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Willems M, Wells CF, Coubes C, Pequignot M, Kuony A, Michon F. Hypolacrimia and Alacrimia as Diagnostic Features for Genetic or Congenital Conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:3. [PMID: 35925585 PMCID: PMC9363675 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.9.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the lacrimal apparatus, the lacrimal gland participates in the maintenance of a healthy eye surface by producing the aqueous part of the tear film. Alacrimia and hypolacrimia, which are relatively rare during childhood or young adulthood, have their origin in a number of mechanisms which include agenesia, aplasia, hypoplasia, or incorrect maturation of the gland. Moreover, impaired innervation of the gland and/or the cornea and alterations of protein secretion pathways can lead to a defective tear film. In most conditions leading to alacrimia or hypolacrimia, however, the altered tear film is only one of numerous defects that arise and therefore is commonly disregarded. Here, we have systematically reviewed all of those genetic conditions or congenital disorders that have alacrimia or hypolacrimia as a feature. Where it is known, we describe the mechanism of the defect in question. It has been possible to clearly establish the physiopathology of only a minority of these conditions. As hypolacrimia and alacrimia are rare features, this review could be used as a tool in clinical genetics to perform a quick diagnosis, necessary for appropriate care and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Willems
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Medical Genetic Department for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, Reference Center AD SOOR, AnDDI-RARE, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Constance F Wells
- Medical Genetic Department for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, Reference Center AD SOOR, AnDDI-RARE, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Coubes
- Medical Genetic Department for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, Reference Center AD SOOR, AnDDI-RARE, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Pequignot
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Alison Kuony
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Michon
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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2
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Chung KF, McGarvey L, Song WJ, Chang AB, Lai K, Canning BJ, Birring SS, Smith JA, Mazzone SB. Cough hypersensitivity and chronic cough. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:45. [PMID: 35773287 PMCID: PMC9244241 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cough is globally prevalent across all age groups. This disorder is challenging to treat because many pulmonary and extrapulmonary conditions can present with chronic cough, and cough can also be present without any identifiable underlying cause or be refractory to therapies that improve associated conditions. Most patients with chronic cough have cough hypersensitivity, which is characterized by increased neural responsivity to a range of stimuli that affect the airways and lungs, and other tissues innervated by common nerve supplies. Cough hypersensitivity presents as excessive coughing often in response to relatively innocuous stimuli, causing significant psychophysical morbidity and affecting patients' quality of life. Understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to cough hypersensitivity and excessive coughing in different patient populations and across the lifespan is advancing and has contributed to the development of new therapies for chronic cough in adults. Owing to differences in the pathology, the organs involved and individual patient factors, treatment of chronic cough is progressing towards a personalized approach, and, in the future, novel ways to endotype patients with cough may prove valuable in management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lorcan McGarvey
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Woo-Jung Song
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anne B Chang
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland's University of Technology and Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Child Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kefang Lai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Surinder S Birring
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jaclyn A Smith
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Kumar KR, Cortese A, Tomlinson SE, Efthymiou S, Ellis M, Zhu D, Stoll M, Dominik N, Tisch S, Tchan M, Wu KHC, Devery S, Spring PJ, Hawke S, Cremer P, Ng K, Reilly MM, Nicholson GA, Houlden H, Kennerson M. RFC1 expansions can mimic hereditary sensory neuropathy with cough and Sjögren syndrome. Brain 2021; 143:e82. [PMID: 32949124 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Susan E Tomlinson
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Melina Ellis
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Danqing Zhu
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marion Stoll
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalia Dominik
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Stephen Tisch
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michel Tchan
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Kathy H C Wu
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical Genomics, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Genetic Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sophie Devery
- St Vincent's Clinical Genomics, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Penelope J Spring
- Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Hawke
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Vascular Immunology Unit Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia.,Central West Neurology and Neurosurgery, Orange, NSW Australia
| | - Phillip Cremer
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Hwy, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Karl Ng
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Hwy, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Marina Kennerson
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia
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4
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Hornemann T. Mini review: Lipids in Peripheral Nerve Disorders. Neurosci Lett 2020; 740:135455. [PMID: 33166639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are polarized cells whose fundamental functions are to receive, conduct and transmit signals. In bilateral animals, the nervous system is divided into the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Sensory axons can be up to 3 feet in length. Because of its long-reaching and complex structure, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is exposed and vulnerable to many genetic, metabolic and environmental predispositions. Lipids and lipid intermediates are essential components of nerves. About 50 % of the brain dry weight consist of lipids, which makes it the second highest lipid rich tissue after adipose tissue. However, the role of lipids in neurological disorders in particular of the peripheral nerves is not well understood. This review aims to provide an overview about the role of lipids in the disorders of the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Th Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital and University Zurich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
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5
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Grandi FC, De Tomasi L, Mustapha M. Single-Cell RNA Analysis of Type I Spiral Ganglion Neurons Reveals a Lmx1a Population in the Cochlea. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:83. [PMID: 32523514 PMCID: PMC7261882 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mature cochlea, each inner hair cell (IHC) is innervated by multiple spiral ganglion neurons of type I (SGNI). SGNIs are morphologically and electro-physiologically diverse. Also, they differ in their susceptibility to noise insult. However, the molecular underpinnings of their identity and physiological differences remain poorly understood. In this study, we developed a novel triple transgenic mouse, which enabled the isolation of pure populations of SGNIs and the analysis of a 96-gene panel via single-cell qPCR. We found three distinct populations of Type I SGNs, which were marked by their exclusive expression of Lmx1a, Slc4a4, or Mfap4/Fzd2, respectively, at postnatal days P3, P8, and P12. Our data suggest that afferent SGN subtypes are established genetically before the onset of hearing and that the expression of key physiological markers, such as ion channels, is heterogeneous and may be underlying the heterogeneous firing proprieties of SGNIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara De Tomasi
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mirna Mustapha
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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6
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Canine neuropathies: powerful spontaneous models for human hereditary sensory neuropathies. Hum Genet 2019; 138:455-466. [PMID: 30955094 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans, hereditary sensory neuropathies (HSN), also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN), constitute a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive sensory loss, often accompanied by chronic skin ulcerations and nail dystrophic changes. To date, although around 20 genes have already been discovered, they do not explain the genetic causes of all patients. In dogs, similar neuropathies are also diagnosed, several breeds being predisposed to specific forms of the disease. Indeed, the breed specificity of most canine genetic diseases is due to the small numbers of founders and high levels of inbreeding. Recent knowledge and tools developed to study the canine genome efficiently allows deciphering the genetic bases of such diseases. To date, a dozen breeds are recognized to develop specific HSN. For the Border collie and hunting dog breeds, the genes involved have recently been discovered. Other affected breeds thus constitute potential genetic models, with new genes to be found in dogs that can be considered as candidate genes for human HSAN/HSN. Here, we review the different forms of human and canine HSAN/HSN and we present a novel form in Fox terrier cases, highlighting the advantages of the dog model for such rare human diseases.
