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Quail
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia; School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark N Cruickshank
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniela Ulgiati
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia.
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25
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Koh J, Jang I, Choi S, Kim S, Jang I, Ahn HK, Lee C, Paik JH, Kim CW, Lim MS, Kim K, Jeon YK. Discovery of Novel Recurrent Mutations and Clinically Meaningful Subgroups in Nodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061669. [PMID: 32585984 PMCID: PMC7352856 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) is a rare B-cell neoplasm, the genetic and transcriptomic landscape of which are unclear. Using high-throughput sequencing for whole-exome and transcriptome, we investigated the genetic characteristics of NMZL in a discovery cohort (n = 8) and validated their features in an extended cohort (n = 30). Novel mutations in NFKBIE and ITPR2 were found in 7.9% (3/38) and 13.9% (5/36), respectively, suggesting roles for the NF-κB pathway and B-cell-receptor-mediated calcium signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of NMZL. RNA-seq showed that NMZLs were characterized by an aberrant marginal zone differentiation, associated with an altered IRF4-NOTCH2 axis and the enrichment of various oncogenic pathways. Based on gene expression profile, two subgroups were identified. Compared with subgroup 1, subgroup 2 showed the following: the significant enrichment of cell cycle-associated and MYC-signaling pathways, a more diverse repertoire of upstream regulators, and higher Ki-67 proliferation indices. We designated two subgroups according to Ki-67 labeling, and subgroup 2 was significantly associated with a shorter progression-free survival (p = 0.014), a greater proportion of large cells (p = 0.009), and higher MYC expression (p = 0.026). We suggest that NMZL has unique features and, in this study, we provide information as to the heterogeneity of this enigmatic entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.K.); (S.K.); (C.L.); (C.W.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Insoon Jang
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (I.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Seongmin Choi
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (I.J.); (S.C.)
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sehui Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.K.); (S.K.); (C.L.); (C.W.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Ingeon Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Hyun Kyung Ahn
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.K.); (S.K.); (C.L.); (C.W.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Jin Ho Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si 46371, Korea;
| | - Chul Woo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.K.); (S.K.); (C.L.); (C.W.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Megan S. Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (I.J.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (Y.K.J.)
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.K.); (S.K.); (C.L.); (C.W.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (Y.K.J.)
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26
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Vanderbeck A, Maillard I. Notch signaling at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:535-548. [PMID: 32557824 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ri0520-138r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell-to-cell signaling pathway that regulates cellular differentiation and function across multiple tissue types and developmental stages. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of Notch signaling in mammalian innate and adaptive immunity. The importance of Notch signaling is pervasive throughout the immune system, as it elicits lineage and context-dependent effects in a wide repertoire of cells. Although regulation of binary cell fate decisions encompasses many of the functions first ascribed to Notch in the immune system, recent advances in the field have refined and expanded our view of the Notch pathway beyond this initial concept. From establishing T cell identity in the thymus to regulating mature T cell function in the periphery, the Notch pathway is an essential, recurring signal for the T cell lineage. Among B cells, Notch signaling is required for the development and maintenance of marginal zone B cells in the spleen. Emerging roles for Notch signaling in innate and innate-like lineages such as classical dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells are likewise coming into view. Lastly, we speculate on the molecular underpinnings that shape the activity and versatility of the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Vanderbeck
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Veterinary Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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27
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Wang H, Morse HC, Bolland S. Transcriptional Control of Mature B Cell Fates. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:601-613. [PMID: 32446878 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mature naïve B cell repertoire consists of three well-defined populations: B1, B2 (follicular B, FOB), and marginal zone B (MZB) cells. FOB cells are the dominant mature B cell population in the secondary lymphoid organs and blood of both humans and mice. The driving forces behind mature B lineage selection have been linked to B cell receptor (BCR) signaling strength and environmental cues, but how these fate-determination factors are transcriptionally regulated remains poorly understood. We summarize emerging data on the role of transcription factors (TFs) - particularly the ETS and IRF families - in regulating MZB and FOB lineage selection. Indeed, genomic analyses have identified four major groups of target genes that are crucial for FOB differentiation, revealing previously unrecognized pathways that ultimately determine biological responses specific to this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA.
