1
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Dickel L, Arcese P, Keller LF, Nietlisbach P, Goedert D, Jensen H, Reid JM. Multigenerational Fitness Effects of Natural Immigration Indicate Strong Heterosis and Epistatic Breakdown in a Wild Bird Population. Am Nat 2024; 203:411-431. [PMID: 38358807 DOI: 10.1086/728669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
AbstractThe fitness of immigrants and their descendants produced within recipient populations fundamentally underpins the genetic and population dynamic consequences of immigration. Immigrants can in principle induce contrasting genetic effects on fitness across generations, reflecting multifaceted additive, dominance, and epistatic effects. Yet full multigenerational and sex-specific fitness effects of regular immigration have not been quantified within naturally structured systems, precluding inference on underlying genetic architectures and population outcomes. We used four decades of song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) life history and pedigree data to quantify fitness of natural immigrants, natives, and their F1, F2, and backcross descendants and test for evidence of nonadditive genetic effects. Values of key fitness components (including adult lifetime reproductive success and zygote survival) of F1 offspring of immigrant-native matings substantially exceeded their parent mean, indicating strong heterosis. Meanwhile, F2 offspring of F1-F1 matings had notably low values, indicating surprisingly strong epistatic breakdown. Furthermore, magnitudes of effects varied among fitness components and differed between female and male descendants. These results demonstrate that strong nonadditive genetic effects on fitness can arise within weakly structured and fragmented populations experiencing frequent natural immigration. Such effects will substantially affect the net degree of effective gene flow and resulting local genetic introgression and adaptation.
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2
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Steward RA, Epanchin‐Niell RS, Boggs CL. Novel host unmasks heritable variation in plant preference within an insect population. Evolution 2022; 76:2634-2648. [PMID: 36111364 PMCID: PMC9827926 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introductions of novel plant species can disturb the historical resource environment of herbivorous insects, resulting in strong selection to either adopt or exclude the novel host. However, an adaptive response depends on heritable genetic variation for preference or performance within the targeted herbivore population, and it is unclear how heritability of host-use preference may differ between novel and historical hosts. Pieris macdunnoughii butterflies in the Rocky Mountains lay eggs on the nonnative mustard Thlaspi arvense, which is lethal to their offspring. Heritability analyses revealed considerable sex-linked additive genetic variation in host preference within a population of this butterfly. This was contrary to general predictions about the genetic basis of preference variation, which are hypothesized to be sex linked between populations but autosomal within populations. Evidence of sex linkage disappeared when butterflies were tested on methanol-based chemical extracts, suggesting these chemicals in isolation may not be the primary driver of female choice among available host plants. Although unexpected, evidence for within-population sex-linked genetic variation in preference for T. arvense over native hosts indicates that persistent maladaptive oviposition on this lethal plant must be maintained by alternative evolutionary dynamics such as migration- or drift-selection balance or pleiotropic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Steward
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth Carolina29208,Rocky Mountain Biological LaboratoryCrested ButteColorado81224,Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversitySE‐10691StockholmSweden29208
| | - Rebecca S. Epanchin‐Niell
- Rocky Mountain Biological LaboratoryCrested ButteColorado81224,College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
| | - Carol L. Boggs
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth Carolina29208,Rocky Mountain Biological LaboratoryCrested ButteColorado81224,School of the Earth, Ocean, and EnvironmentUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth Carolina29208
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3
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Bonnet T, Morrissey MB, de Villemereuil P, Alberts SC, Arcese P, Bailey LD, Boutin S, Brekke P, Brent LJN, Camenisch G, Charmantier A, Clutton-Brock TH, Cockburn A, Coltman DW, Courtiol A, Davidian E, Evans SR, Ewen JG, Festa-Bianchet M, de Franceschi C, Gustafsson L, Höner OP, Houslay TM, Keller LF, Manser M, McAdam AG, McLean E, Nietlisbach P, Osmond HL, Pemberton JM, Postma E, Reid JM, Rutschmann A, Santure AW, Sheldon BC, Slate J, Teplitsky C, Visser ME, Wachter B, Kruuk LEB. Genetic variance in fitness indicates rapid contemporary adaptive evolution in wild animals. Science 2022; 376:1012-1016. [PMID: 35617403 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The rate of adaptive evolution, the contribution of selection to genetic changes that increase mean fitness, is determined by the additive genetic variance in individual relative fitness. To date, there are few robust estimates of this parameter for natural populations, and it is therefore unclear whether adaptive evolution can play a meaningful role in short-term population dynamics. We developed and applied quantitative genetic methods to long-term datasets from 19 wild bird and mammal populations and found that, while estimates vary between populations, additive genetic variance in relative fitness is often substantial and, on average, twice that of previous estimates. We show that these rates of contemporary adaptive evolution can affect population dynamics and hence that natural selection has the potential to partly mitigate effects of current environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bonnet
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Pierre de Villemereuil
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), École Pratique des Hautes Études, PSL, MNHN, CNRS, SU, UA, Paris, France.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Departments of Biology and Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter Arcese
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liam D Bailey
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia Brekke
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, UK
| | - Lauren J N Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Glauco Camenisch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Tim H Clutton-Brock
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew Cockburn
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David W Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eve Davidian
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon R Evans
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - John G Ewen
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, UK
| | | | - Christophe de Franceschi
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Lars Gustafsson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oliver P Höner
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas M Houslay
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zoological Museum, University of Zurich,, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Manser
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Emily McLean
- Biology Department, Oxford College, Emory University, Oxford, GA, USA
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Helen L Osmond
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Erik Postma
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Jane M Reid
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alexis Rutschmann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna W Santure
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben C Sheldon
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jon Slate
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Céline Teplitsky
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Loeske E B Kruuk