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Familial amyloid polyneuropathy with chronic paroxysmal dry cough in Mainland China: A Chinese family with a proven heterozygous missense mutation c.349G>T in the transthyretin gene. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 60:164-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Prabhu S, Fortier K, Newsome L, Reebye UN. Office-Based Anesthetic and Oral Surgical Management of a Child With Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathy Type IV: A Case Report. Anesth Prog 2018; 65:181-186. [PMID: 30235436 DOI: 10.2344/anpr-65-03-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN IV), or congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, is an exceptionally rare genetic disorder that results in the complete loss of pain and temperature sensation as well as anhidrosis. Anesthetic management of these patients can be difficult because of significantly increased risks during general anesthesia. Literature on perioperative anesthetic management is typically written in the context of a hospital setting. As such, our case presents a unique report on the anesthetic management of a HSAN IV patient who presented for extraction of 2 teeth in an office-based setting. In determining how to safely manage the procedure, we decided against general anesthesia as we lacked the facilities and equipment to safely handle previously reported complications. We were successful in providing sedation with nitrous oxide in oxygen and applying 20% benzocaine topical ointment on the surgical site in lieu of administering general anesthesia. We had an anesthesiologist present and obtained intravenous access prior to the surgery to help manage any complications. This report provides support that simple dental extractions can be accomplished safely in the HSAN IV patient in the office-based setting, thereby avoiding unnecessary risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamit Prabhu
- Master of Physiology Candidate, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Kevin Fortier
- DMD Candidate, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Newsome
- Anesthesiologist; Triangle Implant Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Uday N Reebye
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Triangle Implant Center, Durham, North Carolina
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9
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Adams J, Schaaf C. Diagnosis and genetics of alacrima. Clin Genet 2018; 94:54-60. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Adams
- Baylor College of Medicine; Interdepartmental Program of Developmental Biology; Houston TX
| | - C.P. Schaaf
- Baylor College of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Houston TX
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX
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10
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Elhennawy K, Reda S, Finke C, Graul-Neumann L, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Bartzela T. Oral manifestations, dental management, and a rare homozygous mutation of the PRDM12 gene in a boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2017; 11:233. [PMID: 28807049 PMCID: PMC5556355 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-017-1387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder. Chen et al. recently identified the causative gene and characterized biallelic mutations in the PR domain-containing protein 12 gene, which plays a role in the development of pain-sensing nerve cells. Our patient's family was included in Chen and colleagues' study. We performed a literature review of the PubMed library (January 1985 to December 2016) on hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I to VIII genetic disorders and their orofacial manifestations. This case report is the first to describe the oral manifestations, and their treatment, of the recently discovered hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII in the medical and dental literature. CASE PRESENTATION We report on the oral manifestations and dental management of an 8-month-old white boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy-VIII over a period of 16 years. Our patient was homozygous for a mutation of PR domain-containing protein 12 gene and was characterized by insensitivity to pain and thermal stimuli, self-mutilation behavior, reduced sweat and tear production, absence of corneal reflexes, and multiple skin and bone infections. Oral manifestations included premature loss of teeth, associated with dental traumata and self-mutilation, severe soft tissue injuries, dental caries and submucosal abscesses, hypomineralization of primary teeth, and mandibular osteomyelitis. CONCLUSIONS The lack of scientific knowledge on hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy due to the rarity of the disease often results in a delay in diagnosis, which is of substantial importance for the prevention of many complications and symptoms. Interdisciplinary work of specialized medical and dental teams and development of a standardized treatment protocols are essential for the management of the disease. There are many knowledge gaps concerning the management of patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy-VIII, therefore more research on an international basis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Elhennawy
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seif Reda
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Finke
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luitgard Graul-Neumann
- Ambulantes Gesundheitszentrum, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Campus Virchow, Department of Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul-Georg Jost-Brinkmann
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodosia Bartzela
- Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany.
