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Alexander RG, Mintz RJ, Custodio PJ, Macknik SL, Vaziri A, Venkatakrishnan A, Gindina S, Martinez-Conde S. Gaze mechanisms enabling the detection of faint stars in the night sky. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5357-5367. [PMID: 34160864 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For millennia, people have used "averted vision" to improve their detection of faint celestial objects, a technique first documented around 325 BCE. Yet, no studies have assessed gaze location during averted vision to determine what pattern best facilitates perception. Here, we characterized averted vision while recording eye-positions of dark-adapted human participants, for the first time. We simulated stars of apparent magnitudes 3.3 and 3.5, matching their brightness to Megrez (the dimmest star in the Big Dipper) and Tau Ceti. Participants indicated whether each star was visible from a series of fixation locations, providing a comprehensive map of detection performance in all directions. Contrary to prior predictions, maximum detection was first achieved at ~8° from the star, much closer to the fovea than expected from rod-cone distributions alone. These findings challenge the assumption of optimal detection at the rod density peak and provide the first systematic assessment of an age-old facet of human vision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald J Mintz
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Custodio
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Alipasha Vaziri
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Kavli Neural Systems Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sofya Gindina
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Łabuz G, Rayamajhi A, Usinger J, Komar K, Merz P, Khoramnia R, Palczewska G, Palczewski K, Auffarth GU. Clinical Application of Infrared-Light Microperimetry in the Assessment of Scotopic-Eye Sensitivity. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:7. [PMID: 32855854 PMCID: PMC7422764 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.8.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The eye can see pulsed near-infrared (IR) radiation with the color corresponding to half of the wavelength used. Until recently, the technology required for measuring IR vision was confined to optical laboratories and was not studied clinically. The current investigation sought to determine the values for IR thresholds in a healthy population. Methods IR-light threshold was measured in 45 healthy participants, aged from 21 to 70 years. Ten patients with retinal pathology were included for comparison. Ocular media clarity was assessed with a straylight parameter. The sensitivity of dark-adapted eyes (expressed on a 0-26 dB scale) were tested using an IR microperimeter. The device consists of a femtosecond laser that emits 1045 nm light to project a stimulus at the retina. Results All participants were able to see the IR stimulus, which they perceived as green, and all performed the test. Measurements at seven locations revealed lower sensitivity at the fovea (15.5 dB) than in paracentral regions (18.2 dB). We noted a significant straylight increase with age. Although, in our study population, it was only a slight, -0.18 dB decline per decade of the average IR-sensitivity. The retinal-pathology group demonstrated impaired sensitivity to IR light. Conclusions We showed that IR-light sensitivity does not significantly decrease with age despite a straylight increase. A reference level for the IR threshold was proposed. The application of IR-light microperimetry can be extended to the assessment of retinal pathology. Translational Relevance IR-light microperimetry could be applied clinically to measure visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Łabuz
- The David J. Apple Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asu Rayamajhi
- The David J. Apple Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Usinger
- The David J. Apple Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Komar
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
- Baltic Institute of Technology, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Patrick Merz
- The David J. Apple Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramin Khoramnia
- The David J. Apple Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grazyna Palczewska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Polgenix, Inc., Department of Medical Devices, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gerd U. Auffarth
- The David J. Apple Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Subjects were instructed to equate the brightness of two stimuli of different areas presented alternately to the far periphery. The results are closely describable by IA = k (Ricco's Law), indicating that the subjects equated total luminous flux. It is suggested that these results and certain other behavioural and anatomical considerations make it unnecessary to consider flux discrimination a “subcortical” or “lower” visual function as compared with brightness discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Bouman
- a Research Unit for Perception of the National Defense Research Council, The Netherlands