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28
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Antonczyk A, Krist B, Sajek M, Michalska A, Piaszyk-Borychowska A, Plens-Galaska M, Wesoly J, Bluyssen HAR. Direct Inhibition of IRF-Dependent Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms Associated With Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1176. [PMID: 31178872 PMCID: PMC6543449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of homologous proteins that regulate the transcription of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-induced gene expression. As such they are important modulating proteins in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IFN signaling pathways, which are vital elements of the innate immune system. IRFs have a multi-domain structure, with the N-terminal part acting as a DNA binding domain (DBD) that recognizes a DNA-binding motif similar to the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE). The C-terminal part contains the IRF-association domain (IAD), with which they can self-associate, bind to IRF family members or interact with other transcription factors. This complex formation is crucial for DNA binding and the commencing of target-gene expression. IRFs bind DNA and exert their activating potential as homo or heterodimers with other IRFs. Moreover, they can form complexes (e.g., with Signal transducers and activators of transcription, STATs) and collaborate with other co-acting transcription factors such as Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and PU.1. In time, more of these IRF co-activating mechanisms have been discovered, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as acute and chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Detailed knowledge of IRFs structure and activating mechanisms predisposes IRFs as potential targets for inhibition in therapeutic strategies connected to numerous immune system-originated diseases. Until now only indirect IRF modulation has been studied in terms of antiviral response regulation and cancer treatment, using mainly antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA knockdown strategies. However, none of these approaches so far entered clinical trials. Moreover, no direct IRF-inhibitory strategies have been reported. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the different IRF-mediated transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and how they reflect the diverse functions of IRFs in homeostasis and in TLR and IFN signaling. Moreover, we present IRFs as promising inhibitory targets and propose a novel direct IRF-modulating strategy employing a pipeline approach that combines comparative in silico docking to the IRF-DBD with in vitro validation of IRF inhibition. We hypothesize that our methodology will enable the efficient identification of IRF-specific and pan-IRF inhibitors that can be used for the treatment of IRF-dependent disorders and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Antonczyk
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bart Krist
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Sajek
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Piaszyk-Borychowska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Plens-Galaska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Wesoly
- Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hans A R Bluyssen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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29
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Abstract
In this review, Boothby et al. summarize some salient advances toward elucidation of the molecular programming of the fate choices and function of B cells in the periphery. They also note unanswered questions that pertain to differences among subsets of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Mature B lymphocytes are crucial components of adaptive immunity, a system essential for the evolutionary fitness of mammals. Adaptive lymphocyte function requires an initially naïve cell to proliferate extensively and its progeny to have the capacity to assume a variety of fates. These include either terminal differentiation (the long-lived plasma cell) or metastable transcriptional reprogramming (germinal center and memory B cells). In this review, we focus principally on the regulation of differentiation and functional diversification of the “B2” subset. An overview is combined with an account of more recent advances, including initial work on mechanisms that eliminate DNA methylation and potential links between intracellular metabolites and chromatin editing.
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30
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Overexpression of CD49d in trisomy 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients is mediated by IRF4 through induction of IKAROS. Leukemia 2019; 33:1278-1302. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Lin Z, Chen B, Wu T, Xu X. Highly Tumorigenic Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Cells Are Produced by Coculture with Stromal Cells. Acta Haematol 2018; 139:201-216. [PMID: 29791894 DOI: 10.1159/000488385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is heterogeneous. We aimed to explore how tumor microenvironment promotes lymphoma cell aggressiveness and heterogeneity. METHODS We created a coculture system using human DLBCL cells and mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Proliferative capacity, drug resistance, clonogenicity, and tumorigenicity were compared in lymphoma cells from the coculture system and lymphoma cells cultured alone. Expression of Notch signaling associated genes was evaluated using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Lymphoma cells in the coculture system differentiated into a suspended cell group and an adherent cell group. They acquired a stronger proliferative capacity and drug resistance than lymphoma cells cultured alone, and differences existed between the adherent cell and suspended cell groups. The suspended cell group acquired the most powerful clonogenic and tumorigenic potential. However, Notch3 was exclusively expressed in the adherent lymphoma cell group and the use of N-[N-(3, 5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, an inhibitor of Notch pathway, could abolish the emergence of highly aggressive lymphoma cells. CONCLUSION Highly tumorigenic lymphoma cells could be generated by coculture with stromal cells, and it was dependent on Notch3 expression in the adjacent lymphoma cells through interaction with stromal cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Coculture Techniques
