A coaxial line cell for measuring the permittivity of medium to high loss liquids in the frequency range 2 to 15 GHz

Dielectric properties of human blood at microwave frequencies

Waveguides systems have been used to obtain measurements for the complex permittivity of human blood in the frequent range 29-90 GHz. The data are reported and analysed in conjunction with lower frequency work, in particular that of Wei. There are two distinct regimes of behaviour in the spectra obtained: a high-frequency relaxation process in parallel with a lower frequency fractional power-law response.

Dielectric behavior of water in biological solutions: studies on myoglobin, human low-density lipoprotein, and polyvinylpyrrolidone

The dielectric behavior of the aqueous solutions of three widely differing macromolecules has been investigated: myoglobin, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and human serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It was not possible to interpret unambiguously the dielectric properties of the PVP solution in terms of water structure. The best interpretation of the dielectric data on the myoglobin and LDL solutions was that, in both cases, the macromolecule attracts a layer of water of hydration one or two water molecules in width. For LDL, this corresponds to a hydration factor of only 0.05 g/g, whereas for myoglobin the figure is nearer 0.6 g/g. With myoglobin, part of the water of hydration exhibits its dispersion at frequencies of a few GHz, and the rest disperses at lower frequencies, perhaps as low as 10-12 MHz. The approximate constancy of the width of the hydration shell for two molecules as dissimilar in size as LDL and myoglobin confirms that the proportion of water existing as water of hydration in a biological solution depends critically on the size of the macromolecules as well as on their concentration.