1
|
Çetin C, Jokela J, Feulner PGD, Schlegel T, Tardent N, Seppälä O. Population genetic structure in a self-compatible hermaphroditic snail is driven by drift independently of its contemporary mating system. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70162. [PMID: 39139911 PMCID: PMC11319733 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection commonly influence population genetic diversity. In populations of self-compatible hermaphrodites, the mating system (e.g., self-fertilization) further reduces individual heterozygosity. Furthermore, selfing, as a form of inbreeding, significantly impacts genetic drift by reducing effective population size (N e). This can potentially accelerate genetic drift, particularly in small populations where self-fertilization is likely during founder events. To investigate the roles of genetic drift and contemporary mating system in populations of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis, we examined their effective population sizes (N e) and Tajima's D values, which reflect genetic drift over extended time periods, as well as estimates of within-population selfing rates and pairwise relatedness reflecting contemporary mating system. We used 4054 SNP markers obtained using restriction site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing from individuals in five snail populations originating from geographically closely located ponds. We found strong population genetic structure and differences in genetic diversity among populations. Covariation between genetic diversity and N e estimates and Tajima's D values suggested drift being an important determinant of genetic diversity and structure in these populations. However, this effect was independent of the contemporary mating system, as indicated by the similarity of selfing rates and relatedness estimates among populations. Thus, founder events (possibly including historical inbreeding) and/or drift due to small sizes of L. stagnalis populations are likely to explain their genetic structure and limit within-population genetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Çetin
- Department of Aquatic EcologySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Department of Aquatic EcologySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Philine G. D. Feulner
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and BiogeochemistryEAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyKastanienbaumSwitzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Tamara Schlegel
- Department of Aquatic EcologySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nadine Tardent
- Department of Aquatic EcologySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Otto Seppälä
- Department of Aquatic EcologySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Research Department for LimnologyUniversität InnsbruckMondseeAustria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martchenko D, Shafer ABA. Contrasting whole-genome and reduced representation sequencing for population demographic and adaptive inference: an alpine mammal case study. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 131:273-281. [PMID: 37532838 PMCID: PMC10539292 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomes capture the adaptive and demographic history of a species, but the choice of sequencing strategy and sample size can impact such inferences. We compared whole genome and reduced representation sequencing approaches to study the population demographic and adaptive signals of the North American mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus). We applied the restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) approach to 254 individuals and whole genome resequencing (WGS) approach to 35 individuals across the species range at mid-level coverage (9X) and to 5 individuals at high coverage (30X). We used ANGSD to estimate the genotype likelihoods and estimated the effective population size (Ne), population structure, and explicitly modelled the demographic history with δaδi and MSMC2. The data sets were overall concordant in supporting a glacial induced vicariance and extremely low Ne in mountain goats. We evaluated a set of climatic variables and geographic location as predictors of genetic diversity using redundancy analysis. A moderate proportion of total variance (36% for WGS and 21% for RADseq data sets) was explained by geography and climate variables; both data sets support a large impact of drift and some degree of local adaptation. The empirical similarities of WGS and RADseq presented herein reassuringly suggest that both approaches will recover large demographic and adaptive signals in a population; however, WGS offers several advantages over RADseq, such as inferring adaptive processes and calculating runs-of-homozygosity estimates. Considering the predicted climate-induced changes in alpine environments and the genetically depauperate mountain goat, the long-term adaptive capabilities of this enigmatic species are questionable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Martchenko
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Aaron B A Shafer
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
- Department of Forensics & Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Afonso RO, Pina-Martins F, Friesen V, Sun Z, Campioni L, Madeiros J, Silva MC. No evidence of inbreeding depression despite a historical severe bottleneck in the endangered Bermuda petrel (Pterodroma cahow). J Hered 2023; 114:459-469. [PMID: 37162284 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bermuda petrel Pterodroma cahow is an island endemic seabird that belongs to the Procellariiformes, one of the most endangered orders of birds. Historical records suggest a significant population size decline following human settlement in Bermuda, bringing the species to near extinction. Since the 1950s, the population has been recovering aided by the implementation of an ongoing conservation plan. However, it still faces several threats, and negative genetic effects resulting from that drastic decline are to be expected, including inbreeding and genetic drift. We studied genetic diversity and levels of inbreeding, and their effects on individual fitness and mating choice. We also tested for a genetic signature of the recent demographic bottleneck. For this, we analyzed variation in thousands of nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphisms derived from double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and 1 mitochondrial gene (cytochrome oxidase I). The results revealed that the Bermuda petrel suffered a recent genetic bottleneck and shows low mitochondrial diversity compared with other petrel species. Conversely, nuclear diversity was similar to that of other endangered petrels. Inbreeding levels were not high overall, although some individuals were highly inbred. However, we found no evidence that individual inbreeding or relatedness between mates affected hatching success, or that mate choice is influenced by kinship in this very small population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita O Afonso
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Pina-Martins
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vicki Friesen
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Zhengxin Sun