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mice
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Canalis E. Clinical and experimental aspects of notch receptor signaling: Hajdu-Cheney syndrome and related disorders. Metabolism 2018; 80:48-56. [PMID: 28941602 PMCID: PMC5818282 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are four Notch transmembrane receptors that determine the fate and function of cells. Notch is activated following its interactions with ligands of the Jagged and Delta-like families that lead to the cleavage and release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD); this translocates to the nucleus to induce the transcription of Notch target genes. Genetic disorders of loss- and gain-of-NOTCH function present with severe clinical manifestations. BASIC PROCEDURES In this article, current knowledge of Hajdu Cheney Syndrome (HCS) and related disorders is reviewed. MAIN FINDINGS HCS is a rare genetic disorder characterized by acroosteolysis, fractures, short stature, neurological manifestations, craniofacial developmental abnormalities, cardiovascular defects and polycystic kidneys. HCS is associated with NOTCH2 gain-of-function mutations. An experimental mouse model of the disease revealed that the bone loss is secondary to increased osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption due to enhanced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (Rankl). This would suggest that inhibitors of bone resorption might prove to be beneficial in the treatment of the bone loss associated with HCS. Notch2 is a determinant of B-cell allocation in the marginal zone of the spleen and "somatic" mutations analogous to those found in HCS are associated with B-cell lymphomas of the marginal zone, but there are no reports of lymphomas associated with HCS. CONCLUSION In conclusion, HCS is a serious genetic disorder associated with NOTCH2 mutations. New experimental models have offered insight on mechanisms responsible for the manifestations of HCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Canalis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Medicine, the UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Shukla V, Shukla A, Joshi SS, Lu R. Interferon regulatory factor 4 attenuates Notch signaling to suppress the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41081-41094. [PMID: 27232759 PMCID: PMC5173044 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular pathogenesis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is not fully elucidated. Genome wide association studies have linked Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) to the development of CLL. We recently established a causal relationship between low levels of IRF4 and development of CLL. However, the molecular mechanism through which IRF4 suppresses CLL development remains unclear. Deregulation of Notch signaling pathway has been identified as one of the most recurrent molecular anomalies in the pathogenesis of CLL. Yet, the role of Notch signaling as well as its regulation during CLL development remains poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that IRF4 deficient mice expressing immunoglobulin heavy chain Vh11 (IRF4−/−Vh11) developed spontaneous CLL with complete penetrance. In this study, we show that elevated Notch2 expression and the resulting hyperactivation of Notch signaling are common features of IRF4−/−Vh11 CLL cells. Our studies further reveal that Notch signaling is indispensable for CLL development in the IRF4−/−Vh11 mice. Moreover, we identify E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4, which targets Notch for degradation, as a direct target of IRF4 in CLL cells and their precursors. Collectively, our studies provide the first in vivo evidence for an essential role of Notch signaling in the development of CLL and establish IRF4 as a critical regulator of Notch signaling during CLL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Shukla
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ashima Shukla
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shantaram S Joshi
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Runqing Lu
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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35
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Yu J, Zanotti S, Walia B, Jellison E, Sanjay A, Canalis E. The Hajdu Cheney Mutation Is a Determinant of B-Cell Allocation of the Splenic Marginal Zone. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:149-159. [PMID: 29037852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neurogenic locus notch homolog protein (Notch)-2 receptor is a determinant of B-cell allocation, and gain-of-NOTCH2-function mutations are associated with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS), a disease presenting with osteoporosis and acro-osteolysis. We generated a mouse model reproducing the HCS mutation (Notch2HCS), and heterozygous global mutant mice displayed gain-of-Notch2 function. In the mutant spleen, the characteristic perifollicular rim marking the marginal zone (MZ), which is the interface between the nonlymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white pulp, merged with components of the white pulp. As a consequence, the MZ of Notch2HCS mice occupied most of the splenic structure. To explore the mechanisms involved, lymphocyte populations from the bone marrow and spleen were harvested from heterozygous Notch2HCS mice and sex-matched control littermates and analyzed by flow cytometry. Notch2HCS mice had an increase in CD21/35highCD23- splenic MZ B cells of approximately fivefold and a proportional decrease in splenic follicular B cells (CD21/35intCD23+) at 1, 2, and 12 months of age. Western blot analysis revealed that Notch2HCS mutant splenocytes had increased phospho-Akt and phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase, and gene expression analysis of splenic CD19+ B cells demonstrated induction of Hes1 and Hes5 in Notch2HCS mutants. Anti-Notch2 antibodies decreased MZ B cells in control and Notch2HCS mice. In conclusion, Notch2HCS mutant mice have increased mature B cells in the MZ of the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Stefano Zanotti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, Farmington, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Bhavita Walia
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Evan Jellison
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, Farmington, Connecticut.
| | - Ernesto Canalis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, Farmington, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, Farmington, Connecticut.