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Ausband DE. Genetic diversity and mate selection in a reintroduced population of gray wolves. Sci Rep 2022; 12:535. [PMID: 35017596 PMCID: PMC8752858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic composition of an individual can markedly affect its survival, reproduction, and ultimately fitness. As some wildlife populations become smaller, conserving genetic diversity will be a conservation challenge. Many imperiled species are already supported through population augmentation efforts and we often do not know if or how genetic diversity is maintained in translocated species. As a case study for understanding the maintenance of genetic diversity in augmented populations, I wanted to know if genetic diversity (i.e., observed heterozygosity) remained high in a population of gray wolves in the Rocky Mountains of the U.S. > 20 years after reintroduction. Additionally, I wanted to know if a potential mechanism for such diversity was individuals with below average genetic diversity choosing mates with above average diversity. I also asked whether there was a preference for mating with unrelated individuals. Finally, I hypothesized that mated pairs with above average heterozygosity would have increased survival of young. Ultimately, I found that females with below average heterozygosity did not choose mates with above average heterozygosity and wolves chose mates randomly with respect to genetic relatedness. Pup survival was not higher for mated pairs with above average heterozygosity in my models. The dominant variables predicting pup survival were harvest rate during their first year of life and years pairs were mated. Ultimately, genetic diversity was relatively unchanged > 20 years after reintroduction. The mechanism for maintaining such diversity does not appear related to individuals preferentially choosing more genetically diverse mates. Inbreeding avoidance, however, appears to be at least one mechanism maintaining genetic diversity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Ausband
- U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1141, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
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5
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Dickel L, Arcese P, Nietlisbach P, Keller LF, Jensen H, Reid JM. Are immigrants outbred and unrelated? Testing standard assumptions in a wild metapopulation. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5674-5686. [PMID: 34516687 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immigration into small recipient populations is expected to alleviate inbreeding and increase genetic variation, and hence facilitate population persistence through genetic and/or evolutionary rescue. Such expectations depend on three standard assumptions: that immigrants are outbred, unrelated to existing natives at arrival, and unrelated to each other. These assumptions are rarely explicitly verified, including in key field systems in evolutionary ecology. Yet, they could be violated due to non-random or repeated immigration from adjacent small populations. We combined molecular genetic marker data for 150-160 microsatellite loci with comprehensive pedigree data to test the three assumptions for a song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population that is a model system for quantifying effects of inbreeding and immigration in the wild. Immigrants were less homozygous than existing natives on average, with mean homozygosity that closely resembled outbred natives. Immigrants can therefore be considered outbred on the focal population scale. Comparisons of homozygosity of real or hypothetical offspring of immigrant-native, native-native and immigrant-immigrant pairings implied that immigrants were typically unrelated to existing natives and to each other. Indeed, immigrants' offspring would be even less homozygous than outbred individuals on the focal population scale. The three standard assumptions of population genetic and evolutionary theory were consequently largely validated. Yet, our analyses revealed some deviations that should be accounted for in future analyses of heterosis and inbreeding depression, implying that the three assumptions should be verified in other systems to probe patterns of non-random or repeated dispersal and facilitate precise and unbiased estimation of key evolutionary parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dickel
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zoological Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jane M Reid
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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6
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Nietlisbach P, Wolak ME, Muff S, Dickel L, Keller LF. Immigration counter-acts local micro-evolution of a major fitness component: Migration-selection balance in free-living song sparrows. Evol Lett 2021; 5:48-60. [PMID: 33552535 PMCID: PMC7857281 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing adaptive evolution, and resulting “evolutionary rescue” of declining populations, requires additive genetic variation in fitness. Such variation can be increased by gene flow resulting from immigration, potentially facilitating evolution. But, gene flow could in fact constrain rather than facilitate local adaptive evolution if immigrants have low additive genetic values for local fitness. Local migration‐selection balance and micro‐evolutionary stasis could then result. However, key quantitative genetic effects of natural immigration, comprising the degrees to which gene flow increases the total local additive genetic variance yet counteracts local adaptive evolutionary change, have not been explicitly quantified in wild populations. Key implications of gene flow for population and evolutionary dynamics consequently remain unclear. Our quantitative genetic analyses of long‐term data from free‐living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) show that mean breeding value for local juvenile survival to adulthood, a major component of fitness, increased across cohorts more than expected solely due to drift. Such micro‐evolutionary change should be expected given nonzero additive genetic variance and consistent directional selection. However, this evolutionary increase was counteracted by negative additive genetic effects of recent immigrants, which increased total additive genetic variance but prevented a net directional evolutionary increase in total additive genetic value. These analyses imply an approximate quantitative genetic migration‐selection balance in a major fitness component, and hence demonstrate a key mechanism by which substantial additive genetic variation can be maintained yet decoupled from local adaptive evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics NTNU Trondheim Norway.,School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Peter Arcese
- Forest & Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal Illinois USA
| | - Matthew E Wolak
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alaska USA
| | - Stefanie Muff
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics NTNU Trondheim Norway.,Department of Mathematical Sciences NTNU Trondheim Norway
| | - Lisa Dickel
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics NTNU Trondheim Norway
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland.,Zoological Museum University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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7
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Grinkov VG, Bauer A, Sternberg H, Wink M. Heritability of the extra-pair mating behaviour of the pied flycatcher in Western Siberia. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9571. [PMID: 32821536 PMCID: PMC7397985 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Males and females take part in extra-pair copulations in most socially monogamous bird species. The mechanisms leading to the frequent occurrence of extra-pair offspring in socially monogamous couples are strongly debated and unresolved, and they are often difficult to distinguish from one another. Most hypotheses explaining the evolution of extra-pair reproduction suggest selective and adaptive scenarios for their origination and persistence. Is extra-pair paternity a heritable trait? We evaluated the heritability of extra-pair paternity in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nesting in Western Siberia. Estimated heritability was low: depending on the model used, the point estimate of the heritability (mode) varied from 0.005 to 0.11, and the bounds of the 95% confidence interval are [0–0.16] in the widest range. Thus, it seems that extra-pair mating behaviour in the pied flycatchers is a plastic phenotypic mating tactic with a small or no genetic component. Our data can help to understand the evolution of extra-pair mating behaviour in socially monogamous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Grinkov