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Crozier WJ, Wolf E. TEMPERATURE AND CRITICAL ILLUMINATION FOR REACTION TO FLICKERING LIGHT : V. XIPHOPHORUS, PLATYPOECILIUS, AND THEIR HYBRIDS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 23:143-63. [PMID: 19873143 PMCID: PMC2237921 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.23.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For the teleosts Xiphophorus montezuma, Platypoecilius maculatus, and their F(1) hybrids the temperature characteristics (micro in Arrhenius' equation) are the same for the shift of the low intensity and the high intensity segments of the respective and different flicker response contours (critical intensity I as a function of flash frequency F, with light time fraction constant, at 50 per cent). The value of micro is 12,500 calories or a very little less, over the range 12.5 to 36 degrees . This shows that 1/I can be understood as a measure of excitability, with F fixed, and that the excitability is governed by the velocity of a chemical process common to both the classes of elements represented in the duplex performance curve (rods and cones). It is accordingly illegitimate to assume that the different shapes of the rod and cone branches of the curves are determined by differences in the chemical mechanisms of excitability. It is also forbidden to assume that the differing form constants for the homologous segments in the curves for two forms (X. and P.) are the reflections of a difference in the chemical factors of primary excitability. These differences are determined by statistical factors of the distribution of excitabilities among the elements implicated in the sensory effect vs. intensity function, and are independent of temperature and of the temperature characteristic. It must be concluded that the physicochemical nature of the excitatory process cannot be deduced from the shape of the performance contour. The form constants (sigma'(log I) and F(max.)) for F vs. log I are specifically heritable in F(1), although micro is here the same as for X. and P. In an intergeneric cross one cannot in general expect Mendelian simplicity of segregation in subsequent generations, and in the present case we find that F(2) individuals are indistinguishable from F(1), both as regards F vs. log I and as regards the variation of I within a group of 17 individuals. The result in F(2) definitely shows, however, that certain specific statistical form constants for the F-log I contour are transmissible in inheritance. It is pointed out that there thus is provided an instance in which statistical (distribution) factors in performance characteristics involving the summating properties of assemblages of cellular units are heritable in a simple manner without the implication of detectable differences in chemical organization of the units involved. This has an important bearing upon the logic of the theory of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Crozier
- Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge
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Abstract
Human visual performance depends upon the retinal position to which a target is delivered. A general finding is that performance measured in a variety of psychophysical tasks deteriorates as a target is presented to more eccentric retinal regions. One purpose of this paper is to describe differences between foveal and peripheral vision in a number of psychophysical tasks. A second purpose is to review studies which have attempted to account for the fall off in visual performance between central and peripheral target presentations. A third purpose is to consider the contribution of the periphery to perception since targets which are sufficiently large project not only on receptors in the fovea but also on those in the periphery. In addition, stimuli presented to the peripheral retina can influence the processing of a target presented to the central retinal region. A fourth purpose is to review studies which have attempted to compensate for foveal and peripheral differences by scaling the target in size or some other attribute in proportion to the cortical magnification factor. A final purpose of this paper is to consider whether the fovea and the periphery are specialized for different functions.
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Bernholz CD, Spillmann L, DaForno V. Dark adaptation with interposed white adapting fields. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1982; 219:171-5. [PMID: 7173631 DOI: 10.1007/bf02156842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is proposed that dark adaptation following a moderate pigment bleach may nearly as well be carried out (and more conveniently) under low room lighting conditions as in complete darkness. To test this idea, dark adaptation curves were determined either immediately after the termination of a 3 min, 4.1 log td white pre-exposure field, or following 10 or 15 min of additional exposure to one of three low-level photopic (2.9, 2.4, 1.8 log td) backgrounds of white light. Dark thresholds measured after the additional exposure fell rapidly and reached the rod plateau of the normal dark adaptation curve with a maximal delay of 1.5 min (for the 10 min backgrounds) or 6.5 min (for the 15 min backgrounds). For the time to be spent in the dark, this meant a savings of 8.5 min. At smaller delays savings were even greater. The difference between savings and delay indicates whether or not an interposed background is feasible.