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36
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An aberrant NOTCH2-BCR signaling axis in B cells from patients with chronic GVHD. Blood 2017; 130:2131-2145. [PMID: 28851699 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-782466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells contribute to pathogenesis in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), a condition manifested by both B-cell autoreactivity and immune deficiency. We hypothesized that constitutive BCR activation precluded functional B-cell maturation in cGVHD. To address this, we examined BCR-NOTCH2 synergy because NOTCH has been shown to increase BCR responsiveness in normal mouse B cells. We conducted ex vivo activation and signaling assays of 30 primary samples from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients with and without cGVHD. Consistent with a molecular link between pathways, we found that BCR-NOTCH activation significantly increased the proximal BCR adapter protein BLNK. BCR-NOTCH activation also enabled persistent NOTCH2 surface expression, suggesting a positive feedback loop. Specific NOTCH2 blockade eliminated NOTCH-BCR activation and significantly altered NOTCH downstream targets and B-cell maturation/effector molecules. Examination of the molecular underpinnings of this "NOTCH2-BCR axis" in cGVHD revealed imbalanced expression of the transcription factors IRF4 and IRF8, each critical to B-cell differentiation and fate. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increased IRF4 expression, restored the IRF4-to-IRF8 ratio, abrogated BCR-NOTCH hyperactivation, and reduced NOTCH2 expression in cGVHD B cells without compromising viability. ATRA-treated cGVHD B cells had elevated TLR9 and PAX5, but not BLIMP1 (a gene-expression pattern associated with mature follicular B cells) and also attained increased cytosine guanine dinucleotide responsiveness. Together, we reveal a mechanistic link between NOTCH2 activation and robust BCR responses to otherwise suboptimal amounts of surrogate antigen. Our findings suggest that peripheral B cells in cGVHD patients can be pharmacologically directed from hyperactivation toward maturity.
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37
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Abstract
Solid organ and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation have become standard therapeutic interventions that save patient lives and improve quality of life. Our enhanced understanding of transplantation immunobiology has refined clinical management and improved outcomes. However, organ rejection and graft-versus-host disease remain major obstacles to the broader successful application of these therapeutic procedures. Notch signaling regulates multiple aspects of adaptive and innate immunity. Preclinical studies identified Notch signaling as a promising target in autoimmune diseases, as well as after allogeneic hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplantation. Notch was found to be a central regulator of alloreactivity across clinically relevant models of transplantation. Notch inhibition in T cells prevented graft-versus-host disease and organ rejection, establishing organ tolerance by skewing CD4 T helper polarization away from a proinflammatory response toward suppressive regulatory T cells. Notch ligand blockade also dampened alloantibody deposition and prevented chronic rejection through humoral mechanisms. Toxicities of systemic Notch blockade were observed with γ-secretase inhibitors in preclinical and early clinical trials across different indications, but they did not arise upon preclinical targeting of Delta-like Notch ligands, a strategy sufficient to confer full benefits of Notch ablation in T cell alloimmunity. Because multiple clinical grade reagents have been developed to target individual Notch ligands and receptors, the benefits of Notch blockade in transplantation are calling for translation of preclinical findings into human transplantation medicine.