- Evolutionary Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Bonnet T, Morrissey MB, Kruuk LEB. Estimation of Genetic Variance in Fitness, and Inference of Adaptation, When Fitness Follows a Log-Normal Distribution. J Hered 2019; 110:383-395. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAdditive genetic variance in relative fitness (σA2(w)) is arguably the most important evolutionary parameter in a population because, by Fisher’s fundamental theorem of natural selection (FTNS; Fisher RA. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press), it represents the rate of adaptive evolution. However, to date, there are few estimates of σA2(w) in natural populations. Moreover, most of the available estimates rely on Gaussian assumptions inappropriate for fitness data, with unclear consequences. “Generalized linear animal models” (GLAMs) tend to be more appropriate for fitness data, but they estimate parameters on a transformed (“latent”) scale that is not directly interpretable for inferences on the data scale. Here we exploit the latest theoretical developments to clarify how best to estimate quantitative genetic parameters for fitness. Specifically, we use computer simulations to confirm a recently developed analog of the FTNS in the case when expected fitness follows a log-normal distribution. In this situation, the additive genetic variance in absolute fitness on the latent log-scale (σA2(l)) equals (σA2(w)) on the data scale, which is the rate of adaptation within a generation. However, due to inheritance distortion, the change in mean relative fitness between generations exceeds σA2(l) and equals (exp(σA2(l))−1). We illustrate why the heritability of fitness is generally low and is not a good measure of the rate of adaptation. Finally, we explore how well the relevant parameters can be estimated by animal models, comparing Gaussian models with Poisson GLAMs. Our results illustrate 1) the correspondence between quantitative genetics and population dynamics encapsulated in the FTNS and its log-normal-analog and 2) the appropriate interpretation of GLAM parameter estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bonnet
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Loeske E B Kruuk
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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9
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Evans ML, Hard JJ, Black AN, Sard NM, O’Malley KG. A quantitative genetic analysis of life-history traits and lifetime reproductive success in reintroduced Chinook salmon. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Marjamäki PH, Dugdale HL, Dawson DA, McDonald RA, Delahay R, Burke T, Wilson AJ. Individual variation and the source-sink group dynamics of extra-group paternity in a social mammal. Behav Ecol 2019; 30:301-312. [PMID: 30971858 PMCID: PMC6450204 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of individuals, or their genes, can influence eco-evolutionary processes in structured populations. We have limited understanding of the extent to which spatial behavior varies among groups and individuals within populations. Here, we use genetic pedigree reconstruction in a long-term study of European badgers (Meles meles) to characterize the extent of extra-group paternity, occurring as a consequence of breeding excursions, and to test hypothesized drivers of variation at multiple levels. We jointly estimate parentage and paternity distance (PD; distance between a cub's natal and its father's social group), and test whether population density and sex ratio influence mean annual PD. We also model cub-level PD and extra-group paternity (EGP) to test for variation among social groups and parental individuals. Mean PD varied among years but was not explained by population density or sex ratio. However, cub-level analysis shows strong effects of social group, and parental identities, with some parental individuals being consistently more likely to produce cubs with extra-group partners. Group effects were partially explained by local sex ratio. There was also a strong negative correlation between maternal and paternal social group effects on cub paternity distance, indicating source-sink dynamics. Our analyses of paternity distance and EGP indicate variation in extra-group mating at multiple levels-among years, social groups and individuals. The latter in particular is a phenomenon seldom documented and suggests that gene flow among groups may be disproportionately mediated by a nonrandom subset of adults, emphasizing the importance of the individual in driving eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula H Marjamäki
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah L Dugdale
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Deborah A Dawson
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robbie A McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Richard Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Terry Burke
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
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11
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Wolak ME, Arcese P, Keller LF, Nietlisbach P, Reid JM. Sex‐specific additive genetic variances and correlations for fitness in a song sparrow (
Melospiza melodia
) population subject to natural immigration and inbreeding. Evolution 2018; 72:2057-2075. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Wolak
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn University Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Lukas F. Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Zoological MuseumUniversity of Zurich Karl‐Schmid‐Strasse 4 CH‐8006 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland
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12
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Reid JM, Wolak ME. Is there indirect selection on female extra-pair reproduction through cross-sex genetic correlations with male reproductive fitness? Evol Lett 2018; 2:159-168. [PMID: 30283673 PMCID: PMC6121835 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One key hypothesis explaining the evolution and persistence of polyandry, and resulting female extra‐pair reproduction in socially monogamous systems, is that female propensity for extra‐pair reproduction is positively genetically correlated with male reproductive fitness and consequently experiences positive cross‐sex indirect selection. However, key genetic correlations have rarely been estimated, especially in free‐living populations experiencing natural (co)variation in reproductive strategies and fitness. We used long‐term life‐history and pedigree data from song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to estimate the cross‐sex genetic correlation between female propensity for extra‐pair reproduction and adult male lifetime reproductive success, and thereby test a key hypothesis regarding mating system evolution. There was substantial additive genetic variance in both traits, providing substantial potential for indirect selection on female reproductive strategy. However, the cross‐sex genetic correlation was estimated to be close to zero. Such small correlations might arise because male reproductive success achieved through extra‐pair paternity was strongly positively genetically correlated with success achieved through within‐pair paternity, implying that the same successful males commonly sire offspring produced by polyandrous and monogamous females. Cross‐sex indirect selection may consequently have limited capacity to drive evolution of female extra‐pair reproduction, or hence underlying polyandry, in systems where multiple routes to paternity success exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen United Kingdom
| | - Matthew E Wolak
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen United Kingdom.,Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849
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13
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Germain RR, Arcese P, Reid JM. The Consequences of Polyandry for Sibship Structures, Distributions of Relationships and Relatedness, and Potential for Inbreeding in a Wild Population. Am Nat 2018; 191:638-657. [PMID: 29693437 DOI: 10.1086/696855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary benefits of simultaneous polyandry (female multiple mating within a single reproductive event) remain elusive. One potential benefit could arise if polyandry alters sibship structures and consequent relationships and relatedness among females' descendants, thereby intrinsically reducing future inbreeding risk (the indirect inbreeding avoidance hypothesis). However such effects have not been quantified in naturally complex mating systems that also encompass iteroparity, overlapping generations, sequential polyandry, and polygyny. We used long-term social and genetic pedigree data from song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to quantify cross-generational consequences of simultaneous polyandry for offspring sibship structures and distributions of relationships and relatedness among possible mates. Simultaneous polyandry decreased full sibships and increased half-sibships, on average, but such effects varied among females and were smaller than would occur in the absence of sequential polyandry or polygyny. Further, while simultaneous polyandry decreased the overall frequencies of possible matings among adult full sibs, it increased the frequencies of possible matings among adult half-sibs and more distant relatives. These results imply that the intrinsic consequences of simultaneous polyandry for inbreeding risk could cause weak indirect selection on polyandry, but the magnitude and direction of such effects will depend on complex interactions with other mating system components and the form of inbreeding depression.