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Pacheco A, de Diego A, Domingo C, Lamas A, Gutierrez R, Naberan K, Garrigues V, López Vime R. Tos crónica. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51:579-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Barros P, Morais H, Santos C, Roriz J, Coutinho P. Clinical and neurophysiologic characterization of an European family with hereditary sensory neuropathy, paroxysmal cough and gastroesophageal reflux. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 72:269-72. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2002, Spring et al reported a family with an autosomal dominant form of hereditary sensory neuropathy; patients also presented adult onset of gastroesophageal reflux and cough. Since then, no further families have been described. Objective: To study a new Portuguese family with these characteristics. Method: To describe the clinical and neurophysiologic characteristics of one family with features of sensory neuropathy associated with cough and gastroesophageal erflux. Results: Three of five siblings presented a similar history of paroxysmal cough (5th decade). About a decade later they experienced numbness and paraesthesia in the feets and in all cases there was evidence of an axonal sensory neuropathy. A history of gastroesophageal reflux of variable severity and age of onset was also present. Discussion: Molecular genetic studies have demonstrated genetic heterogeneity between the hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 subtypes. The identification of these families is of major importance because further work is required to identify the underlying genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barros
- Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Hugo Morais
- Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | | | - José Roriz
- Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Portugal
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13
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Marques Jr W. Neuropathy and cough may not be a fortuitous association. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 72:265-6. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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15
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Pacheco A, Cobeta I. Refractory chronic cough, or the need to focus on the relationship between the larynx and the esophagus. Cough 2013; 9:10. [PMID: 23552099 PMCID: PMC3687571 DOI: 10.1186/1745-9974-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we question the current way of handling tackle a problem of chronic cough, especially by the excessive number of patients who can not find complete relief from your cough by anatomical diagnosis of universal use. From the field of Otolaryngology new perspectives arise now considering the larynx as a preferential afferent stimuli cough reflex arc. Also the constitution laryngopharyngeal reflux gas and new approaches to non-acid reflux and the local action of pepsin in laryngeal deserving of a joint review, which can illuminate new ways to handle the problem of chronic refractory cough. We believe that the chronic cough syndrome hpersensitivity as more precise label for chronic cough, should place particular emphasis on laryngeal sensory neuropathy as cough and reflux the influence that may have on their maintenance, and thereby causes definitely wide related to the syndrome if the larynx is incorporated, place greater number of afferent nerves of chronic cough, which are sure to cover much of the case of refractory cough remain without a satisfactory solution. The close collaboration between Otolaryngology, Gastroenterology and Pneumology in a patient with refractory chronic cough seems now an unavoidable necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Pacheco
- Chronic Cough Unit, Pneumology Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cobeta
- Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Parker MD, Boron WF. The divergence, actions, roles, and relatives of sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:803-959. [PMID: 23589833 PMCID: PMC3768104 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Slc4 (Solute carrier 4) family of transporters is a functionally diverse group of 10 multi-spanning membrane proteins that includes three Cl-HCO3 exchangers (AE1-3), five Na(+)-coupled HCO3(-) transporters (NCBTs), and two other unusual members (AE4, BTR1). In this review, we mainly focus on the five mammalian NCBTs-NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, NDCBE, and NBCn2. Each plays a specialized role in maintaining intracellular pH and, by contributing to the movement of HCO3(-) across epithelia, in maintaining whole-body pH and otherwise contributing to epithelial transport. Disruptions involving NCBT genes are linked to blindness, deafness, proximal renal tubular acidosis, mental retardation, and epilepsy. We also review AE1-3, AE4, and BTR1, addressing their relevance to the study of NCBTs. This review draws together recent advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic origins and physiological relevance of NCBTs and their progenitors. Underlying these advances is progress in such diverse disciplines as physiology, molecular biology, genetics, immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and structural biology. This review highlights the key similarities and differences between individual NCBTs and the genes that encode them and also clarifies the sometimes confusing NCBT nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Parker
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA.
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Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSN/HSAN) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders of the peripheral nervous system that predominantly affect the sensory and autonomic neurons. Hallmark features comprise not only prominent sensory signs and symptoms and ulcerative mutilations but also variable autonomic and motor disturbances. Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance has been reported. Molecular genetics studies have identified disease-causing mutations in 11 genes. Some of the affected proteins have nerve-specific roles but underlying mechanisms have also been shown to involve sphingolipid metabolism, vesicular transport, structural integrity, and transcription regulation. Genetic and functional studies have substantially improved the understanding of the pathogenesis of the HSN/HSAN and will help to find preventive and causative therapies in the future.
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Abstract
The inherited neuropathies are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders in which there have been rapid advances in the last two decades. Molecular genetic testing is now an integral part of the evaluation of patients with inherited neuropathies. In this chapter we describe the genes responsible for the primary inherited neuropathies. We briefly discuss the clinical phenotype of each of the known inherited neuropathy subgroups, describe algorithms for molecular genetic testing of affected patients and discuss genetic counseling. The basic principles of careful phenotyping, documenting an accurate family history, and testing the available genes in an appropriate manner should identify the vast majority of individuals with CMT1 and many of those with CMT2. In this chapter we also describe the current methods of genetic testing. As advances are made in molecular genetic technologies and improvements are made in bioinformatics, it is likely that the current time-consuming methods of DNA sequencing will give way to quicker and more efficient high-throughput methods, which are briefly discussed here.
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Koy A, Freynhagen R, Mayatepek E, Tibussek D. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy with autonomic crises: a Turkish variant of familial dysautonomia? J Child Neurol 2012; 27:191-6. [PMID: 22140130 DOI: 10.1177/0883073811416664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies have different phenotypes. We report 2 cousins with differing clinical courses of a hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. The progressive disease in case 1 is dominated by loss of sensation, autonomic crises, and pain. Case 2 shows loss of sensation, mental retardation, and deafness, clinically similar to patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II. Detailed molecular studies in case 1 for all known genes that are associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies were negative. However, the occurrence of the 2 cases within 1 kindred makes a common genetic background likely. We, therefore, propose a Turkish variant of familial dysautonomia in these 2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Koy
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany.