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38
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Newman R, Ahlfors H, Saveliev A, Galloway A, Hodson DJ, Williams R, Besra GS, Cook CN, Cunningham AF, Bell SE, Turner M. Maintenance of the marginal-zone B cell compartment specifically requires the RNA-binding protein ZFP36L1. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:683-693. [PMID: 28394372 PMCID: PMC5438597 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins of the ZFP36 family are best known for inhibiting the expression of cytokines through binding to AU-rich elements in the 3' untranslated region and promoting mRNA decay. Here we identified an indispensable role for ZFP36L1 as the regulator of a post-transcriptional hub that determined the identity of marginal-zone B cells by promoting their proper localization and survival. ZFP36L1 controlled a gene-expression program related to signaling, cell adhesion and locomotion; it achieved this in part by limiting expression of the transcription factors KLF2 and IRF8, which are known to enforce the follicular B cell phenotype. These mechanisms emphasize the importance of integrating transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes by RNA-binding proteins for maintaining cellular identity among closely related cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Newman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute,
1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Ahlfors
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Saveliev
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Galloway
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, The Clifford
Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH,
United Kingdom
| | - Robert Williams
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15
2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte N Cook
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Bell
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Turner
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham
Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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39
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Stache V, Verlaat L, Gätjen M, Heinig K, Westermann J, Rehm A, Höpken UE. The splenic marginal zone shapes the phenotype of leukemia B cells and facilitates their niche-specific retention and survival. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1323155. [PMID: 28680761 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1323155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental regulation in lymphoid tissues is essential for the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We identified cellular and molecular factors provided by the splenic marginal zone (MZ), which alter the migratory and adhesive behavior of leukemic cells. We used the Cxcr5-/-Eµ-Tcl1 leukemia mouse model, in which tumor cells are excluded from B cell follicles and instead accumulate within the MZ. Genes involved in MZ B cell development and genes encoding for adhesion molecules were upregulated in MZ-localized Cxcr5-/-Eµ-Tcl1 cells. Likewise, surface expression of the adhesion and homing molecules, CD49d/VLA-4 and CXCR7, and of NOTCH2 was increased. In vitro, exposing Eµ-Tcl1 cells or human CLL cells to niche-specific stimuli, like B cell receptor- or Toll-like receptor ligands, caused surface expression of these molecules characteristic for a follicular or MZ-like microenvironment, respectively. In vivo, inhibition of VLA-4-mediated adhesion and CXCL13-mediated follicular homing displaced leukemic cells not only from the follicle, but also from the MZ and reduced leukemia progression. We conclude that MZ-specific factors shape the phenotype of leukemic cells and facilitate their niche-specific retention. This strong microenvironmental influence gains pathogenic significance independent from tumor-specific genetic aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Stache
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lydia Verlaat
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Gätjen
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Heinig
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Westermann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-University Medicine , Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin Rehm
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Berlin, Germany
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40
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King JK, Ung NM, Paing MH, Contreras JR, Alberti MO, Fernando TR, Zhang K, Pellegrini M, Rao DS. Regulation of Marginal Zone B-Cell Differentiation by MicroRNA-146a. Front Immunol 2017; 7:670. [PMID: 28138326 PMCID: PMC5237642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell development in the bone marrow is followed by specification into functional subsets in the spleen, including marginal zone (MZ) B-cells. MZ B-cells are classically characterized by T-independent antigenic responses and require the elaboration of distinct gene expression programs for development. Given their role in gene regulation, it is not surprising that microRNAs are important factors in B-cell development. Recent work demonstrated that deficiency of the NFκB feedback regulator, miR-146a, led to a range of hematopoietic phenotypes, but B-cell phenotypes have not been extensively characterized. Here, we found that miR-146a-deficient mice demonstrate a reduction in MZ B-cells, likely from a developmental block. Utilizing high-throughput sequencing and comparative analysis of developmental stage-specific transcriptomes, we determined that MZ cell differentiation was impaired due to decreases in Notch2 signaling. Our studies reveal miR-146a-dependent B-cell phenotypes and highlight the complex role of miR-146a in the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. King
- Division of Rheumatology and STAR Program, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Ph.D.Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nolan M. Ung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - May H. Paing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jorge R. Contreras
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Ph.D.Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael O. Alberti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thilini R. Fernando
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dinesh S. Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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41
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Hammad H, Vanderkerken M, Pouliot P, Deswarte K, Toussaint W, Vergote K, Vandersarren L, Janssens S, Ramou I, Savvides SN, Haigh JJ, Hendriks R, Kopf M, Craessaerts K, de Strooper B, Kearney JF, Conrad DH, Lambrecht BN. Transitional B cells commit to marginal zone B cell fate by Taok3-mediated surface expression of ADAM10. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:313-320. [PMID: 28068307 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch2 and B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling determine whether transitional B cells become marginal zone B (MZB) or follicular B (FoB) cells in the spleen, but it is unknown how these pathways are related. We generated Taok3-/- mice, lacking the serine/threonine kinase Taok3, and found cell-intrinsic defects in the development of MZB but not FoB cells. Type 1 transitional (T1) B cells required Taok3 to rapidly respond to ligation by the Notch ligand Delta-like 1. BCR ligation by endogenous or exogenous ligands induced the surface expression of the metalloproteinase ADAM10 on T1 B cells in a Taok3-dependent manner. T1 B cells expressing surface ADAM10 were committed to becoming MZB cells in vivo, whereas T1 B cells lacking expression of ADAM10 were not. Thus, during positive selection in the spleen, BCR signaling causes immature T1 B cells to become receptive to Notch ligands via Taok3-mediated surface expression of ADAM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamida Hammad