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de Villemereuil P, Morrissey MB, Nakagawa S, Schielzeth H. Fixed-effect variance and the estimation of repeatabilities and heritabilities: issues and solutions. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:621-632. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. de Villemereuil
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - M. B. Morrissey
- School of Evolutionary Biology; University of St Andrews; St Andrews UK
| | - S. Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - H. Schielzeth
- Population Ecology Group; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
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15
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Nietlisbach P, Keller LF, Camenisch G, Guillaume F, Arcese P, Reid JM, Postma E. Pedigree-based inbreeding coefficient explains more variation in fitness than heterozygosity at 160 microsatellites in a wild bird population. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2763. [PMID: 28250184 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the pedigree-based inbreeding coefficient F predicts the expected proportion of an individual's genome that is identical-by-descent (IBD), heterozygosity at genetic markers captures Mendelian sampling variation and thereby provides an estimate of realized IBD. Realized IBD should hence explain more variation in fitness than their pedigree-based expectations, but how many markers are required to achieve this in practice remains poorly understood. We use extensive pedigree and life-history data from an island population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to show that the number of genetic markers and pedigree depth affected the explanatory power of heterozygosity and F, respectively, but that heterozygosity measured at 160 microsatellites did not explain more variation in fitness than F This is in contrast with other studies that found heterozygosity based on far fewer markers to explain more variation in fitness than F Thus, the relative performance of marker- and pedigree-based estimates of IBD depends on the quality of the pedigree, the number, variability and location of the markers employed, and the species-specific recombination landscape, and expectations based on detailed and deep pedigrees remain valuable until we can routinely afford genotyping hundreds of phenotyped wild individuals of genetic non-model species for thousands of genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirmin Nietlisbach
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glauco Camenisch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Erik Postma
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
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16
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Barati A, Andrew RL, Gorrell JC, McDonald PG. Extra-pair paternity is not driven by inbreeding avoidance and does not affect provisioning rates in a cooperatively breeding bird, the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala). Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Tarwater CE, Arcese P. Age and years to death disparately influence reproductive allocation in a short‐lived bird. Ecology 2017; 98:2248-2254. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey E. Tarwater
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
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18
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Nguyen TTX, Moehring AJ. Cross-generational comparison of reproductive success in recently caught strains of Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:41. [PMID: 28166714 PMCID: PMC5294731 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Males and females often have opposing strategies for increasing fitness. Males that out-compete others will acquire more mating opportunities and thus have higher lifetime reproductive success. Females that mate with a high quality male receive either direct benefits through productivity or acquisition of additional resources or indirect benefits through the increased fitness of offspring. These components may be in conflict: factors that increase offspring fitness may decrease a female’s productivity, and alleles that are beneficial in one sex may be detrimental in the opposite sex. Here, we use a multigenerational study with recently caught strains of Drosophila melanogaster to examine the relationship between parental, male offspring, and female offspring fitness when fitness is measured in a basal non-competitive environment. Results We find synergy between parental and offspring lifetime reproductive success, indicating a lack of parent-offspring conflict, and a synergy between son and daughter reproductive success, indicating a lack of intersexual conflict. Interestingly, inbreeding significantly reduced the lifetime reproductive success of daughters, but did not have a significant effect on short-term productivity measures of daughters, sons or parents. Conclusions In wild-caught flies, there appears to be no parent-offspring conflict or intersexual conflict for loci influencing offspring production in a anon-competitive environment. Further, there may not be a biologically relevant selection pressure for avoidance of inbreeding depression in wild-type individuals of this short-lived species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0887-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh T X Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Amanda J Moehring
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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19
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Manica LT, Graves JA, Podos J, Macedo RH. Multimodal flight display of a neotropical songbird predicts social pairing but not extrapair mating success. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Wolak ME, Reid JM. Is Pairing with a Relative Heritable? Estimating Female and Male Genetic Contributions to the Degree of Biparental Inbreeding in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Am Nat 2016; 187:736-52. [DOI: 10.1086/686198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Carmona D, Johnson MTJ. The genetics of chutes and ladders: a community genetics approach to tritrophic interactions. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carmona
- Dept of Biology; Univ. of Toronto Mississauga; 3359 Mississauga Road Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Dept of Biology; Univ. of Toronto Mississauga; 3359 Mississauga Road Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6 Canada
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22
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Evidence of adoption, monozygotic twinning, and low inbreeding rates in a large genetic pedigree of polar bears. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Bocedi G, Duthie AB, Wolak ME, Keller LF. Resolving the conundrum of inbreeding depression but no inbreeding avoidance: Estimating sex-specific selection on inbreeding by song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Evolution 2015; 69:2846-61. [PMID: 26420476 PMCID: PMC5057356 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding avoidance among interacting females and males is not always observed despite inbreeding depression in offspring fitness, creating an apparent "inbreeding paradox." This paradox could be resolved if selection against inbreeding was in fact weak, despite inbreeding depression. However, the net magnitude and direction of selection on the degree to which females and males inbreed by pairing with relatives has not been explicitly estimated. We used long-term pedigree data to estimate phenotypic selection gradients on the degree of inbreeding that female and male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) expressed by forming socially persistent breeding pairs with relatives. Fitness was measured as the total numbers of offspring and grand offspring contributed to the population, and as corresponding expected numbers of identical-by-descent allele copies, thereby accounting for variation in offspring survival, reproduction, and relatedness associated with variation in parental inbreeding. Estimated selection gradients on the degree to which individuals paired with relatives were weakly positive in females, but negative in males that formed at least one socially persistent pairing. However, males that paired had higher mean fitness than males that remained socially unpaired. These analyses suggest that net selection against inbreeding may be weak in both sexes despite strong inbreeding depression, thereby resolving the "inbreeding paradox."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Greta Bocedi
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - A Bradley Duthie
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Matthew E Wolak
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Brekke P, Ewen JG, Clucas G, Santure AW. Determinants of male floating behaviour and floater reproduction in a threatened population of the hihi (Notiomystis cincta). Evol Appl 2015; 8:796-806. [PMID: 26366197 PMCID: PMC4561569 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Floating males are usually thought of as nonbreeders. However, some floating individuals are able to reproduce through extra-pair copulations. Floater reproductive success can impact breeders' sex ratio, reproductive variance, multiple paternity and inbreeding, particularly in small populations. Changes in reproductive variance alter the rate of genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity. Therefore, genetic management of threatened species requires an understanding of floater reproduction and determinants of floating behaviour to effectively conserve species. Here, we used a pedigreed, free-living population of the endangered New Zealand hihi (Notiomystis cincta) to assess variance in male reproductive success and test the genetic (inbreeding and heritability) and conditional (age and size) factors that influence floater behaviour and reproduction. Floater reproduction is common in this species. However, floater individuals have lower reproductive success and variance in reproductive success than territorial males (total and extra-pair fledglings), so their relative impact on the population's reproductive performance is low. Whether an individual becomes a floater, and if so then how successful they are, is determined mainly by individual age (young and old) and to lesser extents male size (small) and inbreeding level (inbred). Floating males have a small, but important role in population reproduction and persistence of threatened populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Brekke