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20
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Rotthier A, Baets J, Timmerman V, Janssens K. Mechanisms of disease in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:73-85. [PMID: 22270030 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders of the PNS. Progressive degeneration, predominantly of sensory and autonomic neurons, is the main pathological feature in patients with HSAN, and causes prominent sensory loss and ulcerative mutilations in combination with variable autonomic and motor disturbances. Advances in molecular genetics have enabled identification of disease-causing mutations in 12 genes, and studies on the functional effects of these mutations are underway. Although some of the affected proteins--such as nerve growth factor and its receptor--have obvious nerve-specific roles, others are ubiquitously expressed proteins that are involved in sphingolipid metabolism, vesicular transport, transcription regulation and structural integrity. An important challenge in the future will be to understand the common molecular pathways that result in HSANs. Unraveling the mechanisms that underlie sensory and autonomic neurodegeneration could assist in identifying targets for future therapeutic strategies in patients with HSAN. This Review highlights key advances in the understanding of HSANs, including insights into the molecular mechanisms of disease, derived from genetic studies of patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Rotthier
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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21
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Majumdar D, Bevensee MO. Na-coupled bicarbonate transporters of the solute carrier 4 family in the nervous system: function, localization, and relevance to neurologic function. Neuroscience 2010; 171:951-72. [PMID: 20884330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular processes including neuronal activity are sensitive to changes in intracellular and/or extracellular pH-both of which are regulated by acid-base transporter activity. HCO(3)(-)-dependent transporters are particularly potent regulators of intracellular pH in neurons and astrocytes, and also contribute to the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The molecular physiology of HCO(3)(-) transporters has advanced considerably over the past ∼14 years as investigators have cloned and characterized the function and localization of many Na-Coupled Bicarbonate Transporters of the solute carrier 4 (Slc4) family (NCBTs). In this review, we provide an updated overview of the function and localization of NCBTs in the nervous system. Multiple NCBTs are expressed in neurons and astrocytes in various brain regions, as well as in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. Characteristics of human patients with SLC4 gene mutations/deletions and results from recent studies on mice with Slc4 gene disruptions highlight the functional importance of NCBTs in neuronal activity, somatosensory function, and CSF production. Furthermore, energy-deficient states (e.g., hypoxia and ischemia) lead to altered expression and activity of NCBTs. Thus, recent studies expand our understanding of the role of NCBTs in regulating the pH and ionic composition of the nervous system that can modulate neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Majumdar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Lou E, Züchner S, Vance J, Morgenlander J. A potential novel variant of hereditary sensory neuropathy in a 61-year-old man with cough-induced syncope and vertebral artery dissection. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85:594-5. [PMID: 20511489 PMCID: PMC2878264 DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Rotthier A, Baets J, De Vriendt E, Jacobs A, Auer-Grumbach M, Lévy N, Bonello-Palot N, Kilic SS, Weis J, Nascimento A, Swinkels M, Kruyt MC, Jordanova A, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Genes for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies: a genotype-phenotype correlation. Brain 2009; 132:2699-711. [PMID: 19651702 PMCID: PMC2759337 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders characterized by axonal atrophy and degeneration, exclusively or predominantly affecting the sensory and autonomic neurons. So far, disease-associated mutations have been identified in seven genes: two genes for autosomal dominant (SPTLC1 and RAB7) and five genes for autosomal recessive forms of HSAN (WNK1/HSN2, NTRK1, NGFB, CCT5 and IKBKAP). We performed a systematic mutation screening of the coding sequences of six of these genes on a cohort of 100 familial and isolated patients diagnosed with HSAN. In addition, we screened the functional candidate gene NGFR (p75/NTR) encoding the nerve growth factor receptor. We identified disease-causing mutations in SPTLC1, RAB7, WNK1/HSN2 and NTRK1 in 19 patients, of which three mutations have not previously been reported. The phenotypes associated with mutations in NTRK1 and WNK1/HSN2 typically consisted of congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis, and early-onset ulcero-mutilating sensory neuropathy, respectively. RAB7 mutations were only found in patients with a Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2B (CMT2B) phenotype, an axonal sensory-motor neuropathy with pronounced ulcero-mutilations. In SPTLC1, we detected a novel mutation (S331F) corresponding to a previously unknown severe and early-onset HSAN phenotype. No mutations were found in NGFB, CCT5 and NGFR. Overall disease-associated mutations were found in 19% of the studied patient group, suggesting that additional genes are associated with HSAN. Our genotype–phenotype correlation study broadens the spectrum of HSAN and provides additional insights for molecular and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Rotthier
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
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24
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Jaspersen D, Nocon M, Labenz J, Leodolter A, Richter K, Stolte M, Vieth M, Lind T, Willich SN, Malfertheiner P. Clinical course of laryngo-respiratory symptoms in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease during routine care--a 5-year follow-up. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29:1172-8. [PMID: 19243356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be associated with laryngo-respiratory symptoms (LRS) such as chronic cough, asthma or laryngeal symptoms. AIM To analyse the long-term clinical course of LRS in a large population with GERD and LRS. METHODS ProGERD is a prospective multicentre cohort study of 6215 adult out-patients with GERD. At baseline, the prevalence of LRS was assessed. Initial standardized treatment was esomeprazole for up to 8 weeks. After 5 years of follow-up, patients were interviewed for LRS and a multivariate analysis was performed with resolved vs. persistent symptoms for chronic cough, asthma and laryngeal symptoms. RESULTS In all, 2886 patients (46.4%) were available for analysis at baseline and at 5 years. The prevalence of chronic cough and laryngeal disorders had decreased while the prevalence of asthma had increased. Resolution of LRS was independent of clinical reflux characteristics or PPI medication. CONCLUSIONS In a large population with GERD, only few patients reported persistent LRS over 5 years. Resolution of LRS was independent of the stage of GERD and PPI treatment. Accordingly, data on the direction of causality between GERD and LRS are lacking and the strength of the association between the two must remain controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jaspersen
- Med.Klinik II, Klinikum Fulda, Pacelliallee 4-6, Fulda, Germany.