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias Vanderkerken
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Pouliot
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Deswarte
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wendy Toussaint
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karl Vergote
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lana Vandersarren
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Janssens
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ioanna Ramou
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,The Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-Probe), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,The Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-Probe), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jody J Haigh
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katleen Craessaerts
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart de Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Daniel H Conrad
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Recent investigations have provided an increasingly complete picture of the genetic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). These analyses revealed that the CLL genome displays a high degree of heterogeneity between patients and within the same patient. In addition, they highlighted molecular mechanisms and functionally relevant biological programmes that may be important for the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of this disease. This Review focuses on recent insights into the understanding of CLL biology, with emphasis on the role of genetic lesions in the initiation and clinical progression of CLL. We also consider the translation of these findings into the development of risk-adapted and targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fabbri
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Riccardo Dalla-Favera
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and New York, New York 10032, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Development and Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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43
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De Silva NS, Silva K, Anderson MM, Bhagat G, Klein U. Impairment of Mature B Cell Maintenance upon Combined Deletion of the Alternative NF-κB Transcription Factors RELB and NF-κB2 in B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2591-601. [PMID: 26851215 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BAFF is critical for the survival and maturation of mature B cells. BAFF, via BAFFR, activates multiple signaling pathways in B cells, including the alternative NF-κB pathway. The transcription factors RELB and NF-κB2 (p100/p52) are the downstream mediators of the alternative pathway; however, the B cell-intrinsic functions of these NF-κB subunits have not been studied in vivo using conditional alleles, either individually or in combination. We in this study report that B cell-specific deletion of relb led to only a slight decrease in the fraction of mature splenic B cells, whereas deletion of nfkb2 caused a marked reduction. This phenotype was further exacerbated upon combined deletion of relb and nfkb2 and most dramatically affected the maintenance of marginal zone B cells. BAFF stimulation, in contrast to CD40 activation, was unable to rescue relb/nfkb2-deleted B cells in vitro. RNA-sequencing analysis of BAFF-stimulated nfkb2-deleted versus normal B cells suggests that the alternative NF-κB pathway, in addition to its critical role in BAFF-mediated cell survival, may control the expression of genes involved in the positioning of B cells within the lymphoid microenvironment and in the establishment of T cell-B cell interactions. Thus, by ablating the downstream transcription factors of the alternative NF-κB pathway specifically in B cells, we identify in this study a critical role for the combined activity of the RELB and NF-κB2 subunits in B cell homeostasis that cannot be compensated for by the canonical NF-κB pathway under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilushi S De Silva
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Kathryn Silva
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Michael M Anderson
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Ulf Klein
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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44
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Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 3 (EBNA3) Proteins Regulate EBNA2 Binding to Distinct RBPJ Genomic Sites. J Virol 2015; 90:2906-19. [PMID: 26719268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02737-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Latent infection of B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in vitro results in their immortalization into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs); this latency program is controlled by the EBNA2 viral transcriptional activator, which targets promoters via RBPJ, a DNA binding protein in the Notch signaling pathway. Three other EBNA3 proteins (EBNA3A, EBNA3B, and EBNA3C) interact with RBPJ to regulate cell gene expression. The mechanism by which EBNAs regulate different genes via RBPJ remains unclear. Our chromatin immunoprecipitation with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis of the EBNA3 proteins analyzed in concert with prior EBNA2 and RBPJ data demonstrated that EBNA3A, EBNA3B, and EBNA3C bind to distinct, partially overlapping genomic locations. Although RBPJ interaction is critical for EBNA3A and EBNA3C growth effects, only 30 to 40% of EBNA3-bound sites colocalize with RBPJ. Using LCLs conditional for EBNA3A or EBNA3C activity, we demonstrate that EBNA2 binding at sites near EBNA3A- or EBNA3C-regulated genes is specifically regulated by the respective EBNA3. To investigate EBNA3 binding specificity, we identified sequences and transcription factors enriched at EBNA3A-, EBNA3B-, and EBNA3C-bound sites. This confirmed the prior observation that IRF4 is enriched at EBNA3A- and EBNA3C-bound sites and revealed IRF4 enrichment at EBNA3B-bound sites. Using IRF4-negative BJAB cells, we demonstrate that IRF4 is essential for EBNA3C, but not EBNA3A or EBNA3B, binding to specific sites. These results support a model in which EBNA2 and EBNA3s compete for distinct subsets of RBPJ sites to regulate cell genes and where EBNA3 subset specificity is determined by interactions with other cell transcription factors. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent gene products cause human cancers and transform B lymphocytes into immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines in vitro. EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs) and membrane proteins constitutively activate pathways important for lymphocyte growth and survival. An important unresolved question is how four different EBNAs (EBNA2, -3A, -3B, and -3C) exert unique effects via a single transcription factor, RBPJ. Here, we report that each EBNA binds to distinct but partially overlapping sets of genomic sites. EBNA3A and EBNA3C specifically regulate EBNA2's access to different RBPJ sites, providing a mechanism by which each EBNA can regulate distinct cell genes. We show that IRF4, an essential regulator of B cell differentiation, is critical for EBNA3C binding specificity; EBNA3A and EBNA3B specificities are likely due to interactions with other cell transcription factors. EBNA3 titration of EBNA2 transcriptional function at distinct sites likely limits cell defenses that would be triggered by unchecked EBNA2 prooncogenic activity.