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of LondonRegents Park, London, UK
| | - John G Ewen
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of LondonRegents Park, London, UK
| | - Gemma Clucas
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of SouthamptonWaterfront Campus European Way, Southampton, UK
| | - Anna W Santure
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western BankSheffield, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
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25
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García-Navas V, Ferrer ES, Cáliz-Campal C, Bueno-Enciso J, Barrientos R, Sanz JJ, Ortego J. Spatiotemporal and genetic contingency of extrapair behaviour in a songbird. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Chantepie S, Robert A, Sorci G, Hingrat Y, Charmantier A, Leveque G, Lacroix F, Teplitsky C. Quantitative Genetics of the Aging of Reproductive Traits in the Houbara Bustard. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218735 PMCID: PMC4517785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Do all traits within an organism age for the same reason? Evolutionary theories of aging share a common assumption: the strength of natural selection declines with age. A corollary is that additive genetic variance should increase with age. However, not all senescent traits display such increases suggesting that other mechanisms may be at play. Using longitudinal data collected from more than 5400 houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata) with an exhaustive recorded pedigree, we investigated the genetics of aging in one female reproductive trait (egg production) and three male reproductive traits (courtship display rate, ejaculate size and sperm viability), that display senescence at the phenotypic level. Animal models revealed an increase in additive genetic variance with age for courtship display rate and egg production but an unexpected absence of increased additive genetic variance for ejaculate size and no additive genetic variance for sperm viability. Our results suggest that the mechanisms behind the senescence of some traits are linked with a change in genetic expression, whereas for some other traits, aging may result from the constraints associated with physiological wear and tear on the organism throughout the life of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Chantepie
- UMR 7204 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandre Robert
- UMR 7204 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- UMR CNRS/uB 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Yves Hingrat
- Reneco for Wildlife Preservation, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anne Charmantier
- UMR 5175 CEFE-CNRS Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Frédéric Lacroix
- Reneco for Wildlife Preservation, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Céline Teplitsky
- UMR 7204 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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27
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Mair C, Stear M, Johnson P, Denwood M, Jimenez de Cisneros JP, Stefan T, Matthews L. A Bayesian generalized random regression model for estimating heritability using overdispersed count data. Genet Sel Evol 2015; 47:51. [PMID: 26092676 PMCID: PMC4473853 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-015-0125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Faecal egg counts are a common indicator of nematode infection and since it is a heritable trait, it provides a marker for selective breeding. However, since resistance to disease changes as the adaptive immune system develops, quantifying temporal changes in heritability could help improve selective breeding programs. Faecal egg counts can be extremely skewed and difficult to handle statistically. Therefore, previous heritability analyses have log transformed faecal egg counts to estimate heritability on a latent scale. However, such transformations may not always be appropriate. In addition, analyses of faecal egg counts have typically used univariate rather than multivariate analyses such as random regression that are appropriate when traits are correlated. We present a method for estimating the heritability of untransformed faecal egg counts over the grazing season using random regression. Results Replicating standard univariate analyses, we showed the dependence of heritability estimates on choice of transformation. Then, using a multitrait model, we exposed temporal correlations, highlighting the need for a random regression approach. Since random regression can sometimes involve the estimation of more parameters than observations or result in computationally intractable problems, we chose to investigate reduced rank random regression. Using standard software (WOMBAT), we discuss the estimation of variance components for log transformed data using both full and reduced rank analyses. Then, we modelled the untransformed data assuming it to be negative binomially distributed and used Metropolis Hastings to fit a generalized reduced rank random regression model with an additive genetic, permanent environmental and maternal effect. These three variance components explained more than 80 % of the total phenotypic variation, whereas the variance components for the log transformed data accounted for considerably less. The heritability, on a link scale, increased from around 0.25 at the beginning of the grazing season to around 0.4 at the end. Conclusions Random regressions are a useful tool for quantifying sources of variation across time. Our MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) algorithm provides a flexible approach to fitting random regression models to non-normal data. Here we applied the algorithm to negative binomially distributed faecal egg count data, but this method is readily applicable to other types of overdispersed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Mair
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G611QH, UK. .,The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Michael Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G611QH, UK. .,The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Paul Johnson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G611QH, UK. .,The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Matthew Denwood
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK. .,The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Joaquin Prada Jimenez de Cisneros
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G611QH, UK. .,The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Thorsten Stefan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G611QH, UK. .,The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Louise Matthews
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G611QH, UK. .,The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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28
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Losdat S, Arcese P, Reid JM. Double decomposition: decomposing the variance in subcomponents of male extra-pair reproductive success. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1384-95. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Losdat
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; Zoology Building; University of Aberdeen; Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jane M. Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; Zoology Building; University of Aberdeen; Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
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29
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Liu IA, Johndrow JE, Abe J, Lüpold S, Yasukawa K, Westneat DF, Nowicki S. Genetic diversity does not explain variation in extra-pair paternity in multiple populations of a songbird. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1156-69. [PMID: 25876793 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many songbirds are socially monogamous but genetically polyandrous, mating with individuals outside their pair bonds. Extra-pair paternity (EPP) varies within and across species, but reasons for this variation remain unclear. One possible source of variation is population genetic diversity, which has been shown in interspecific meta-analyses to correlate with EPP but which has limited support from intraspecific tests. Using eight populations of the genetically polyandrous red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), including an island population, we investigated whether population-level differences in genetic diversity led to differences in EPP. We first measured genetic diversity over 10 microsatellite loci and found, as predicted, low genetic diversity in the island population. Additional structure analyses with multilocus genotypes and mtDNA showed the island population to be distinct from the continental populations. However, the island population's EPP rate fell in the middle of the continental populations' distribution, whereas the continental populations themselves showed significant variation in EPP. This result suggests that genetic diversity by itself is not a predictor of EPP rate. We discuss reasons for the departure from previous results, including hypotheses for EPP that do not solely implicate female-driven behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Liu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J E Johndrow
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J Abe
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Lüpold
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - K Yasukawa
- Department of Biology, Beloit College, Beloit, WI, USA
| | - D F Westneat
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S Nowicki
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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30