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25
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Al-Thihli K, Rudkin T, Carson N, Poulin C, Melançon S, Der Kaloustian VM. Compound heterozygous deletions of PMP22 causing severe Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease of the Dejerine-Sottas disease phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:2412-6. [PMID: 18698610 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dejerine-Sottas disease (DSD) is a particular phenotype of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease spectrum that is genetically heterogeneous. It represents a severe form of hypertrophic axonal and demyelinating neuropathy. Although it is predominantly inherited as an autosomal recessive condition, autosomal dominant inheritance has also been described. To date, the autosomal recessive forms of DSD are classified into several CMT type 4 (CMT4) subclasses based on allelic heterogeneity. We present a 7-year-old boy with a severe form of CMT disease consistent with the autosomal recessive phenotype of DSD. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for mutations in the PMP22 gene resulting in homozygous deletion of exons 2 and 3. The maternally inherited allele was the typical 1.5 Mb deletion involving PMP22 seen with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP). The paternally inherited allele was a deletion of exons 2 and 3. Both parents presented with a typical clinical picture of HNPP. To our knowledge, this is the first patient reported with large deletions involving both PMP22 alleles. Our patient has also developed severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a clinical feature not previously reported with CMT or DSD. The correlation of the phenotype and the molecular defects observed in this patient may set a new subcategory in the classification of DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Thihli
- F. Clarke Fraser Clinical Genetics Unit, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre/Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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26
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De Andrade DC, Baudic S, Attal N, Rodrigues CL, Caramelli P, Lino AMM, Marchiori PE, Okada M, Scaff M, Bouhassira D, Teixeira MJ. Beyond neuropathy in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type V: cognitive evaluation. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:712-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Cough is a reflex action of the respiratory tract that is used to clear the upper airways. Chronic cough lasting for more than 8 weeks is common in the community. The causes include cigarette smoking, exposure to cigarette smoke, and exposure to environmental pollution, especially particulates. Diseases causing chronic cough include asthma, eosinophilic bronchitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, postnasal drip syndrome or rhinosinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and bronchiectasis. Doctors should always work towards a clear diagnosis, considering common and rare illnesses. In some patients, no cause is identified, leading to the diagnosis of idiopathic cough. Chronic cough is often associated with an increased response to tussive agents such as capsaicin. Plastic changes in intrinsic and synaptic excitability in the brainstem, spine, or airway nerves can enhance the cough reflex, and can persist in the absence of the initiating cough event. Structural and inflammatory airway mucosal changes in non-asthmatic chronic cough could represent the cause or the traumatic response to repetitive coughing. Effective control of cough requires not only controlling the disease causing the cough but also desensitisation of cough pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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28
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Auer-Grumbach M. Hereditary sensory neuropathy type I. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008; 3:7. [PMID: 18348718 PMCID: PMC2311280 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSN I) is a slowly progressive neurological disorder characterised by prominent predominantly distal sensory loss, autonomic disturbances, autosomal dominant inheritance, and juvenile or adulthood disease onset. The exact prevalence is unknown, but is estimated as very low. Disease onset varies between the 2nd and 5th decade of life. The main clinical feature of HSN I is the reduction of sensation sense mainly distributed to the distal parts of the upper and lower limbs. Variable distal muscle weakness and wasting, and chronic skin ulcers are characteristic. Autonomic features (usually sweating disturbances) are invariably observed. Serious and common complications are spontaneous fractures, osteomyelitis and necrosis, as well as neuropathic arthropathy which may even necessitate amputations. Some patients suffer from severe pain attacks. Hypacusis or deafness, or cough and gastrooesophageal reflux have been observed in rare cases. HSN I is a genetically heterogenous condition with three loci and mutations in two genes (SPTLC1 and RAB7) identified so far. Diagnosis is based on the clinical observation and is supported by a family history. Nerve conduction studies confirm a sensory and motor neuropathy predominantly affecting the lower limbs. Radiological studies, including magnetic resonance imaging, are useful when bone infections or necrosis are suspected. Definitive diagnosis is based on the detection of mutations by direct sequencing of the SPTLC1 and RAB7 genes. Correct clinical assessment and genetic confirmation of the diagnosis are important for appropriate genetic counselling and prognosis. Differential diagnosis includes the other hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN), especially HSAN II, as well as diabetic foot syndrome, alcoholic neuropathy, neuropathies caused by other neurotoxins/drugs, immune mediated neuropathy, amyloidosis, spinal cord diseases, tabes dorsalis, lepra neuropathy, or decaying skin tumours like amelanotic melanoma. Management of HSN I follows the guidelines given for diabetic foot care (removal of pressure to the ulcer and eradication of infection, followed by the use of specific protective footwear) and starts with early and accurate counselling of patients about risk factors for developing foot ulcerations. The disorder is slowly progressive and does not influence life expectancy but is often severely disabling after a long duration of the disease.