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Zhao Z, Chen L, Dawlaty MM, Pan F, Weeks O, Zhou Y, Cao Z, Shi H, Wang J, Lin L, Chen S, Yuan W, Qin Z, Ni H, Nimer SD, Yang FC, Jaenisch R, Jin P, Xu M. Combined Loss of Tet1 and Tet2 Promotes B Cell, but Not Myeloid Malignancies, in Mice. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1692-704. [PMID: 26586431 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TET1/2/3 are methylcytosine dioxygenases that regulate cytosine hydroxymethylation. Tet1/2 are abundantly expressed in HSC/HPCs and are implicated in hematological malignancies. Tet2 deletion in mice causes myeloid malignancies, while Tet1-null mice develop B cell lymphoma after an extended period of latency. Interestingly, TET1/2 are often concomitantly downregulated in acute B-lymphocytic leukemia. Here, we investigated the overlapping and non-redundant functions of Tet1/2 using Tet1/2 double-knockout (DKO) mice. DKO and Tet2(-/-) HSC/HPCs show overlapping and unique 5 hmC and 5 mC profiles. DKO mice exhibit strikingly decreased incidence and delayed onset of myeloid malignancies in comparison to Tet2(-/-) mice and in contrast develop lethal B cell malignancies. Transcriptome analysis of DKO tumors reveals expression changes in many genes dysregulated in human B cell malignancies, including LMO2, BCL6, and MYC. These results highlight the critical roles of TET1/2 individually and together in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Meelad M Dawlaty
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Feng Pan
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ophelia Weeks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Zeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shi Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Zhaohui Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongyu Ni
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Feng-Chun Yang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Li S, Guo X, Lu LF, Lu XB, Wu N, Zhang YA. Regulation pattern of fish irf4 (the gene encoding IFN regulatory factor 4) by STAT6, c-Rel and IRF4. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:65-73. [PMID: 25735871 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) plays pivotal roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mammals. In fish, there are two homologues of irf4, irf4a and irf4b. In this study, we examined the regulatory patterns of zebrafish irf4a and irf4b by STAT6 and c-Rel. Firstly, expression of irf4a and irf4b was monitored in several tissues at mRNA level. By infection with SVCV, irf4a and irf4b were upregulated in both kidney and spleen, and were immediately induced by treatment with poly I:C in ZF4 cells. Moreover, the activation of irf4a promoter was regulated by overexpression of stat6 and c-rel in a cooperation manner, which could be inhibited by mutation of the putative binding sites of STAT6 and c-Rel in irf4a promoter region. However, irf4b promoter was activated slightly only by STAT6 but not c-Rel. Furthermore, overexpression of irf4a inhibited the activation of its own promoter under induction of STAT6 and c-Rel, which was the result of that IRF4a bound to STAT6 and c-Rel directly. In addition, cellular location analysis showed that IRF4a was located only in nuclear region. These data indicate that fish irf4a can also be upregulated by STAT6 and c-Rel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xia Guo
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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γ-Secretase directly sheds the survival receptor BCMA from plasma cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7333. [PMID: 26065893 PMCID: PMC4490565 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of plasma cells is regulated by B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a membrane-bound receptor activated by its agonist ligands BAFF and APRIL. Here we report that γ-secretase directly cleaves BCMA, without prior truncation by another protease. This direct shedding is facilitated by the short length of BCMA's extracellular domain. In vitro, γ-secretase reduces BCMA-mediated NF-κB activation. In addition, γ-secretase releases soluble BCMA (sBCMA) that acts as a decoy neutralizing APRIL. In vivo, inhibition of γ-secretase enhances BCMA surface expression in plasma cells and increases their number in the bone marrow. Furthermore, in multiple sclerosis, sBCMA levels in spinal fluid are elevated and associated with intracerebral IgG production; in systemic lupus erythematosus, sBCMA levels in serum are elevated and correlate with disease activity. Together, shedding of BCMA by γ-secretase controls plasma cells in the bone marrow and yields a potential biomarker for B-cell involvement in human autoimmune diseases. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) regulates the survival of B cells and is essential for the maintenance of long-lived plasma cells. Here, the authors show that γ-secretase directly sheds BCMA from the cell surface and therefore regulates the number of plasma cells.