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Santos-del-Blanco L, Alía R, González-Martínez SC, Sampedro L, Lario F, Climent J. Correlated genetic effects on reproduction define a domestication syndrome in a forest tree. Evol Appl 2015; 8:403-10. [PMID: 25926884 PMCID: PMC4408150 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to natural selection, domestication implies a dramatic change in traits linked to fitness. A number of traits conferring fitness in the wild might be detrimental under domestication, and domesticated species typically differ from their ancestors in a set of traits known as the domestication syndrome. Specifically, trade-offs between growth and reproduction are well established across the tree of life. According to allocation theory, selection for growth rate is expected to indirectly alter life-history reproductive traits, diverting resources from reproduction to growth. Here we tested this hypothesis by examining the genetic change and correlated responses of reproductive traits as a result of selection for timber yield in the tree Pinus pinaster. Phenotypic selection was carried out in a natural population, and progenies from selected trees were compared with those of control trees in a common garden experiment. According to expectations, we detected a genetic change in important life-history traits due to selection. Specifically, threshold sizes for reproduction were much higher and reproductive investment relative to size significantly lower in the selected progenies just after a single artificial selection event. Our study helps to define the domestication syndrome in exploited forest trees and shows that changes affecting developmental pathways are relevant in domestication processes of long-lived plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Santos-del-Blanco
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research InstitutePalencia, Spain
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Alía
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research InstitutePalencia, Spain
| | - Santiago C González-Martínez
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research InstitutePalencia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Lario
- Vivero de Maceda, Dirección Técnica, TRAGSAMaceda, Ourense, Spain
| | - José Climent
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research InstitutePalencia, Spain
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31
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Pujol B. Genes and quantitative genetic variation involved with senescence in cells, organs, and the whole plant. Front Genet 2015; 6:57. [PMID: 25755664 PMCID: PMC4337380 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence, the deterioration of morphological, physiological, and reproductive functions with age that ends with the death of the organism, was widely studied in plants. Genes were identified that are linked to the deterioration of cells, organs and the whole plant. It is, however, unclear whether those genes are the source of age dependent deterioration or get activated to regulate such deterioration. Furthermore, it is also unclear whether such genes are active as a direct consequence of age or because they are specifically involved in some developmental stages. At the individual level, it is the relationship between quantitative genetic variation, and age that can be used to detect the genetic signature of senescence. Surprisingly, the latter approach was only scarcely applied to plants. This may be the consequence of the demanding requirements for such approaches and/or the fact that most research interest was directed toward plants that avoid senescence. Here, I review those aspects in turn and call for an integrative genetic theory of senescence in plants. Such conceptual development would have implications for the management of plant genetic resources and generate progress on fundamental questions raised by aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Pujol
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique) Toulouse, France ; Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR5174 EDB Toulouse, France
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32
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McKown AD, Guy RD, Quamme L, Klápště J, La Mantia J, Constabel CP, El-Kassaby YA, Hamelin RC, Zifkin M, Azam MS. Association genetics, geography and ecophysiology link stomatal patterning in Populus trichocarpa with carbon gain and disease resistance trade-offs. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5771-90. [PMID: 25319679 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are essential for diffusive entry of gases to support photosynthesis, but may also expose internal leaf tissues to pathogens. To uncover trade-offs in range-wide adaptation relating to stomata, we investigated the underlying genetics of stomatal traits and linked variability in these traits with geoclimate, ecophysiology, condensed foliar tannins and pathogen susceptibility in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). Upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) leaf stomatal traits were measured from 454 accessions collected throughout much of the species range. We calculated broad-sense heritability (H(2) ) of stomatal traits and, using SNP data from a 34K Populus SNP array, performed a genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to uncover genes underlying stomatal trait variation. H(2) values for stomatal traits were moderate (average H(2) = 0.33). GWAS identified genes associated primarily with adaxial stomata, including polarity genes (PHABULOSA), stomatal development genes (BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2) and disease/wound-response genes (GLUTAMATE-CYSTEINE LIGASE). Stomatal traits correlated with latitude, gas exchange, condensed tannins and leaf rust (Melampsora) infection. Latitudinal trends of greater adaxial stomata numbers and guard cell pore size corresponded with higher stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthesis (Amax ), faster shoot elongation, lower foliar tannins and greater Melampsora susceptibility. This suggests an evolutionary trade-off related to differing selection pressures across the species range. In northern environments, more adaxial stomata and larger pore sizes reflect selection for rapid carbon gain and growth. By contrast, southern genotypes have fewer adaxial stomata, smaller pore sizes and higher levels of condensed tannins, possibly linked to greater pressure from natural leaf pathogens, which are less significant in northern ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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33
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Losdat S. Genetic covariance between components of male reproductive success: within-pair vs. extra-pair paternity in song sparrows. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2046-56. [PMID: 25186454 PMCID: PMC4283045 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary trajectories of reproductive systems, including both male and female multiple mating and hence polygyny and polyandry, are expected to depend on the additive genetic variances and covariances in and among components of male reproductive success achieved through different reproductive tactics. However, genetic covariances among key components of male reproductive success have not been estimated in wild populations. We used comprehensive paternity data from socially monogamous but genetically polygynandrous song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to estimate additive genetic variance and covariance in the total number of offspring a male sired per year outside his social pairings (i.e. his total extra-pair reproductive success achieved through multiple mating) and his liability to sire offspring produced by his socially paired female (i.e. his success in defending within-pair paternity). Both components of male fitness showed nonzero additive genetic variance, and the estimated genetic covariance was positive, implying that males with high additive genetic value for extra-pair reproduction also have high additive genetic propensity to sire their socially paired female's offspring. There was consequently no evidence of a genetic or phenotypic trade-off between male within-pair paternity success and extra-pair reproductive success. Such positive genetic covariance might be expected to facilitate ongoing evolution of polygyny and could also shape the ongoing evolution of polyandry through indirect selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
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34
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Eliassen S, Jørgensen C. Extra-pair mating and evolution of cooperative neighbourhoods. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99878. [PMID: 24987839 PMCID: PMC4079691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A striking but unexplained pattern in biology is the promiscuous mating behaviour in socially monogamous species. Although females commonly solicit extra-pair copulations, the adaptive reason has remained elusive. We use evolutionary modelling of breeding ecology to show that females benefit because extra-pair paternity incentivizes males to shift focus from a single brood towards the entire neighbourhood, as they are likely to have offspring there. Male-male cooperation towards public goods and dear enemy effects of reduced territorial aggression evolve from selfish interests, and lead to safer and more productive neighbourhoods. The mechanism provides adaptive explanations for the common empirical observations that females engage in extra-pair copulations, that neighbours dominate as extra-pair sires, and that extra-pair mating correlates with predation mortality and breeding density. The models predict cooperative behaviours at breeding sites where males cooperate more towards public goods than females. Where maternity certainty makes females care for offspring at home, paternity uncertainty and a potential for offspring in several broods make males invest in communal benefits and public goods. The models further predict that benefits of extra-pair mating affect whole nests or neighbourhoods, and that cuckolding males are often cuckolded themselves. Derived from ecological mechanisms, these new perspectives point towards the evolution of sociality in birds, with relevance also for mammals and primates including humans.