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29
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Galmiche JP, Zerbib F, Bruley des Varannes S. Review article: respiratory manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27:449-64. [PMID: 18194498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory manifestations represent one of the most prevalent and difficult-to-manage extra-oesophageal syndromes of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. AIMS To review the epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic outcomes of reflux-related respiratory disorders. METHODS Search of the literature published in English using PubMed database. RESULTS There is a discrepancy between the high prevalence of reflux in asthmatics and the limited efficacy of antireflux therapies. Asthma per se may cause reflux. Patients with difficult-to-treat asthma and/or nocturnal symptoms should be screened for reflux. Reflux can induce chronic cough through different mechanisms including micro-aspiration and both local and central reflexes. Cough and reflux may precipitate each other. A meta-analysis found no significant difference between placebo and proton pump inhibitors in the resolution of cough. Encouraging results have been reported, following antireflux surgery in patients selected on the basis of pH-impedance monitoring. Attention has been drawn to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The role of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in the pathogenesis of miscellaneous respiratory disorders has been discussed for decades and established in asthma and cough. However, no major therapeutic advances have been reported recently. Future trials should concentrate on patient selection and the control of efficacy using recently developed technologies, such as pH-impedance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Galmiche
- CHU Nantes, Service Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif and Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, Nantes, France.
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30
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Barisic N, Claeys KG, Sirotković-Skerlev M, Löfgren A, Nelis E, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a clinico-genetic confrontation. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:416-41. [PMID: 18215208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common neuromuscular disorder. It represents a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous inherited neuropathies. Here, we review the results of molecular genetic investigations and the clinical and neurophysiological features of the different CMT subtypes. The products of genes associated with CMT phenotypes are important for the neuronal structure maintenance, axonal transport, nerve signal transduction and functions related to the cellular integrity. Identifying the molecular basis of CMT and studying the relevant genes and their functions is important to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of these neurodegenerative disorders, and the processes involved in the normal development and function of the peripheral nervous system. The results of molecular genetic investigations have impact on the appropriate diagnosis, genetic counselling and possible new therapeutic options for CMT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Barisic
- Department of Pediatrics, Zagreb University Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia.
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31
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Auer-Grumbach M, Mauko B, Auer-Grumbach P, Pieber TR. Molecular genetics of hereditary sensory neuropathies. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 8:147-58. [PMID: 16775373 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory neuropathies (HSN), also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN), are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. They are caused by neuronal atrophy and degeneration, predominantly affecting peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons. Both congenital and juvenile to adulthood onset is possible. Currently, the classification of the HSN depends on the mode of inheritance, age at onset, and clinical presentation. Hallmark features are progressive sensory loss, chronic skin ulcers, and other skin abnormalities. Spontaneous fractures and neuropathic arthropathy are frequent complications and often necessitate amputations. Autonomic features vary between different subgroups. Distal muscle weakness and wasting may be present and is sometimes so prominent that it becomes difficult to distinguish HSN from Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome. Recent major advances in molecular genetics have led to the identification of seven gene loci and six-disease causing genes for autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive HSN. These genes have been shown to play roles in lipid metabolism and the regulation of intracellular vesicular transport, but also a presumptive transcriptional regulator, a nerve growth factor receptor, and a nerve growth factor have been described among the causative genes in HSN. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how mutations in the known genes lead to the phenotype of HSN. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of the molecular genetics of the HSN and the implicated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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32
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Abstract
Most generalized peripheral polyneuropathies are accompanied by clinical or subclinical autonomic dysfunction. There is a group of peripheral neuropathies in which the small or unmyelinated fibers are selectively targeted. In these neuropathies, autonomic dysfunction is the most prominent manifestation. The features associated with an autonomic neuropathy include impairment of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital, thermoregulatory, sudomotor, and pupillomotor autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Autonomic and Peripheral Nerve Disorders, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, One Deaconess Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Cough is a normal protective mechanism which occurs many times every day. Cough with a viral infection lasts up to 2 weeks in 70-80% of children. Cough present for more than 4 weeks may be due to a recognized specific cause or non specific and considered protracted bronchitis. Chronic cough in children is different to that in adults and rarely due to GE reflux, postnasal drip or asthma. Treatment addresses the specific cause and symptomatic treatment is rarely needed or effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis I Landau
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia.
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34
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Verhoeven K, Timmerman V, Mauko B, Pieber TR, De Jonghe P, Auer-Grumbach M. Recent advances in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19:474-80. [PMID: 16969157 DOI: 10.1097/01.wco.0000245370.82317.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the genetic advances of hereditary sensory neuropathies and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies, and provides information on phenotype-genotype correlation and on possible underlying pathomechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Hereditary sensory neuropathies, also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies, are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. These disorders are characterized by prominent sensory loss with acro-mutilating complications and a variable degree of motor and autonomic disturbances. Based on age at onset, clinical features and mode of inheritance, these disorders have originally been subdivided into five types. The identification of eight loci and six disease-causing genes for this group of disorders, however, has shown that this present classification has to be refined. SUMMARY This review will discuss each of the different loci and genes of these disorders, showing glimpses into a possible underlying pathomechanism leading to the degeneration of sensory and autonomic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Verhoeven
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Morice
- University of Hull, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, East Yorkshire HU16 5JQ, UK.
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36
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McGarvey LPA, Morice AH. Clinical cough and its mechanisms. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 152:363-71. [PMID: 16406741 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cough is the commonest symptom of clinical importance and the most frequent reason for new consultations with a doctor. Although therapy directed at any underlying cause for cough can be effective there is a clinical need for new treatments specifically directed at the cough itself. A major obstacle to the development of such therapy has been an imprecise understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for cough. In this article, we review the important clinical aspects of both acute and chronic cough, offer practical insight into the existing treatment options, highlight the current understanding of cough pathophysiology and identify important areas for future research effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P A McGarvey
- Department of Medicine, The Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, N Ireland, UK.