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Cogan AI, Silverman G, Sekuler R. Binocular summation in detection of contrast flashes. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1982; 31:330-8. [PMID: 7110886 DOI: 10.3758/bf03202656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Pöppel E, Harvey LO. Light-difference threshold and subjective brightness in the periphery of the visual field. PSYCHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG 1973; 36:145-61. [PMID: 4770517 DOI: 10.1007/bf00424967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Spillmann L, Coderre J. Increment thresholds for striped and uniform test fields as a function of background level. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1973; 63:601-5. [PMID: 4731337 DOI: 10.1364/josa.63.000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Spillmann L, Nowlan AT, Bernholz CD. Dark adaptation in the presence of waning background luminances. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1972; 62:177-81. [PMID: 5009383 DOI: 10.1364/josa.62.000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Spillmann L, Conlon JE. Photochromatic interval during dark adaptation and as a function of background luminance. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1972; 62:182-5. [PMID: 5009384 DOI: 10.1364/josa.62.000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Spillmann L, Wolf E, Nowlan AT. Dark and light adaptation with opposite time courses. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1971; 61:1122-3. [PMID: 5121882 DOI: 10.1364/josa.61.001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Efron R, Wolf E. An unusual form of night-blindness associated with increased stereoscopic acuity. Vision Res 1966; 6:717-24. [PMID: 5305382 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(66)90083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wolf E, Zigler MJ. Excitation of the Peripheral Retina with Coincident and Disparate Test Fields*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965. [DOI: 10.1364/josa.55.001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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HADER M. STUDIES IN BASIC GERONTOLOGIC RESEARCH. OPHTHALMOLOGIC PROBLEMS AND PSYCHIATRIC STATUS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. J Am Geriatr Soc 1965; 13:573-80. [PMID: 14299579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1965.tb00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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WOLF E, GARDINER JS. Sensitivity of the Retinal Area in One Eye Corresponding to the Blind Spot in the Other Eye*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 53:1437-40. [PMID: 14134100 DOI: 10.1364/josa.53.001437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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WOLF E, ZIGLER MJ. Effects of Uniocular and Binocular Excitation of the Peripheral Retina with Test Fields of Various Shapes on Binocular Summation*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 53:1199-205. [PMID: 14073698 DOI: 10.1364/josa.53.001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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ZIV B, WOLF E. Recording of Electrical Potentials from Specific Areas of the Retina. Nature 1962; 196:778-9. [PMID: 14003804 DOI: 10.1038/196778a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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YONEMURA GT. Luminance Threshold as a Function of Angular Distance from an Inducing Source*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962; 52:1030-4. [PMID: 14009178 DOI: 10.1364/josa.52.001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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WOLF E, ZIGLER MJ. Uniocular and Binocular Scotopic Responsiveness of the Peripheral Retina*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959; 49:394-8. [PMID: 13631566 DOI: 10.1364/josa.49.000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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GRANGER GW. Psychophysiology of Vision. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1959; 1:245-98. [PMID: 13828919 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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JOHANNSEN DE, MCBRIDE PI, WULFECK JW. Studies on dark adaptation. I. The pre-exposure tolerance of the dark-adapted fovea. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1956; 46:67-71. [PMID: 13272105 DOI: 10.1364/josa.46.000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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MITCHELL RT, LIAUDANSKY LH. Effect of differential adaptation of the eyes upon threshold sensitivity. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1955; 45:831-4. [PMID: 13263998 DOI: 10.1364/josa.45.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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WOLF E, ZIGLER MJ. Course of dark adaptation under various conditions of pre-exposure and testing. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1955; 45:696-702. [PMID: 13252486 DOI: 10.1364/josa.45.000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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WOLF E, ZIGLER MJ. Location of the break in the dark adaptation curve in relation to pre-exposure brightness and pre-exposure time. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1954; 44:875-9. [PMID: 13212525 DOI: 10.1364/josa.44.000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zigler MJ, Wolf E, King ES. The Influence of Surround Brightness and Short Wave Components of Radiation on Dark Adaptation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1951. [DOI: 10.1364/josa.41.000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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CHOW K, BLUM JS, BLUM RA. Cell ratios in the thalamo-cortical visual system of Macaca mulatta. J Comp Neurol 1950; 92:227-239. [PMID: 15415473 DOI: 10.1002/cne.900920208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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