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35
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Han CS, Brooks RC. The interaction between genotype and juvenile and adult density environment in shaping multidimensional reaction norms of behaviour. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang S. Han
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 NSWAustralia
| | - Robert C. Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 NSWAustralia
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36
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Forstmeier W, Nakagawa S, Griffith SC, Kempenaers B. Female extra-pair mating: adaptation or genetic constraint? Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:456-64. [PMID: 24909948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Why do females of so many socially monogamous species regularly engage in matings outside the pair bond? This question has puzzled behavioural ecologists for more than two decades. Until recently, an adaptionist's point of view prevailed: if females actively seek extra-pair copulations, as has been observed in several species, they must somehow benefit from this behaviour. However, do they? In this review, we argue that adaptive scenarios have received disproportionate research attention, whereas nonadaptive phenomena, such as pathological polyspermy, de novo mutations, and genetic constraints, have been neglected by empiricists and theoreticians alike. We suggest that these topics deserve to be taken seriously and that future work would benefit from combining classical behavioural ecology with reproductive physiology and evolutionary genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Forstmeier
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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37
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Keller LF, Losdat S. Female and male genetic effects on offspring paternity: additive genetic (co)variances in female extra-pair reproduction and male paternity success in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Evolution 2014; 68:2357-70. [PMID: 24724612 PMCID: PMC4285967 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing evolution of polyandry, and consequent extra-pair reproduction in socially monogamous systems, is hypothesized to be facilitated by indirect selection stemming from cross-sex genetic covariances with components of male fitness. Specifically, polyandry is hypothesized to create positive genetic covariance with male paternity success due to inevitable assortative reproduction, driving ongoing coevolution. However, it remains unclear whether such covariances could or do emerge within complex polyandrous systems. First, we illustrate that genetic covariances between female extra-pair reproduction and male within-pair paternity success might be constrained in socially monogamous systems where female and male additive genetic effects can have opposing impacts on the paternity of jointly reared offspring. Second, we demonstrate nonzero additive genetic variance in female liability for extra-pair reproduction and male liability for within-pair paternity success, modeled as direct and associative genetic effects on offspring paternity, respectively, in free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). The posterior mean additive genetic covariance between these liabilities was slightly positive, but the credible interval was wide and overlapped zero. Therefore, although substantial total additive genetic variance exists, the hypothesis that ongoing evolution of female extra-pair reproduction is facilitated by genetic covariance with male within-pair paternity success cannot yet be definitively supported or rejected either conceptually or empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
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38
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McFarlane SE, Gorrell JC, Coltman DW, Humphries MM, Boutin S, McAdam AG. Very low levels of direct additive genetic variance in fitness and fitness components in a red squirrel population. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1729-38. [PMID: 24963372 PMCID: PMC4063471 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A trait must genetically correlate with fitness in order to evolve in response to natural selection, but theory suggests that strong directional selection should erode additive genetic variance in fitness and limit future evolutionary potential. Balancing selection has been proposed as a mechanism that could maintain genetic variance if fitness components trade off with one another and has been invoked to account for empirical observations of higher levels of additive genetic variance in fitness components than would be expected from mutation–selection balance. Here, we used a long-term study of an individually marked population of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) to look for evidence of (1) additive genetic variance in lifetime reproductive success and (2) fitness trade-offs between fitness components, such as male and female fitness or fitness in high- and low-resource environments. “Animal model” analyses of a multigenerational pedigree revealed modest maternal effects on fitness, but very low levels of additive genetic variance in lifetime reproductive success overall as well as fitness measures within each sex and environment. It therefore appears that there are very low levels of direct genetic variance in fitness and fitness components in red squirrels to facilitate contemporary adaptation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eryn McFarlane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jamieson C Gorrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - David W Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Murray M Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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39
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Reid JM, Keller LF, Marr AB, Nietlisbach P, Sardell RJ, Arcese P. Pedigree error due to extra-pair reproduction substantially biases estimates of inbreeding depression. Evolution 2013; 68:802-15. [PMID: 24171712 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of inbreeding and inbreeding depression requires unbiased estimation of inbreeding depression across diverse mating systems. However, studies estimating inbreeding depression often measure inbreeding with error, for example, based on pedigree data derived from observed parental behavior that ignore paternity error stemming from multiple mating. Such paternity error causes error in estimated coefficients of inbreeding (f) and reproductive success and could bias estimates of inbreeding depression. We used complete "apparent" pedigree data compiled from observed parental behavior and analogous "actual" pedigree data comprising genetic parentage to quantify effects of paternity error stemming from extra-pair reproduction on estimates of f, reproductive success, and inbreeding depression in free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Paternity error caused widespread error in estimates of f and male reproductive success, causing inbreeding depression in male and female annual and lifetime reproductive success and juvenile male survival to be substantially underestimated. Conversely, inbreeding depression in adult male survival tended to be overestimated when paternity error was ignored. Pedigree error stemming from extra-pair reproduction therefore caused substantial and divergent bias in estimates of inbreeding depression that could bias tests of evolutionary theories regarding inbreeding and inbreeding depression and their links to variation in mating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
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40
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Vedder O, Magrath MJL, van der Velde M, Komdeur J. Covariance of paternity and sex with laying order explains male bias in extra-pair offspring in a wild bird population. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130616. [PMID: 24026349 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that parents increase their fitness by biasing the sex ratio of extra-pair offspring (EPO) towards males. Here, we report a male bias among EPO in a wild population of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). This resulted from a decline in both the proportion of males and EPO over the laying order of eggs in the clutch. However, previous studies suggest that, unlike the decline in EPO with laying order, the relationship between offspring sex ratio and laying order is not consistent between years and populations in this species. Hence, we caution against treating the decline in proportion of males with laying order, and the resulting male bias among EPO, as support for the above hypothesis. Variable patterns of offspring sex and paternity over the laying order may explain inconsistent associations between offspring sex and paternity, between and within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Vedder
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-Organization, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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41
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Harrison XA, York JE, Cram DL, Young AJ. Extra-group mating increases inbreeding risk in a cooperatively breeding bird. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5700-15. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X. A. Harrison
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - J. E. York
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - D. L. Cram
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - A. J. Young
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
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42
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Janicke T, Vellnow N, Sarda V, David P. Sex-specific inbreeding depression depends on the strength of male-male competition. Evolution 2013; 67:2861-75. [PMID: 24094339 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression has become a central theme in evolutionary biology and is considered to be a driving force for the evolution of reproductive morphology, physiology, behavior, and mating systems. Despite the overwhelming body of empirical work on the reproductive consequences of inbreeding, relatively little is known on whether inbreeding depresses male and female fitness to the same extent. However, sex-specific inbreeding depression has been argued to affect the evolution of selfing rates in simultaneous hermaphrodites and provides a powerful approach to test whether selection is stronger in males than in females, which is predicted to be the consequence of sexual selection. We tested for sex-specific inbreeding depression in the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta by comparing the reproductive performance of both sex functions between selfed and outcrossed focal individuals under different levels of male-male competition. We found that inbreeding impaired both male and female reproductive success and that the magnitude of male inbreeding depression exceeded female inbreeding depression when the opportunity for sperm competition was highest. Our study provides the first evidence for sex-specific inbreeding depression in a hermaphroditic animal and highlights the importance of considering the level of male-male competition when assessing sex differences in inbreeding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janicke
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France.