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Letizia Campioni
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Ispa-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Madeiros
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of Bermuda, Hamilton, Bermuda
| | - Mónica C Silva
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Birchard K, Driver HG, Ademidun D, Bedolla-Guzmán Y, Birt T, Chown EE, Deane P, Harkness BAS, Morrin A, Masello JF, Taylor RS, Friesen VL. Circadian gene variation in relation to breeding season and latitude in allochronic populations of two pelagic seabird species complexes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13692. [PMID: 37608061 PMCID: PMC10444859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual cues in the environment result in physiological changes that allow organisms to time reproduction during periods of optimal resource availability. Understanding how circadian rhythm genes sense these environmental cues and stimulate the appropriate physiological changes in response is important for determining the adaptability of species, especially in the advent of changing climate. A first step involves characterizing the environmental correlates of natural variation in these genes. Band-rumped and Leach's storm-petrels (Hydrobates spp.) are pelagic seabirds that breed across a wide range of latitudes. Importantly, some populations have undergone allochronic divergence, in which sympatric populations use the same breeding sites at different times of year. We investigated the relationship between variation in key functional regions of four genes that play an integral role in the cellular clock mechanism-Clock, Bmal1, Cry2 and Per2-with both breeding season and absolute latitude in these two species complexes. We discovered that allele frequencies in two genes, Clock and Bmal1, differed between seasonal populations in one archipelago, and also correlated with absolute latitude of breeding colonies. These results indicate that variation in these circadian rhythm genes may be involved in allochronic speciation, as well as adaptation to photoperiod at breeding locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Birchard
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Apex Resource Management Solutions, Ottawa, ON, K2A 3K2, Canada
| | - Hannah G Driver
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Dami Ademidun
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Tim Birt
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Erin E Chown
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Petra Deane
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Mascoma LLC, Lallemand Inc., Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Bronwyn A S Harkness
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Wildlife Research Division, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Austin Morrin
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Sims Animal Hospital, Kingston, ON, K7K 7E9, Canada
| | - Juan F Masello
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rebecca S Taylor
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Landscape Science and Technology Division, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5R1, Canada
| | - Vicki L Friesen
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martin CA, Sheppard EC, Illera JC, Suh A, Nadachowska-Brzyska K, Spurgin LG, Richardson DS. Runs of homozygosity reveal past bottlenecks and contemporary inbreeding across diverging populations of an island-colonizing bird. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1972-1989. [PMID: 36704917 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genomes retain evidence of the demographic history and evolutionary forces that have shaped populations and drive speciation. Across island systems, contemporary patterns of genetic diversity reflect population demography, including colonization events, bottlenecks, gene flow and genetic drift. Here, we investigate genome-wide diversity and the distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) using whole-genome resequencing of individuals (>22× coverage) from six populations across three archipelagos of Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii)-a passerine that has recently undergone island speciation. We show the most dramatic reduction in diversity occurs between the mainland sister species (the tawny pipit) and Berthelot's pipit and is lowest in the populations that have experienced sequential bottlenecks (i.e., the Madeiran and Selvagens populations). Pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) analyses estimated that Berthelot's pipit diverged from its sister species ~2 million years ago, with the Madeiran archipelago founded 50,000 years ago, and the Selvagens colonized 8000 years ago. We identify many long ROH (>1 Mb) in these most recently colonized populations. Population expansion within the last 100 years may have eroded long ROH in the Madeiran archipelago, resulting in a prevalence of short ROH (<1 Mb). However, the extensive long and short ROH detected in the Selvagens suggest strong recent inbreeding and bottleneck effects, with as much as 38% of the autosomes consisting of ROH >250 kb. These findings highlight the importance of demographic history, as well as selection and genetic drift, in shaping contemporary patterns of genomic diversity across diverging populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK.,Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-Oviedo University-Principality of Asturias), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK.,Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Osborne MJ, Caeiro-Dias G, Turner TF. Transitioning from microsatellites to SNP-based microhaplotypes in genetic monitoring programmes: Lessons from paired data spanning 20 years. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:316-334. [PMID: 36321869 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many long-term genetic monitoring programmes began before next-generation sequencing became widely available. Older programmes can now transition to new marker systems usually consisting of 1000s of SNP loci, but there are still important questions about comparability, precision, and accuracy of key metrics estimated using SNPs. Ideally, transitioned programmes should capitalize on new information without sacrificing continuity of inference across the time series. We combined existing microsatellite-based genetic monitoring information with SNP-based microhaplotypes obtained from archived samples of Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) across a 20-year time series to evaluate point estimates and trajectories of key genetic metrics. Demographic and genetic monitoring bracketed multiple collapses of the wild population and included cases where captive-born repatriates comprised the majority of spawners in the wild. Even with smaller sample sizes, microhaplotypes yielded comparable and in some cases more precise estimates of variance genetic effective population size, multilocus heterozygosity and inbreeding compared to microsatellites because many more microhaplotype loci were available. Microhaplotypes also recorded shifts in allele frequencies associated with population bottlenecks. Trends in microhaplotype-based inbreeding metrics were associated with the fraction of hatchery-reared repatriates to the wild and should be incorporated into future genomic monitoring. Although differences in accuracy and precision of some metrics were observed between marker types, biological inferences and management recommendations were consistent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Osborne
