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Westbrook BR, Patel DJ, Dallas JD, Swartzfager GC, Lee TJ, Fortenberry RC. Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies and Spectroscopic Constants of Substituted Cyclopropenylidene (c-C 3HX, X = F, Cl, CN). J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8860-8868. [PMID: 34609881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent detection of ethynyl-functionalized cyclopropenylidene (c-C3HC2H) has initiated the search for other functional forms of cyclopropenylidene (c-C3H2) in space. There is existing gas-phase rotational spectroscopic data for cyano-cyclopropenylidene (c-C3HCN), but the present work provides the first anharmonic vibrational spectral data for that molecule, as well as the first full set of both rotational and vibrational spectroscopic data for fluoro- and chloro-cyclopropenylidenes (c-C3HF and c-C3HCl). All three molecules have fundamental vibrational frequencies with substantial infrared intensities. Namely, c-C3HCN has a moderately intense fundamental frequency at 1244.4 cm-1, while c-C3HF has two large intensity modes at 1765.4 and 1125.3 cm-1 and c-C3HCl again has two large intensity modes at 1692.0 and 1062.5 cm-1. All of these frequencies are well within the spectral range covered by the high-resolution EXES instrument on NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Further, all three molecules have dipole moments of around 3.0 D in line with c-C3H2, enabling them to be observed by pure rotational spectroscopy, as well. Thus, the rovibrational spectral data presented herein should assist with future laboratory studies of functionalized cyclopropenylidenes and may lead to their interstellar or circumstellar detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent R Westbrook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Dev J Patel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Jax D Dallas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - G Clark Swartzfager
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States.,Cleveland Central High School, 300 West Sunflower Road, Cleveland, Mississippi 38732, United States
| | - Timothy J Lee
- MS 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
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A Small Molecule with PAH Vibrational Properties and a Detectable Rotational Spectrum: c-(C)C3H2, Cyclopropenylidenyl Carbene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf85a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Fortenberry RC, Lee TJ. Computational vibrational spectroscopy for the detection of molecules in space. ANNUAL REPORTS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.arcc.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Fortenberry RC, Novak CM, Layfield JP, Matito E, Lee TJ. Overcoming the Failure of Correlation for Out-of-Plane Motions in a Simple Aromatic: Rovibrational Quantum Chemical Analysis of c-C 3H 2. J Chem Theory Comput 2018. [PMID: 29522337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Truncated, correlated, wave function methods either produce imaginary frequencies (in the extreme case) or nonphysically low frequencies in out-of-plane motions for carbon and adjacent atoms when the carbon atoms engage in π bonding. Cyclopropenylidene is viewed as the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, and the present as well as previous theoretical studies have shown that this simple molecule exhibits this behavior in the two out-of-plane bends (OPBs). This nonphysical behavior has been treated by removing nearly linear dependent basis functions according to eigenvalues of the overlap matrix, by employing basis sets where the spd space saturatation is balanced with higher angular momentum functions, by including basis set superposition/incompleteness error (BSSE/BSIE) corrections, or by combining standard correlation methods with explicitly correlated methods to produce hybrid potential surfaces. However, this work supports the recently described hypothesis that the OPB problem is both a method and a basis set effect. The correlated wave function's largest higher-order substitution term comes from a π → π* excitation where constructive interference of both orbitals artificially stabilizes the OPB. By employing schema to overcome this issue, the symmetric OPB ν9 is the predicted to be the second-brightest transition, and it will be observed very close to 775 cm-1. However, more work from the community is required to formulate better how carbon atoms interact with their adjacent atoms in π-bonded systems. Such bonds are ubiquitous in all of chemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Fortenberry
- Georgia Southern University , Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Statesboro , Georgia 30460 , United States
| | - Carlie M Novak
- Georgia Southern University , Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Statesboro , Georgia 30460 , United States
| | - Joshua P Layfield
- University of St. Thomas , Department of Chemsitry , St. Paul , Minnesota 55105 , United States
| | - Eduard Matito
- Kimika Fakultatea , Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia , Euskadi , Spain.,Ikerbasque , Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Timothy J Lee
- MS 245-3 NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field , California 94035-1000 , United States
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Tan X, Wang W, Li P. Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of cyclopropenylidene with cyclic CnH2nO (n=2, 3) compounds: Ring expansion process. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Lin Z, Tan L, Yang Y, Dai M, Tureček F, Ouyang Z, Xia Y. Gas-phase reactions of cyclopropenylidene with protonated alkyl amines. Analyst 2016; 141:2412-7. [PMID: 26978226 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00235h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of c-C3H2 with protonated amines are driven by its high gas-phase basicity, forming proton-bound dimer as the first step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Lin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | | | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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Steglich M, Fulara J, Maity S, Nagy A, Maier JP. Electronic spectra of linear HC5H and cumulene carbene H2C5. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:244311. [PMID: 26133432 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1(3)Σu (-)←X(3)Σg (-) transition of linear HC5H (A) has been observed in a neon matrix and gas phase. The assignment is based on mass-selective experiments, extrapolation of previous results of the longer HC2n+1H homologues, and density functional and multi-state CASPT2 theoretical methods. Another band system starting at 303 nm in neon is assigned as the 1(1)A1←X˜(1)A1 transition of the cumulene carbene pentatetraenylidene H2C5 (B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Steglich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Fulara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Surajit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Maier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Zhao D, Doney KD, Linnartz H. LABORATORY GAS-PHASE DETECTION OF THE CYCLOPROPENYL CATION (c-C
3
H
3
+
). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/791/2/l28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Osborn DL, Vogelhuber KM, Wren SW, Miller EM, Lu YJ, Case AS, Sheps L, McMahon RJ, Stanton JF, Harding LB, Ruscic B, Lineberger WC. Electronic States of the Quasilinear Molecule Propargylene (HCCCH) from Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10361-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5039984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969, United States
- JILA
and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Kristen M. Vogelhuber
- JILA
and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Scott W. Wren
- JILA
and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Elisa M. Miller
- JILA
and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Yu-Ju Lu
- JILA
and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Amanda S. Case
- JILA
and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Leonid Sheps
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969, United States
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - John F. Stanton
- Institute
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lawrence B. Harding
- Division
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Branko Ruscic
- Division
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - W. Carl Lineberger
- JILA
and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
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Tan X, Wang W, Jing Y, Wang F, Li P. Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of cyclopropenylidene with azacyclopropane: ring expansion process. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Tan X, Wang W, Sun Q, Jing Y, Li P. Theoretical study of the ring expansion reaction mechanism of cyclopropenylidene with azetidine. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2088. [PMID: 24535106 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for the ring expansion reaction between cyclopropenylidene and azetidine was systematically investigated employing second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) in order to better understand the reactivity of cyclopropenylidene with the four-membered ring compound azetidine. Geometry optimizations and vibrational analyses were performed for the stationary points on the potential energy surfaces of the system. The results of our calculations show that cyclopropenylidene can insert into azetidine at its C-N or C-C bond. From a kinetic viewpoint, it is easier for cyclopropenylidene to insert into the C-N bond of azetidine than into the C-C bond. During the first insertion step and the second ring-opening step, it forms spiro and carbene intermediates, respectively. In the following two H-transfer steps, the carbene intermediate forms allenes and alkynes, respectively, as products. From a thermodynamic perspective, allenes are the dominant product because the reaction is exothermic by 373.4 kJ/mol⁻¹.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Tan
- College of Medical and Life Science, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China,
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Varadwaj PR, Varadwaj A, Peslherbe GH. An electronic structure theory investigation of the physical chemistry of the intermolecular complexes of cyclopropenylidene with hydrogen halides. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:2073-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Varadwaj PR, Fujimori R, Kawaguchi K. High-resolution Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy of the ν6 band of c-C3H2. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8458-63. [PMID: 21702474 DOI: 10.1021/jp204068w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase high-resolution absorption spectrum of the ν(6) band of cyclopropenylidene (c-C(3)H(2)) has been observed using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for the first time. The molecule has been produced by microwave discharge in an allene (3.3 Pa) and Ar (4.0 Pa) mixture inside a side arm glass tube. The observed spectrum shows a pattern of c-type ro-vibrational transitions in which the Q-branch lines strongly and distinctly stand out in the spectrum. A combined least-squares analysis of the observed 216 ro-vibrational transitions together with 28 millimeter-wave rotational transitions from the previous study has resulted in an accurate determination of the molecular constants in the ν(6) state. The band center is found to be at 776.11622(13) cm(-1) with one standard deviation in parentheses, which is 2.3% lower than the matrix isolation value. The intensity ratio I(3)(ν(3))/I(6)(ν(6)) obtained from the observed ν(3) and ν(6) bands, 1.90(9), is somewhat lower than the ratio estimated from ab initio (2.4-2.6) and DFT (2.8) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R Varadwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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Dickens JE, Irvine WM, Nummelin A, Møllendal H, Saito S, Thorwirth S, Hjalmarson A, Ohishi M. Searches for new interstellar molecules, including a tentative detection of aziridine and a possible detection of propenal. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:643-660. [PMID: 11345244 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(00)00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rotational spectroscopy at millimeter wavelengths is a powerful means of investigating the chemistry of dense interstellar clouds. These regions can exhibit an interesting complement of gas phase molecules, including relatively complex organics. Here we report the tentative first astronomical detection of aziridine (ethylenimine), the possible detection of propenal (acrolein), and upper limits on the abundances of cyclopropenone, furan, hydroxyethanal (glycolaldehyde), thiohydroxylamine (NH2SH), and ethenol (vinyl alcohol) in various interstellar clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Dickens
- Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Crawford TD, Stanton JF, Saeh JC, Schaefer HF. Structure and Energetics of Isomers of the Interstellar Molecule C5H. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982532+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Mollaaghababa R, Gottlieb CA, Vrtilek JM, Thaddeus P. Millimeter‐wave spectrum of vibrationally excited cyclopropenylidene, c‐C3H2. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Hirahara Y, Masuda A, Kawaguchi K. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the ν3 band of cyclopropenylidene, C3H2. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
The Sun may well have formed in the type of interstellar cloud currently referred to as a cold, dark cloud. We present current tabulations of the totality of known interstellar molecules and of the subset which have been identified in cold clouds. Molecular abundances are given for two such clouds which show interesting chemical differences in spite of strong physical similarities, Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 (TMC-1) and Lynd's 134N (L134N, also referred to as L183). These regions may be at different evolutionary stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Irvine
- Nobeyama Radio Observatory, Nagano, Japan
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20
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Recent Laboratory Photochemical Studies and Their Relationship to the Photochemical Formation of Cometary Radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3378-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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