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43
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Lebigre C, Arcese P, Reid JM. Decomposing variation in male reproductive success: age-specific variances and covariances through extra-pair and within-pair reproduction. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:872-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science; Centre for Applied Conservation Research; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; BC V6T 1Z4; Canada
| | - Jane M. Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; Zoology Building; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen; AB24 2TZ; UK
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44
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de Villemereuil P, Gimenez O, Doligez B. Comparing parent-offspring regression with frequentist and Bayesian animal models to estimate heritability in wild populations: a simulation study for Gaussian and binary traits. Methods Ecol Evol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; UMR 5175, Campus CNRS Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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45
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Reid JM. Predicting evolutionary responses to selection on polyandry in the wild: additive genetic covariances with female extra-pair reproduction. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4652-60. [PMID: 22993252 PMCID: PMC3479734 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary forces that underlie polyandry, including extra-pair reproduction (EPR) by socially monogamous females, remain unclear. Selection on EPR and resulting evolution have rarely been explicitly estimated or predicted in wild populations, and evolutionary predictions are vulnerable to bias due to environmental covariances and correlated selection through unmeasured traits. However, evolutionary responses to (correlated) selection on any trait can be directly predicted as additive genetic covariances (covA) with appropriate components of relative fitness. I used comprehensive life-history, paternity and pedigree data from song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to estimate covA between a female's liability to produce extra-pair offspring and two specific fitness components: relative annual reproductive success (ARS) and survival to recruitment. All three traits showed non-zero additive genetic variance. Estimates of covA were positive, predicting evolution towards increased EPR, but 95% credible intervals overlapped zero. There was therefore no conclusive prediction of evolutionary change in EPR due to (correlated) selection through female ARS or recruitment. Negative environmental covariance between EPR and ARS would have impeded evolutionary prediction from phenotypic selection differentials. These analyses demonstrate an explicit quantitative genetic approach to predicting evolutionary responses to components of (correlated) selection on EPR that should be unbiased by environmental covariances and unmeasured traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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46
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Lebigre C, Arcese P, Sardell RJ, Keller LF, Reid JM. EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY AND THE VARIANCE IN MALE FITNESS IN SONG SPARROWS (MELOSPIZA MELODIA). Evolution 2012; 66:3111-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Sardell RJ, Arcese P, Keller LF, Reid JM. Are there indirect fitness benefits of female extra-pair reproduction? Lifetime reproductive success of within-pair and extra-pair offspring. Am Nat 2012; 179:779-93. [PMID: 22617265 DOI: 10.1086/665665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The forces driving extra-pair reproduction by socially monogamous females, and the resulting genetic polyandry, remain unclear. A testable prediction of the hypothesis that extra-pair reproduction partly reflects indirect selection on females is that extra-pair young (EPY) will be fitter than their within-pair young (WPY) maternal half-siblings. This prediction has not been comprehensively tested in a wild population, requiring data on the lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of maternal half-sib EPY and WPY. We used 17 years of genetic parentage data from song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, to compare the LRS of hatched EPY and WPY maternal half-siblings measured as their lifetime number of hatched offspring, recruited offspring, and hatched grandoffspring. EPY hatchlings were not significantly fitter than WPY hatchlings for any of three measures of LRS. Furthermore, opposite to prediction, EPY hatchlings tended to have lower LRS than their maternal half-sibling WPY hatchlings on average. EPY also tended to be less likely to survive to hatch than their maternal half-sibling WPY. Taken together, these results fail to support one key hypothesis explaining the evolution of genetic polyandry by socially monogamous females and suggest there may be weak indirect selection against female extra-pair reproduction in song sparrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Sardell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
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48
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Reid JM, Sardell RJ. Indirect selection on female extra-pair reproduction? Comparing the additive genetic value of maternal half-sib extra-pair and within-pair offspring. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1700-8. [PMID: 22113036 PMCID: PMC3297462 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One specific hypothesis explaining the evolution of extra-pair reproduction (EPR) by socially monogamous females is that EPR is under indirect selection because extra-pair offspring (EPO) sired by extra-pair males have higher additive genetic value for fitness than the within-pair offspring (WPO) a female would have produced had she solely mated with her socially paired male. This hypothesis has not been explicitly tested by comparing additive genetic value between EPO and the WPO they replaced. We show that the difference in additive genetic breeding value (BV) between EPO and the WPO they replaced is proportional to the genetic covariance between offspring fitness and male net paternity gain through EPR, and estimate this covariance with respect to offspring recruitment in free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Recruitment and net paternity gain showed non-zero additive genetic variance and heritability, and negative genetic covariance. Opposite to prediction, EPO therefore had lower BV for recruitment than the WPO they replaced. We thereby demonstrate an explicit quantitative genetic approach to testing the hypothesis that EPR allows polyandrous females to increase offspring additive genetic value, and suggest that there may be weak indirect selection against female EPR through reduced additive genetic value for recruitment of EPO versus WPO in song sparrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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49
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Tschirren B, Postma E, Rutstein AN, Griffith SC. When mothers make sons sexy: maternal effects contribute to the increased sexual attractiveness of extra-pair offspring. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1233-40. [PMID: 21957136 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality differences between offspring sired by the social and by an extra-pair partner are usually assumed to have a genetic basis, reflecting genetic benefits of female extra-pair mate choice. In the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), we identified a colour ornament that is under sexual selection and appears to have a heritable basis. Hence, by engaging in extra-pair copulations with highly ornamented males, females could, in theory, obtain genes for increased offspring attractiveness. Indeed, sons sired by extra-pair partners had larger ornaments, seemingly supporting the genetic benefit hypothesis. Yet, when comparing ornament size of the social and extra-pair partners, there was no difference. Hence, the observed differences most likely had an environmental basis, mediated, for example, via differential maternal investment of resources into the eggs fertilized by extra-pair and social partners. Such maternal effects may (at least partly) be mediated by egg size, which we found to be associated with mean ornament expression in sons. Our results are consistent with the idea that maternal effects can shape sexual selection by altering the genotype-phenotype relationship for ornamentation. They also caution against automatically attributing greater offspring attractiveness or viability to an extra-pair mate's superior genetic quality, as without controlling for differential maternal investment we may significantly overestimate the role of genetic benefits in the evolution of extra-pair mating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tschirren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Female extrapair mating behavior can evolve via indirect selection on males. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10608-13. [PMID: 21670288 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103195108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In many species that form socially monogamous pair bonds, a considerable proportion of the offspring is sired by extrapair males. This observation has remained a puzzle for evolutionary biologists: although mating outside the pair bond can obviously increase the offspring production of males, the benefits of such behavior to females are less clear, yet females are known to actively solicit extrapair copulations. For more than two decades adaptionist explanations have dominated the discussions, yet remain controversial, and genetic constraint arguments have been dismissed without much consideration. An intriguing but still untested hypothesis states that extrapair mating behavior by females may be affected by the same genetic variants (alleles) as extrapair mating behavior by males, such that the female behavior could evolve through indirect selection on the male behavior. Here we show that in the socially monogamous zebra finch, individual differences in extrapair mating behavior have a hereditary component. Intriguingly, this genetic basis is shared between the sexes, as shown by a strong genetic correlation between male and female measurements of extrapair mating behavior. Hence, positive selection on males to sire extrapair young will lead to increased extrapair mating by females as a correlated evolutionary response. This behavior leads to a fundamentally different view of female extrapair mating: it may exist even if females obtain no net benefit from it, simply because the corresponding alleles were positively selected in the male ancestors.
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