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Guilherme Caeiro-Dias
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Thomas F Turner
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Surendranadh P, Arathoon L, Baskett CA, Field DL, Pickup M, Barton NH. Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus. Genetics 2022; 221:iyac083. [PMID: 35639938 PMCID: PMC9252276 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have quantified the distribution of heterozygosity and relatedness in natural populations, but few have examined the demographic processes driving these patterns. In this study, we take a novel approach by studying how population structure affects both pairwise identity and the distribution of heterozygosity in a natural population of the self-incompatible plant Antirrhinum majus. Excess variance in heterozygosity between individuals is due to identity disequilibrium, which reflects the variance in inbreeding between individuals; it is measured by the statistic g2. We calculated g2 together with FST and pairwise relatedness (Fij) using 91 SNPs in 22,353 individuals collected over 11 years. We find that pairwise Fij declines rapidly over short spatial scales, and the excess variance in heterozygosity between individuals reflects significant variation in inbreeding. Additionally, we detect an excess of individuals with around half the average heterozygosity, indicating either selfing or matings between close relatives. We use 2 types of simulation to ask whether variation in heterozygosity is consistent with fine-scale spatial population structure. First, by simulating offspring using parents drawn from a range of spatial scales, we show that the known pollen dispersal kernel explains g2. Second, we simulate a 1,000-generation pedigree using the known dispersal and spatial distribution and find that the resulting g2 is consistent with that observed from the field data. In contrast, a simulated population with uniform density underestimates g2, indicating that heterogeneous density promotes identity disequilibrium. Our study shows that heterogeneous density and leptokurtic dispersal can together explain the distribution of heterozygosity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David L Field
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | - Melinda Pickup
- IST Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Greening Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jennings SL, Hoover BA, Wa Sin SY, Ebeler SE. Feather chemicals contain information about the major histocompatibility complex in a highly scented seabird. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220567. [PMID: 35611538 PMCID: PMC9130785 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mate choice informed by the immune genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) may provide fitness benefits including offspring with increased immunocompetence. Olfactory cues are considered the primary mechanism organisms use to evaluate the MHC of potential mates, yet this idea has received limited attention in birds. Motivated by a finding of MHC-dependent mate choice in the Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), we examined whether the chemical profiles of this highly scented seabird contain information about MHC genes. Whereas previous studies in birds examined non-volatile compounds, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure the volatile compounds emitted from feathers that potentially serve as olfactory infochemicals about MHC and coupled this with locus-specific genotyping of MHC IIB genes. We found that feather chemicals reflected individual MHC diversity through interactions with sex and breeding status. Furthermore, similarity in MHC genotype was correlated with similarity in chemical profiles within female-female and male-female dyads. We provide the first evidence that volatile chemicals from bird feathers can encode information about the MHC. Our findings suggest that olfaction likely aids MHC-based mate choice in this species and highlight a role for chemicals in mediating genetic mate choice in birds where this mode of communication has been largely overlooked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Jennings
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian A. Hoover
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA,Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92886, USA
| | - Simon Yung Wa Sin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Susan E. Ebeler
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA,Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sin SYW, Cloutier A, Nevitt G, Edwards SV. Olfactory receptor subgenome and expression in a highly olfactory procellariiform seabird. Genetics 2021; 220:6458329. [PMID: 34888634 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Procellariiform seabirds rely on their sense of smell for foraging and homing. Both genomes and transcriptomes yield important clues about how olfactory receptor (OR) subgenomes are shaped by natural and sexual selection, yet no transcriptomes have been made of any olfactory epithelium of any bird species thus far. Here we assembled a high-quality genome and nasal epithelium transcriptome of the Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) to extensively characterize their OR repertoire. Using a depth-of-coverage-assisted counting method, we estimated over 160 intact OR genes (∼500 including OR fragments). This method reveals the highest number of intact OR genes and the lowest proportion of pseudogenes compared to other waterbirds studied, and suggests that rates of OR gene duplication vary between major clades of birds, with particularly high rates in passerines. OR expression patterns reveal two OR genes (OR6-6 and OR5-11) highly expressed in adults, and four OR genes (OR14-14, OR14-12, OR10-2, and OR14-9) differentially expressed between age classes of storm-petrels. All four genes differentially expressed between age classes were more highly expressed in chicks compared to adults, suggesting that ORs genes may exhibit ontogenetic specializations. Three highly differentially expressed OR genes also had high copy number ratios, suggesting that expression variation may be linked to copy number in the genome. We provide better estimates of OR gene number by using a copy number-assisted counting method, and document ontogenetic changes in OR gene expression that may be linked to olfactory specialization. These results provide valuable insight into the expression, development, and macroevolution of olfaction in seabirds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Yung Wa Sin
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alison Cloutier
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gabrielle Nevitt
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and the Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|