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Liu Z, Brunskill E, Varnum-Finney B, Zhang C, Zhang A, Jay PY, Bernstein I, Morimoto M, Kopan R. The intracellular domains of Notch1 and Notch2 are functionally equivalent during development and carcinogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2452-63. [PMID: 26062937 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although Notch1 and Notch2 are closely related paralogs and function through the same canonical signaling pathway, they contribute to different outcomes in some cell and disease contexts. To understand the basis for these differences, we examined in detail mice in which the Notch intracellular domains (N1ICD and N2ICD) were swapped. Our data indicate that strength (defined here as the ultimate number of intracellular domain molecules reaching the nucleus, integrating ligand-mediated release and nuclear translocation) and duration (half-life of NICD-RBPjk-MAML-DNA complexes, integrating cooperativity and stability dependent on shared sequence elements) are the factors that underlie many of the differences between Notch1 and Notch2 in all the contexts we examined, including T-cell development, skin differentiation and carcinogenesis, the inner ear, the lung and the retina. We were able to show that phenotypes in the heart, endothelium, and marginal zone B cells are attributed to haploinsufficiency but not to intracellular domain composition. Tissue-specific differences in NICD stability were most likely caused by alternative scissile bond choices by tissue-specific γ-secretase complexes following the intracellular domain swap. Reinterpretation of clinical findings based on our analyses suggests that differences in outcome segregating with Notch1 or Notch2 are likely to reflect outcomes dependent on the overall strength of Notch signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Liu
- SAGE Labs, A Horizon Discovery Group Company, St Louis, MO 63146, USA
| | - Eric Brunskill
- Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Barbara Varnum-Finney
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew Zhang
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Patrick Y Jay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Irv Bernstein
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Case JB, Bonami RH, Nyhoff LE, Steinberg HE, Sullivan AM, Kendall PL. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Synergizes with Notch2 To Govern Marginal Zone B Cells in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:61-70. [PMID: 26034172 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of autoimmune-prone marginal zone (MZ) B cells has been implicated in type 1 diabetes. To test disease contributions of MZ B cells in NOD mice, Notch2 haploinsufficiency (Notch2(+/-)) was introduced but failed to eliminate the MZ, as it does in C57BL/6 mice. Notch2(+/-)/NOD have MZ B cell numbers similar to those of wild-type C57BL/6, yet still develop diabetes. To test whether BCR signaling supports Notch2(+/-)/NOD MZ B cells, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) deficiency was introduced. Surprisingly, MZ B cells failed to develop in Btk-deficient Notch2(+/-)/NOD mice. Expression of Notch2 and its transcriptional target, Hes5, was increased in NOD MZ B cells compared with C57BL/6 MZ B cells. Btk deficiency reduced Notch2(+/-) signaling exclusively in NOD B cells, suggesting that BCR signaling enhances Notch2 signaling in this autoimmune model. The role of BCR signaling was further investigated using an anti-insulin transgenic (Tg) BCR (125Tg). Anti-insulin B cells in 125Tg/Notch2(+/-)/NOD mice populate an enlarged MZ, suggesting that low-level BCR signaling overcomes reliance on Notch2. Tracking clonotypes of anti-insulin B cells in H chain-only VH125Tg/NOD mice showed that BTK-dependent selection into the MZ depends on strength of antigenic binding, whereas Notch2-mediated selection does not. Importantly, anti-insulin B cell numbers were reduced by Btk deficiency, but not Notch2 haploinsufficiency. These studies show that 1) Notch2 haploinsufficiency limits NOD MZ B cell expansion without preventing type 1 diabetes, 2) BTK supports the Notch2 pathway in NOD MZ B cells, and 3) autoreactive NOD B cell survival relies on BTK more than Notch2, regardless of MZ location, which may have important implications for disease-intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Case
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Rachel H Bonami
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Lindsay E Nyhoff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Hannah E Steinberg
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Allison M Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Peggy L Kendall
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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50
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Zhao GN, Jiang DS, Li H. Interferon regulatory factors: at the crossroads of immunity, metabolism, and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:365-78. [PMID: 24807060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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