Exploiting the dynamic properties of FET-based chemical sensors

Instrumentation of biotechnological processes

Modern bioprocesses are monitored by on-line sensing devices mounted either in situ or externally. In addition to sensor probes, more and more analytical subsystems are being exploited to monitor the state of a bioprocess on-line and in real time. Some of these subsystems deliver signals that are useful for documentation only, other, less delayed systems generate signals useful for closed loop process control. Various conventional and non-conventional monitoring instruments are evaluated; their usefulness, benefits and associated pitfalls are discussed.

On-line measurement in biotechnology: Techniques

Bioprocesses are generally ill controlled. This is due to the fact that the measurement of relevant variables is difficult. Therefore, fundamental knowledge of metabolic interrelations is, at least in vivo, limited. In this article, some of the most important measurement techniques are reviewed in order to provide an evaluation of their current state. Emphasis is given to the underlying principles and on-line capability which allow to judge their importance and potential for exploitation resulting in well (maybe entirely) controlled bioprocesses in the future.