STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE : X. TOXIN PRODUCTION BY NORMAL AND BY PHAGE-RESISTANT SHIGA DYSENTERY BACILLI

The murky origin of Snow White and her T-even dwarfs

That two distinct kinds of substances—the d'Hérelle substances and the genes—should both possess this most remarkable property of heritable variation or “mutability,” each working by a totally different mechanism, is quite conceivable, considering the complexity of protoplasm, yet it would seem a curious coincidence indeed. It would open up the possibility of two totally different kinds of life, working by different mechanisms. On the other hand, if these d'Hérelle bodies were really genes, fundamentally like our chromosome genes, they would give us an utterly new angle from which to attack the gene problem. They are filterable, to some extent isolable, can be handled in test-tubes, and their properties, as shown by their effects on the bacteria, can then be studied after treatment. It would be very rash to call these bodies genes, and yet at present we must confess that there is no distinction known between the genes and them. Hence we cannot categorically deny that perhaps we may be able to grind genes in a mortar and cook them in a beaker after all. Must we geneticists become bacteriologists, physiological chemists, and physicists, simultaneously with being zoologists and botanists? Let us hope so.

H. J. Muller (1922, pp. 48–49)