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37
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Verpoorten N, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Disease mechanisms in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 21:247-55. [PMID: 16183296 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies are common monogenically inherited diseases of the peripheral nervous system. In the most common variant, i.e., the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies, both motor and sensory nerves are affected. In contrast, sensory abnormalities predominate or are exclusively present in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN). HSAN are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and are subdivided according to mode of inheritance, age of onset and clinical evolution. In recent years, 6 disease-causing genes have been identified for autosomal dominant and recessive HSAN. However, vesicular transport and axonal trafficking seem important common pathways leading to degeneration of sensory and autonomic neurons. This review discusses the HSAN-related genes and their biological role in the disease mechanisms leading to HSAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Verpoorten
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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38
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Spring PJ, Kok C, Nicholson GA, Ing AJ, Spies JM, Bassett ML, Cameron J, Kerlin P, Bowler S, Tuck R, Pollard JD. Autosomal dominant hereditary sensory neuropathy with chronic cough and gastro-oesophageal reflux: clinical features in two families linked to chromosome 3p22-p24. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 128:2797-810. [PMID: 16311270 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN I) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders, and in some families it is due to mutations in the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPTLC1) gene. We have characterized two families with HSN I associated with cough and gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR). From a large Australian family, 27 individuals and from a smaller family, 11 individuals provided clinical information and blood for genetic analysis. Affected individuals had an adult onset of paroxysmal cough, GOR and distal sensory loss. Cough could be triggered by noxious odours or by pressure in the external auditory canal (Arnold's ear-cough reflex). Other features included throat clearing, hoarse voice, cough syncope and sensorineural hearing loss. Neurophysiological and pathological studies demonstrated a sensory axonal neuropathy. Gastric emptying studies were normal, and autonomic function and sweat tests were either normal or showed distal hypohidrosis. Cough was likely to be due to a combination of denervation hypersensitivity of the upper airways and oesophagus, and prominent GOR. Most affected individuals were shown on 24 h ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring to have multiple episodes of GOR, closely temporally associated with coughing. Hoarse voice was probably attributable to acid-induced laryngeal damage, and there was no evidence of vocal cord palsy. No other cause for cough was found on most respiratory or otorhinological studies. Linkage to chromosome 3p22-p24 has been found in both families, with no evidence of linkage to loci for known HSN I, autosomal dominant hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, hereditary GOR or triple A syndrome. These families represent a genetically novel variant of HSN I, with a distinctive cough owing to involvement of the upper aerodigestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Spring
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney, Australia.
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McGarvey LPA. Idiopathic chronic cough: a real disease or a failure of diagnosis? COUGH 2005; 1:9. [PMID: 16270939 PMCID: PMC1277011 DOI: 10.1186/1745-9974-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive diagnostic evaluation and numerous treatment trials, a number of patients remain troubled by a chronic and uncontrollable cough. Eosinophilic bronchitis, atopic cough and non-acid reflux have been recently added to the diagnostic spectrum for chronic cough. In some cases, failure to consider these conditions may explain treatment failure. However, a subset of patients with persisting symptoms may be regarded as having an idiopathic cough. These individuals are most commonly female, of postmenopausal age and frequently report viral upper respiratory tract infections as an initiating event. This paper seeks to explore the validity of idiopathic cough as a distinct clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P A McGarvey
- Department of Medicine, The Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT126BJ, N Ireland, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in molecular genetics clearly demonstrate that a patient's susceptibility to developing a common disease is the result of an underlying genetic predisposition. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is proving to be no exception. The results of family and twin studies have identified an inherited tendency toward developing the disease, and a locus common to multiple families with severe GERD has been found on 13q14, known as GERD1. RECENT FINDINGS While it is clear that there are several genes that control susceptibility to GERD, recent advances are refining the location of GERD1. Genes associated with syndromic GERD may offer clues as to the nature of nonsyndromic GERD genes, and all cases of the disease may not be due to mutations in genes that follow simple Mendelian laws. SUMMARY While the pathology of GERD remains elusive, molecular genetic approaches offer the clearest path to elucidating the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Discovering the genes that control susceptibility to GERD will provide improved diagnostics and suggest new pharmacological agents for improved treatment. Future efforts should focus on identification of these genes, and clinicians with access to large GERD patient populations should collaborate with geneticists to accomplish this task. Mapping studies should be undertaken in populations of patients with infantile-onset and adult-onset GERD. Future epidemiologic and twin studies will be of limited value, unless the studies are designed to deliver more than simply confirmatory evidence that there is a hereditable component to GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Post
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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41
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Rivière JB, Verlaan DJ, Shekarabi M, Lafrenière RG, Bénard M, Der Kaloustian VM, Shbaklo Z, Rouleau GA. A mutation in the HSN2 gene causes sensory neuropathy type II in a Lebanese family. Ann Neurol 2004; 56:572-5. [PMID: 15455397 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) type II is an autosomal recessive disorder clinically characterized by distal and proximal sensory loss that is caused by the reduction or absence of peripheral sensory nerves. Recently, a novel gene called HSN2 has been found to be the cause of HSAN type II in five families from Newfoundland and Quebec. Screening of this gene in an HSAN type II Lebanese family showed a 1bp deletion mutation found in a homozygous state in all affected individuals. This novel mutation supports the hypothesis that HSN2 is the causative gene for HSAN type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- Centre for Research in Neurosciences and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin J Ing
- Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The hereditary sensory neuropathies, also known as the hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies, are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. As they are not as common as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, they do not receive the same level of attention, but there have been major advances in the identification of the causative genes in the past decade. Certain forms of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, especially hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I, which has minimal autonomic involvement and is more accurately termed hereditary sensory neuropathy type I, can present in a very similar fashion to certain forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2B, see below), and therefore it is important that clinicians who regularly manage patients with neuropathy are familiar with the latest developments in the hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. This review will concentrate on the recent genetic advances in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, and especially on those forms that overlap clinically with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, hence the title of the review 'Hereditary sensory neuropathies' rather than hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies.
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44
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Kok C, Kennerson ML, Myers SJ, Nicholson GA. Transcript map of the candidate region for HSNI with cough and gastroesophageal reflux on chromosome 3p and exclusion of candidate genes. Neurogenetics 2004; 5:197-200. [PMID: 15241656 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-004-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dominantly inherited sensory neuropathy (HSNI) is a degenerative disorder of sensory neurons characterized predominantly by sensory loss with mild motor impairment. Recently our group identified a locus on chromosome 3p for a new form of HSNI associated with cough and gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Haplotype analysis in a second family refined the interval to a 3.4-cM region that includes the candidate genes TOP2B and SLC4A7. The genes TOP2B and SLC4A7 and five other characterized genes that map within the critical interval have been investigated and excluded from having a pathogenic role in HSNI with cough and GER. Two novel single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified; however both changes were observed in affected and non-affected individuals, suggesting that they have no relation to the disease. We have used the resources of the Human Genome Project to report a transcript map of the region on chromosome 3p24 containing the HSNI with cough and GER locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Kok
- Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Hospital Road, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.
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45
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Lafrenière RG, MacDonald MLE, Dubé MP, MacFarlane J, O’Driscoll M, Brais B, Meilleur S, Brinkman RR, Dadivas O, Pape T, Platon C, Radomski C, Risler J, Thompson J, Guerra-Escobio AM, Davar G, Breakefield XO, Pimstone SN, Green R, Pryse-Phillips W, Goldberg YP, Younghusband HB, Hayden MR, Sherrington R, Rouleau GA, Samuels ME. Identification of a novel gene (HSN2) causing hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II through the Study of Canadian Genetic Isolates. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1064-73. [PMID: 15060842 PMCID: PMC1181970 DOI: 10.1086/420795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) type II is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impairment of pain, temperature, and touch sensation owing to reduction or absence of peripheral sensory neurons. We identified two large pedigrees segregating the disorder in an isolated population living in Newfoundland and performed a 5-cM genome scan. Linkage analysis identified a locus mapping to 12p13.33 with a maximum LOD score of 8.4. Haplotype sharing defined a candidate interval of 1.06 Mb containing all or part of seven annotated genes, sequencing of which failed to detect causative mutations. Comparative genomics revealed a conserved ORF corresponding to a novel gene in which we found three different truncating mutations among five families including patients from rural Quebec and Nova Scotia. This gene, termed "HSN2," consists of a single exon located within intron 8 of the PRKWNK1 gene and is transcribed from the same strand. The HSN2 protein may play a role in the development and/or maintenance of peripheral sensory neurons or their supporting Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G. Lafrenière
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Marcia L. E. MacDonald
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Julie MacFarlane
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Mary O’Driscoll
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Bernard Brais
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Sébastien Meilleur
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Ryan R. Brinkman
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Owen Dadivas
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Terry Pape
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Christèle Platon
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Chris Radomski
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Jenni Risler
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Jay Thompson
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Ana-Maria Guerra-Escobio
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Gudarz Davar
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Xandra O. Breakefield
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Simon N. Pimstone
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Roger Green
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - William Pryse-Phillips
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Y. Paul Goldberg
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - H. Banfield Younghusband
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Robin Sherrington
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
| | - Mark E. Samuels
- Xenon Genetics Research, Département de Médecine de l’Université de Montréal et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal; Xenon Genetics, Burnaby, British Columbia; Discipline of Genetics and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland; Departments of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Children and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver
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46
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Stevanin G, Bouslam N, Thobois S, Azzedine H, Ravaux L, Boland A, Schalling M, Broussolle E, Dürr A, Brice A. Spinocerebellar ataxia with sensory neuropathy (SCA25) maps to chromosome 2p. Ann Neurol 2004; 55:97-104. [PMID: 14705117 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias constitute one of the most clinically, neuropathologically, and genetically heterogeneous groups of neurodegenerative disorders. Approximately 50 to 80% of the families carry mutations in genes known to be implicated in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Numerous loci (SCAn) also have been mapped, often in single families, but the responsible genes have not yet been identified. This suggests further genetic heterogeneity. We have ascertained 18 subjects from a large French family in which cerebellar ataxia and prominent sensory neuropathy segregated as a dominant trait. Intrafamilial variability was high regarding age at onset (17 months to 39 years), severity, and the clinical picture that ranged from pure sensory neuropathy with little cerebellar involvement to a Friedreich's ataxia-like phenotype. After excluding known genes/loci responsible for SCA and hereditary sensory neuropathies, we detected linkage with chromosome 2p markers in a genomewide screen. We designated this new locus SCA25 after testing of 16 additional markers. Maximum two-point logarithm of odds scores of 3.15 and 3.10 were obtained at D2S2378 and D2S2734, respectively. Haplotype analysis defined a critical 12.6cM region of 15Mb between D2S2174 and D2S2736. No linkage to this locus was found in four other families. This interval contains several genes that could be responsible for the disease. One of these genes, CRIPT, encodes a postsynaptic protein, but no mutations were found by direct sequencing, excluding its responsibility in the disease. CAG repeat expansions often are involved in SCA pathogenesis, but no pathological expansions were found at the protein or at the DNA level using the 1C2 antibody and the repeat expansion detection method, respectively. The gene responsible for SCA25 remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stevanin
- INSERM U289, Federative Institute for Neuroscience Research (IFR-70), Paris.
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